cam pda: river basin approach to integrated water resources management (final report)

8/9/2019 CAM PDA: River Basin Approach to Integrated Water Resources Management (Final Report)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cam-pda-river-basin-approach-to-integrated-water-resources-management-final 1/95

THE 4-P AREA

Prek O Preah, Prek O Krieng,

Prek Kampi and Prek Te river basins

Pilo t ing rive r b a sin a p p ro a c h to IWRM

in Ea ste rn Ca m bod ia

A Pilot and Demonstration Activity under

Asian Development Bank RETA 6325: (Phase 5)Promoting effective water policies and practices

Final report

December 2009

Cambodia Water Partnership and Cambodia National Mekong Committee

e views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development

nk (ADB), or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this

per and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB

cial terms.



Page | I

CONTENTS

Pages

CO VER PAGE

TABLE OF C ONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………………….... I

AC RONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………IV

FOREWORD………………………………………………………………………………………...................V

AC KNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………………………………..VI

SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………………....VII

1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………..1

2 IMPLEMENTATION C ONTEXT……………………………………………………………………...3

2.1 Policies and strategies ……………………………………………………………………………3

2.2 Development planning ………………………………………………………………………….4

2.3 CamboWP …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5

3 THE 4-P AREA AT-A-GLANCE …………………………………………………………………….6

4 GEOGRAPHY AND LAND USE …………………………………………………………………...8

4.1 General …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8

4.2 Prek O Preah ……………………………………………………………………………………….12

4.3 Prek O Krieng ……………………………………………………………………………………… 13

4.4 Prek Kampi ………………………………………………………………………………………… 14

4.5 Prek Te …………………………………………………………………………………………….…16

5 WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USES…………………………………………………………18

5.1 Meteorology ……………………………………………………………………………………….185.2 Surfac e water ……………………………………………………………………………………...19

5.3 Groundwater ……………………………………………………………………………………… 24

5.4 Water quality ……………………………………………………………………………………….25

5.5 Water uses ………………………………………………………………………………………….26

6 SOC IO-EC ONOMICS …………………………………………………………………………….. 32

6.1 General …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32

6.2 Natural resource s ………………………………………………………………………………….32

6.3 Population ………………………………………………………………………………………….34

6.4 Agricultural production …………………………………………………………………………. 38

6.5 Tourism ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 41

6.6 Poverty ………………………………………………………………………………………………42

6.7 Safe drinking water and sanitation …………………………………………………………… 44

6.8 Public health ……………………………………………………………………………………….46

6.9 Educ ation ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48

7 WATER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT……………………………………………………………….. 51

8 OUTLINE OF MANAG EMENTFRAMEWORK ……………………………………………………56

8.1 Institutional arrangements ……………………………………………………………………… 56

8.2 Polic y and strategy for water resources development ……………………………………57

8.3 Communities, NGO s, and the private sec tor ………………………………………………. 58



Page | II

8.4 Basin Coordination Committee for Development (BCC D) ……………………………… 59

9 CONC LUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 61

REFERENC ES 62

APPENDIXES

Appendix 1: PDA Spec ific ation 64

Appendix 2: Logical Framework 66

Appendix 3: Terms of Referenc e 67

Appendix 4: Elec tronic Library 69

Appendix 5: IWRM Elements 71

Appendix 6: Proposed Guiding Principles 73

Appendix 7: Maps 74

BOXES

1 J oint strategy for agriculture and water 3

2 M ic ro-hydrop ower p la nt c onstruc ted in August, 2008 in the 4Ps Ba sin 31

3 Tasks of the 4-Ps BC CD 60

FIGURES

3.1 The 4-P area 6

4.1 Administrative map of Kratie, 2000 10

4.2 Administrative Map of Mondulkiri, 2000 10

5.1 Normal rainfall distribution 18

5.2 Sub-basins and river networks 20

5.3 Prek O Preah Sub-Basin 21

5.4 Prek O Krieng Sub-Basin 21

5.5 Prek Kampi Sub-Basin 22

5.6 Prek Te Sub-Basin 23

5.7 Prek O Krieng Sub-Basin hydropower development plan 28

5.8 Prek Kampi Sub-Basin hydropower development plan 29

5.9 Prek Te Sub-Basin hydropower development plan 29

6.1 Population density by provinc e 36

6.2 Percentage of per capita minimum rice food needsproduced in Mondulkiri, 2004 39

6.3 Percentage of per ca pita minimum rice food needsproduce d by commune in Kratie, 2004 41

6.4 Percentage of population below the consumption poverty line in Mondulkiri 1997 43

6.5 Percentage of population without acc ess to safe drinking water in Mondulkiri (2004) 45

6.6 Percentage of population without access to safe drinking water in Kratie, 2004 46

7.1 Proposed structure of the 4-Ps BCC D 60

TABLES

4.1 Catc hment areas and river lengths 8

4.2 Population in Kratie and Mondolkiri provinc es 9

4.3 Land use in Prek O Preah sub-basin 13

4.4 Land use in Prek O Krieng sub-basin 14



Page | III

4.5 Land use in Prek Kampi sub-basin 16

4.6 Land use in Prek Te sub-basin 17

5.1 Summary of meteorological c onditions 19

5.2 Catc hment areas 19

5.3 Estimated stream flow 20

5.4 Prek O Preah stream network 21

5.5 Prek O Krieng stream network 22

5.6 Prek Kampi stream network 23

5.7 Prek Te stream network 23

5.8 Groundwater potential in 55 deep wells in the 4Ps basin 25

5.9 Estimated water use in Kratie and Mondulkiri provinces 26

5.10 Water supply and sanitation in the 4Ps area 27

5.11 Elec tricity demand forecast (G Wh) 28

5.12 Peak load forec ast (MW) 28

6.1 General characteristic s of the 4-Ps Basin 32

6.2 Forest cover in Kratie and Mondulkiri province 34

6.3 Population in Kratie province 35

6.4 Population in Mondulkiri provinc e 35

6.5 Popula tion distributing in eac h distric t, M ondulkiri provinc e 35

6.6 Density and population growth, 1998-2005 36

6.7 population projection, 2020 36

6.8 Ric e production in Mondulkiri in 2004 38

6.9 Ric e land and other c rop land in M oldulkiri provinc e (2002) 396.10 Agricultural land ac cess in Mondulkiri, 2004 39

6.11 Rice produc tion in Kratie, 2004 40

6.12 Agricultural Land Ac cess in Kratie, 2004 40

6.13 Indic ators of c onsump tion p overty in Kratie and M ond ulikiri, 2004 43

6.14 Indicatorsof household assetpoverty in Kratie and Mondulkiri, 2004 44

6.15 Ac c ess to sa nita tio n a nd sa fe drinking wa te r in M ondulkiri, 2004 45

6.16 Ac cess to sa nitation and safe drinking water in Kratie, 2004 45

6.17 Child mortality in 4-Ps area, 2000 47

6.18 Child mortality by district in the 4-Ps area, 2007 47

6.19 Child illnessesand treatment in Mondulkiri and Kratie provinces, 2005 48

6.20 Sc hool attendanc e in the 4-Ps area (2007) 49

6.21 The rate of c hildren attendanc e in sc hool by distric t, 2005 49

6.22 Number of schools and students (2004) 50

6.23 Literate population (1998) 50

PHOTO ALBUM

Workshop s/Meetings/Field Surveys



Page | IV

ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

BDP Basin Development Plan (of Mekong RiverCommission)

C a mb oWP C a mb od ia Wa ter P artnership

C NM C C ambodia nationa l Mekong C ommittee

FWUC Fa rmers Wa ter User C ommunity

GWP Global Water Partnership

IWRM Integra ted Wa ter Reso urc es Ma na gement

LoA Letter of Agreement

MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

MOI Ministry of Interior

MOP Ministry of Planning

MOWRAM Ministry of WaterResourcesand Meteorology

MRC Mekong River Commission

MRD Ministry of Rural Development

NCDD National Committee forManagement of the Decentralization andDe-concentration Reforms

PDA pilot and Demonstration Ac tivity

PIP Public Investment Programme

PD... Provinc ial Department of...

PSDD Project to Support Democratic Development throughDec entralization a nd De-conc entration

RBO River Basin Organization

WUG Water User Group



Page | VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The presented results are ba sed on results of ADB-PDA TA 6325 implementation in 2008conducted by C NMC / Department of Planning/C amboWP Secretariat in collaborationwith National Expert Team, and all national and provincial agencies, NGO s, Loc al

communities, 4-Ps Basin Functiona l Water Partnership in Kratie (GWP 2007). The p rojec t wa sthe Pilot Study for IWRM best prac tices through establishment of 4-Ps Basin C oordinationC ommittee for Develop ment of Kratie and Mondulkiri provinces.

The National Project C oordinator, Mr. Watt Botkosal, Director of Planning Department of Cambodia National Mekong Committee, would like to express his sincere thanks to ADBfor financial support and itsofficer, Mr. Ian W. Makin, Senior Water Resourc es Specialist, forall kind assistance and support. Most ac knowledgements go to the Government of

C ambod ia for support and approval to c ontinue the proc ess of IWRM for 4-Ps Basin a s agood pilot demonstration project.

His spec ial thanks go to H. E. Lim Kean Hor, the Minister of Water Resource s andMeteorology and C hairman of C ambodia National Mekong C ommittee; H. E. Sin Niny,

Vice-Chairman of Ca mbodia National Mekong C ommittee and H.E Mr. Pich Dun,Secretary General of Cambodia National Mekong Committee, for valuable support andencouragement. He thanks also to H.E Dr. Mei Kalryan, Secretary of State of Council of Ministers, and Advisor to 4-Ps PDA Project, and Mr. Sok Saing Im, Natural Planning

Spec ialist for ad vices and his Sec retary,Mr. MeasChandy.

Special thanks go to the Governors of Kratie a nd Mondulkiri provinces, the p rovincial lineagencies, espec ially Direc tors of these two provincial departmentsof Water resources and

Meteorology who facilitate and coordinate the p roject implementation a t provincial level.

He would like to congratulate and thank to national expert team including Mr. MaoVanchann, Mr. Sous Virak , Mr. Pang Peng a nd Mr. Phai Sok Heng for their kind c ontributionand effortsto the project.

He also thanks to a ll participants who pa rticipated in the M eetings and Workshops for their

valuab le contribution of comments and recommendations.

The proposed process of IWRM in 4-Ps Basin passed succ essfully in the National Workshop,16 Ma rch 2009, Phnom Penh, C ambodia and the proc ess will start presumab ly in late

month of 2009, with financial support of ADB and other international donor agencies.



Page | VII

SUMMARY

The 4-P area (Prek OPrea h, Prek OKrieng, Prek Kampi and Prek Te river ba sins) c overspa rtsof Kratie and Mondulkiri provinces.

ADB, CamboWP and CNMC agree that the area is well suited for a 'Pi lot a nd

De m o nstra tion Ac tivity' (PDA). The PDA wa s c onducted in 2008 in order to

1 develop , in conjunction with provincial a nd district administrations, app ropriate river

ba sin mana gement institutional arrangements;

2 raise awareness amongst the provincial and district administrations, andcommunity/ farmer/ NGO stakeholders of the implications a nd benefits of goodwater governance and good IWRM prac tices and the benefits of inter-agenc y

collaboration;

3 undertake resource assessments and scenario ana lyses relating to medium to longterm IWRM planning for the Prek OPreah , Prek OKrieng, Prek Kampi and Prek Te sub –ba sins and discuss and deba te these with the ba sin institutional arrangements; and

4 provide guida nce for future investments and development efforts relating to watermanag ement and service d elivery.

The PDA built on preceding work in the same area conduc ted by CNMC (reportedin J an 05) and by C amboWP and C NMC (reported in J une 07).

RBHraCaNacRkkm



Page | 1

1 INTRODUCTION

Background and rationale

The 4-P area (Prek O Prea h, Prek OKrieng, Prek Kampi and Prek Te river ba sins) covers pa rtsof Kratie and Mondulkiri provinces. C amboWP and C NMC have selec ted this area as apilot and demonstration area for national IWRM implementation. The area fills a gapbetween other priority areas for major national and regional water-related development

initiatives, such as the Tonle Sap area (with its new river ba sin a uthority); the 3-S area (SeKong, Se San and Sre Pok river basins, shared with Laos and Viet Nam); the coastal zone;and the Delta area (shared with Viet Nam).

ADB, CamboWP and CNMC agree that the area is well suited for a 'Pi lot a nd

De m o nstra tion Ac tivity' (PDA). C amboWP a nd C NMC submitted a grant a pplica tion toADB in August 2007. Following some ad justments of sc ope and ap proac h, the applicationwas ap proved by a Letter of Agreement signed by ADB on 19 November 2007 (and by

C NMC on the following da y). The PDA is implemented under ADB's RETA 6325: Promotingeffective water policiesand p rac tic es (Phase 5) with support from ADB's C oop eration Fundfor the Water Sec tor.

Spec ifications for the PDA are attached a s Appendix 1.

Related ac tivities

The PDA builds on two p rec eding studies of the same a rea :

Mekong River C ommission's Basin Development Plan with its Sub-area 8C . Acomprehensive p lanning report for Sub-area 8C was prepa red by C NMC (J an

05), and the a rea is further described in the MRC-BDP Planning Atlas (MRC 2006);and

The 4-P area. An IWRM-based pilot study of water-related developmentopportunities, Phase 1: A Functiona l Water Partnership for the 4-Ps, reported by

C amboWP and C NMC in J une 2007

Among other closely related ac tivities are four dialogue meetings held by C amboWP a ndC NMC from December 2006 to September 2007 with the following themes:

C amboWP establishment

Improvement of inter-sec tor communication related to IWRM

Promoting change by IWRM partnership

Review of national IWRM strategy and road map

Several important related national developments oc curred in the first half of 2007:

The National Water Resources Law (in prepa ration for nearly a dec ad e) waspa ssed in Ma y 2007

The Tonle Sap Basin Authority (in preparation for several years) wa s ap proved a s

the country's first river ba sin authority

A J oint Strategy for Agriculture and Water 2006-2010 was prepared by Ministry of Agric ulture, Forestry and Fisheriesand Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology

These measures will fac ilitate the implementation of IWRM (and will enhanc e the need of

related capa city-building in general and extended institutional networking in particular).

Another related a ctivity is in the pipeline:

C ommunity-ba sed development in Kratie province, expec ted to begin in ea rly2008, implemented b y C amboWP and C NMC with support from GWP



Page | 2

Technical reporting

Baseline descriptions and assessments of development op portunities have been preparedby C NMC (J an 05); MRC (2006); and C amboWP a nd C NMC (J un 07). All these studiesdraw on meteorologica l and hydrologica l data available from MO WRAM, and soc ial and

socio-economic data available from the Commune Database (the latest version covering2005).

The technical reporting under the preent study has c omprised

(i) an Inception Report with detailed work and financing plan, projectmanag ement a nd monitoring system, reporting, terms of referenc es and other

relevant information;

(ii) a Projec t Mid-term Report with interim findings and suggestions; and

(iii) the present Project C ompletion Report with findings and recommendations.



Page | 3

2 IMPLEMENTATION CONTEXT

2.1 Policies and strategies

Important national water-related policies and development planning initiatives aredescribed in the following documents:

NSDP (Nov 05): National Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010 (draft Englishtranslation);

MO WRAM (Feb 06): Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010 (draft), prepared byMinistry of Water Resourc es and Meteorology;

MAFF (J un 06): National Programme for Household Food Sec urity and Poverty

Reduction 2007-2011; and

MA FF and MO WRAM (Feb 07): J oint Strategy for Agriculture and Water 2006-2010,prepared by Ministry of Ag riculture, Forestry a nd Fisheries a nd Ministry of WaterResources and Meteorology.

The La w o n W a t e r Re so u r c e s M a n a g e m e n t i n t h e K in g d o m o f C a m b o d ia waspassed bythe National Assembly on 22 May 2007.

Other references for national water-related development are:

ADB (J an 05): C ountry strategy and program 2005-09, Kingdom of C ambodia;

MO E (Apr 05): State of the Environment Report 2004, prepared by Ministry of

Environment;

NPRS (Nov 02): National Poverty Reduc tion Strategy 2003-2005, prepared byC ouncil for Soc ial Development; and

Box 1:J ointstrategy foragriculture and water

The joint strategy for agriculture and water 2006-2010 (MAFF and MO WRAM Feb 07)illustrates the value of inter-disciplinary c ollab oration. The joint ap proac h can providebenefitsover and above the benefitsof sepa rate development efforts.



Page | 4

MO P (Nov 03): C ambod ia Millennium Development Goals report 2003.

Useful guida nce at the regional level is availab le in the

'St ra t e g ic d i re c t io n s f o r IW RM in t h e Lo w e r M e k o n g Ba sin ', prepared by MRCunder itsBasin Development Plan (Dec 05).

2.2 Development planning

The national development planning process is a hierarchy of de-central and national

planning, pa rtly by sec tor, and partly integrated. The levels a re (i) the national level;interac ting with (ii) the province level; and (iii) the c ommune level.

The national and ministerial Public Investment Programmes (PIPs) a re prepared annually asrolling plans covering a 3-years period.

The C ommune Develop ment Plans are presently in a state of early consolida tion. Theseare expec ted to ap pea r as rolling 5-years development plans with related rolling 3-yearsinvestment programmes. The first such plans were prepared with support by the Seilaprojec t for 2003-2007 (with investment programmes covering 2003-2005). They are

presently being updated with support from UNDP's P ro j e c t t o Su p p o r t D e m o c ra t ic

D e v e lo p m e n t t h ro u g h D e c e n t ra liza t io n a n d D e c o n c e n t ra t io n (PSDD) and thegovernment's National C ommittee for Management of the Decentralization andDeconc entration Reforms (NCDD).

The commune development planning is affected by spa rse cap ac ity and finite fundsavailab le for implementation. The plans have some tendenc y to bec ome fragmented,and to appear as annual operation and maintenance budgets and damage control

measures as much a s pro-ac tive p lanning with a wider perspec tive, a longer time horizon,and a higher development impac t. On the other hand, the p rojects included in the planshave a c lear soc ial and soc io-ec onomic orientation and (appa rently) a high relevanc e(while, in some c ases, the feasibility and the risksare less evident).

The framework contains several 'filte rs'. Some of these are 'c o st-c utting ', with the useful

purpose of adjusting the total amount of national development costs and routineoperating c osts to a level that is ac cep table for the national budget. Such adjustments(orpriority-making) take place during compilation of the national development plans a nd

PIPs, which establish the framework for the ministerial (sec tor-wise) PIPs. C ost-cutting (orpriority-making) may also take plac e at the district-level sc reening that takes plac e of thecommune development plans.

Another type of filter isthe ministerial development plans, which by their nature are sec tor-

oriented. C ross-sec tor de velopment initiatives (suggested for example at the commune orprovince level) may, possibly, be split into sector components to ease their way through

the planning cycle, bec ause it is d ifficult for one ministry to promote suggestions thatextend beyond its mandate. For example, the promotion of a propo sed road on a flood

embankment is more complex than the separate promotions of a road and a floodembankment. Multi-sector initiatives require a collab oration between the involvedministries, and the decision process becomes more long-winded than for single-sec torinitiatives.

Similarly, the processing of development initiatives bec omes much more complex a ndtime-consuming if the a ctivities cover more than one province.

The framework for development initiatives funded (or c o-funded ) by donors c an be

simpler. While such ac tivities must comply with the various national policies, they can from

case to c ase by-pa ss a priority-making that is necessitated by finite p ublic funds. The waytowards implementation of a development projec t is relatively straight if a ministry a nd adonor agree that it is useful and desirable (even though it needs ap proval from theC ambodia Development Co uncil). Also for donor-funded development ac tivities,



Page | 5

however, the proc essing is more c omplicated if more than one ministry and/or more than

one province are involved.

2.3 CamboWP

C ambo dia Water Partnership (CamboWP) is a network of a genc ies, institutions, businesses,

soc ial entities, professional assoc iations, scientists, NGOs, and water users in the water

sec tor and related management areas. The partnership linkswith other similar pa rtnershipsin SE Asia and with Global Water pa rtnership (G WP).

C amboWP has four objec tives:

1 To assist line agencies and all stakeholders with IWRM-b ased water resourcesmanagement, development and conservation,

2 to provide a platform and forum for dialogue b etween all pa rticipants including

political and professional levels;

3 to exc hange, learn and share information and experience for cap ac ity building inIWRM planning and implementation, communic ation, development and research;

4 to help realizing the Government's water policies and strategies by promotingIWRM programmes.

C ambo WP supportsor undertakes IWRM-related

dialogues, workshops, c onferenc es and roundtab le disc ussions;

awa reness-raising activities;

technica l and logistical assistance;

exchange of data, information and materials;

research, doc umentation, and development studies/projects;

loc al, national, regional and international networking;

pa rticipation by women.



Page | 6

3 THE 4-P AREA AT-A-GLANCE

Fig ure 3.1: The 4-P a rea

The 4-P area is loc ated on the eastern (or left) ba nk of the Mekong. It forms a triangle

delineated by the Mekong towards west, by the Sre Pok Basin towards northeast, and bythe Prek C hhloung Basin towards south. The ba sin covers p arts of Kratie province (3districts) and Mondulkiri provinc e (5 districts). The p rovincial town of Kratie is located withinthe area.

The Mekong mainstream itself is not rega rded as a pa rt of the area, because this sec tionof the mainstream has its own particular development agenda.

The area covers some 12,472 km2 (which is 7 percent of C ambodia's entire area) and hasa population of some 143,290 persons (or 1 percent of the national pop ulation).

Only around one perc ent of the area is cultivated (with a quarter of the c ultivated a reasserved by irrigation infrastructure). The major pa rts are covered by forests, in various statesof degrad ation, and forest plantation.

The majority of people living in the area fac es a great burden of poverty a nd poor soc ial

conditions. They are vulnerab le to flood s and drought, as they a re heavily dep endentupon agriculture, often conducted on a subsistence basis. The average rice yield rangesfrom 1.4 to 1.9 tons per ha.

Safe water - whether by piped network, from orderly wells, or bought from vendors - is

ac cessible for 40% of population in Kratie Province and only 25% in Mondulkiri Province. The majority of remote areas have no ac cess at all, and this situation affects peop le'shealth a nd life expectancy. Mondulkiri Province has the highest infant mortality rate inCambodia

(with 125-170 deaths per 1,000 live births). The incidence of malaria is varies between 10and 100 per 1,000 people per year.

The study area coversa major pa rt of the 222,500 ha Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanc tuary and a

minor pa rt of the 250,000 ha Lomphat Wildlife Sanc tuary.

A distinction ca n be made b etween two zones (that are not sharply divided):

Along the M ekong mainstream (and including the town of Kratie), the p opulationdensity is high, and the economy is b etter developed and more diversified as

Mo n d u lkiri Pro v in c e Kra tie Provinc e

Kratie

50 km

Sre Pok

Vie t

N a m

St u d y a r e a b o u n d a r y

C a m b o d i a



Page | 7

compared with the inland parts of the study area. Typical livelihoods are lowland

farming (cultivation and livestock), cap ture fisheries, various manufac turing andsmall-scale industries, trading, and some employment in the servic e sec tor,including tourism.

The inland (and major) parts of the study area are originally forest areas with a

relatively spa rse population, some spotty cultivation, and various forest-related

subsistence livelihoods. There is still some shifting cultivation in this area . The land useis in a state of rap id transition, with large areas being rec laimed for forest plantation,often requiring re-settlement of the population, with a related loss of trad itional

livelihood s and ap pa rently few and inadequate alternative livelihood options.

Among the many development needs identified by C NMC for the 8-C Sub-area, thefollowing ones may ha ve a pa rticular relevanc e for the 4-P study area (listed in random

order):

Ac c ess to safe water and elec tricity

Suppo rt to sustainab le livelihood development in general and rural livelihood s inpa rticular, for example by development of agricultural extension servic es; ag ro-

industry proc essing and hand icrafts; and tourism

Improved land use and land management

Inc reased groundwa ter exploitation for rural water supply

Irrigation system rehabilitation and development, and expansion of small-scale and

medium-scale water storage ca pa city

Flood a nd drought preparedness, warning systemsand d isaster relief

Poor soils improvement/ manag ement

Diversification of farming and development of markets

Increased micro-hydropower infrastructure

Management plans for protected areas a nd national parks and critica l upperwatersheds prepared and implemented

Promotion and consolida tion of agricultural development c ommunities and water

user c ommunities

Export-oriented agro-industry

Human resourc es develop ment

Border trade reforms, whether bilateral or regional, ca n offer new opportunities for

ec onomic growth in the area.



Page | 8

4 GEOGRAPHY AND LAND USE

4.1 General

L o c a t i o n

C ambod ia is loc ated in Southeast Asia between latitudes 10o and 15o N and longitude

102o and 108o E, with a total land area of 181,035 km2 extending approximately 580 kmfrom ea st to west a nd 450 km from north to south. In the southwest C ambo dia is borderedby the G ulf of Thailand with a 435 km c oa stline and an exclusive ec onomic zone of 55,600

km2.

The dominant features of C ambodia landscap e are the large, almost centrally loca ted, Tonle Sap (Great Lake), the Bassac River and the Mekong River system, which cross thecountry from the north to the south. Topograp hically the c ountry isdivided into two distinct

pa rts: (i) the central low lying or the c entral p lains and the flat coa stal areas; and (ii) themountainous ranges a nd high plateau surrounding the low lying land. Surrounding thecentral plains, whic h c over three quarters of the country’s a rea, are the more denselyforested and spa rsely p opulated highlands, c omprising: the C ardamom and Elephant

Mountains of the southwest and western regions; the Dangrek Mountain of the northadjoining the Korat plateau of Thailand; and the Ratanak Kiri plateau and C hlonghighlands on the east merging with the c entral highlands of Vietnam.

The mountainous areas surround the large central plain suppo rting the largest freshwater

lake in South-East Asia, i.e. Tonle Sap Great Lake. The flat central plain with the elevationfrom 5 to 10 meter between southeastern c ountry and the upper reac hesof the great lake Tonle Sap in the northwest, more than 300 km d istance. The central plain wa s resulted from

long term dep osition of the mountain and sediment carried into the plain by Mekong Riverwhich crossed the country from north to south passing Phnom Penh municipality where itmeets the Bassac River, flowing south, the Tonle Sap River, flowing north-west or southeastac cordingly to the season.

The 4Ps Basin is the area drained by the four main rivers and its tributaries. The ba sin flowsac ross two provinces of the northeastern C ambod ia country and linked the river, itswatersheds, and its drainage areas. The basin has shared natural resource of greatimportanc e in the study region a nd it is widely agreed that there are important linkag es

between the use and condition of resources such as rivers, and the soc io-economicdevelopment of the loca l people.

Ta b le 4 .1 : C a t c h m e n t a re a s a n d riv e r le n g t h s

Name Catchmentarea (km2) Length (km)

Prek OPreah 2,399 116

Prek OKrieng 3,332 131Prek Kampi 1,141 88

Prek Te 4,363 200

The resources in the river ba sin have implications for how succ essful people are improving

their standa rd of living and b ringing a bout related soc ial rehabilitation. In a very real sensethen, the soc ial conditions of p eople living within the ba sin a re bound together by the 4Psthey share. Understanding the ba sin perspec tive on soc ial issues is useful for bettersoc ioec onomic development within the study region, as well of the p ressures upon the

natural resources of the river system.

The 4Ps are originated from the mountainous areas of the two C ambodia northeastern

provinces known a s Mondulkiri and Kratie provinces. Mondulkiri province is loc ated ab out540 Km from Phnom Penh C ity. It is bordered by Stung Streng province and Rattanakiri tothe North, Kratie to the west and Vietnamese c ountry to the east. The province'sland a rea



Page | 9

is ap proximately 13,669 sq. km and the provincial cap ital is Senmonorum. Mondulkiri has 5

districts likely Senmonorum, Keo Seima, Pech C henda, Ou Reang and Koh Nhaek. Thetotal number of the commune in the about said five provinces is 21 which c over 98villages.

Meanwhile, Kratie is one of C ambodia’s northeastern province s that lied on the riverba nks

of the Mekong. Kratie province is 11,094 sq. km, which is categorized into several areas

such as 83% forest, agricultural land 8% and red land 0.5%. Kratie has 5 districts covered 46communes and 250 villag es. It’s loca ted in the East of the c ountry and is bordering to theNorth with Stueng Treng, to the East with Mondulkiri, to the West with Kampong Thom and

to the South with Kampong C ham. The province c onsists mainly of thic k forested a rea andab out 70% of the people live along the river, whereas 30% live in the mountainous area. The province features the biggest river of the country the mighty Mekong the mighty

Mekong River, which emboss the province from the North to the South (app rox. 140km)and emboss the province from the North to the South and with itssmall rap ids and criticallyendangered Irrawa ddy dolphins. Ac c ording to the provincial committee for disastercontrol, it is noted that the province has experienced with flooding (mostly the areas

loc ated along Prek OKrieng, Prek Kampi, Prek Rong, Prek C hlong and other small streams)and drought every year.

The loc ation of the 4Ps has presented the relationships between geographica l fea tures of the 4Ps and their linkages to the natural resources as well as to the local people and it,

then, provides an important tool for better understanding the study area, particularly, atthe province level in the northeastern provinces of C ambod ia.

P o p u l a t i o n a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

Kratie province consists of 5 districts, 46 c ommunes and 250 villag es. The province is

formed b y two a reas: The flood plain a nd the hill area.

Ta b le 4. 2: Pop ul at i on i n Kra t ie a nd M o nd ol k iri p rov i nc es

Total number Total families Male Female Density

Kratie 290,695 57,187 142,754 147,941 26/km2

Mondolkiri 49,612 ------- 24,634 24,978 3Km2

There are a lso 7 ethnic minority groups: Phnong, steng, khougn, mel, thmon and krol.

The households in Kratie province are occ upied as follows:

i. Government official 11.40 %

ii. Farmer 80 %

iii. Business 2.68 %, and

iv. Other 5.92 %are fishing, workers, and ca rpenter.

MondulKiri province is the hills, which is loca ted in the northeast part of Phnom Penh Citywith 390 km far from Phnom Penh, the ca pital of C ambodia. Mondulkiri Province co nsists of 5 d istricts that cover 21 c ommunes and 90 villages. The elevation is range from 600-800mab ove sea level with the area of 1,468,200 ha.



Page | 10

Fig ure 4.1: Ad m inistrat ive m a p o f Kratie, 2000

Source: WFP, Provincial Food Sec urity Profile, 2005

Fig ure 4.2: Ad m inistrat ive Ma p o f Mo nd ulkir i, 2000


i. Prek O Preah flows from upland Mondolkiri province to the Mekong river in Kratiearound 116 km and ac ross Mondolkiri around 50 km. Preak O Preah is c onsisting of 4communes including Ro Lous Mean C hey, O Krieng, and Koh Khnher c ommune

where a re loc ated in Kratie Province, and Ro Ya commune in Mondolkiki Province .



Page | 11

ii. Prek O Krieng flows from upland Mondolkiri to the M ekong river in Kratie around 131

km and a cross Mondolkiri around 51 km. Preak O Krieng isc onsisting of 12 c ommunesincluding Sre C his, Ro Lous Mea n C hey, Kbal Damrey, O Krieng, Beoung C har, KohKhnher, Sam Bor, San Dane, and Sam Bok c ommune where are loc ated in KratieProvince and Sok San, Bu C hri, Ro Ya communes in M ondolkiri Province.

iii. Prek Kampi flows from upland Mondolkiri to the Mekong river in Kratie around 88 km

and ac ross Mondolkiri around 6 km. Preak Kampi os co nsisting of 9 c ommunesincluding Srai C his, Kba l Damrey, Thmey, C hang Krang, Sam Bok, Da , Kou Lapcommune where are loc ated in Kratie Province and Bu Chri, C hong Phlas commune

in Mondolkiri Province.

iv. Prek Te flows from upland Mondolkiri to the Mekong River in Kratie around 200 kmand ac ross Mondolkiri around 135 km and Kratie province 65 km. Preak Te is

consisting of 13 c ommunes including Svay C hrea h, Thmei, Kantuot, Thma Anda euk,Da, Bos Leav a nd Roka Kanda l commune where are loc ated in Kratie Province andChong Phlas, Bu Cri, Me Mang, Srae Chhuk, Monorum and Sokha Dom commune inMondolkiri Province.

C l i m a t e a n d s o i l s

The climate is tropical monsoon that rainy season is J une to October and dry season isNovember to May. Annual rainfall is 2,268mm, and annual mean temperature is 23.7degree C . Although the annual rainfall is enough for plant growth, the drought of 7 months

shall be a certain severe condition for some plant species. Strong wind is the b ig issue inthe province, pa rtic ularly the northeasterly stronger wind during the d ry season.

Soils in the p rovince a re classified into 4 kinds of tropical laterite that commonly distribute inSoutheast Asian countries. Those soils are physically inferior and clayey, soil fertility is

somewhat low, and pH is low at around 3.9, but the land is arable keeping the holdingcap ac ity of nutrients.

Ele v a t io n a n d riv e r n e t w o r k

The topograp hy of the 4Ps varies from high mountains in the north and east to low-lying

areas in the south and west. The slope and elevation of the land in different pa rts of theba sin is a major determinant of both land use and the ac c essibility of human settlements.

The mountains of northeastern C ambodia are characterized by rugged terrain, with peaksof over 900 m, and valleys at ab out 50200 m a nd of these areas remain under forest a nd

woodland, with limited ag ric ultural development in the valleys and shifting cultivation onthe slopes.

The mountains stretch north a nd east with the pea ks range are over 920 m. The altitude of

the mountains where the 4Ps originated from had grad ually dec reases as the range runs

southwest and terminates in the flat ag ricultural land at around 2-250 m and enters themighty Mekong.

The geograp hical map shows that most pa rt of the study area become flattening out to

the west and terminatesat the M ekong River. This geograp hical loc ation had also c reatedmany useful tributaries a nd network of the rivers which intern it has provided a goo dperspective on ag ricultural ac tivities. The entire ba sin is also important for the planning andmanagement of the river and itsresources.

La nd u se

The land use classification da ta are availab le for 1992-93, 1996-97 and 2002. These da tahave been arrived at by the aerial and satellite images. There have been no large-scale

cad astral survey and ava ilable da ta on land uses after 1996-97.



Page | 12

Much of the study area was low-density dec iduous forest in the north a nd east of the

province. The map below shows the landuse d ata in the 4Ps which is based on J ICA landuse map 2002. It indicated that swidden ag riculture area have been found surroundingthe provincial cap ital of Senmonorum, Mondulkiri province while the evergreen and mixevergreen and deciduous forest lied on the north and east part of the 4Ps area. It has

been noted that most part of the area c overed by dec iduous forest. A c omplica tedmosaic of ag ricultural cultivation and forest (including agro-forestry and shifting c ultivation

prac tices) is typical in upland 4Ps area. Northern and eastern parts of the 4Ps a recharac terized by mixed forest, often assoc iated with shifting c ultivation. The forests of the

4Ps- including evergreen and dec iduous forest, which are important habitats for wildlife -are under increasing pressure.

Forest clearing and burning for agriculture and settlement continue even thought law

enforcement ac tivities have been ap plied by the government and it is likely that the forestof this area would have dec reased substantially year by year.

Besides small agricultural ac tivities of loc al people, there are several agriculturalconcession c ompanies in the area including: Asia World Agricultural Development

(Ca mbod ia) Co ., Ltd (Tec tona replantation and c onstruct processing fac tory), Great Asset

Agric ultural Development (Cambodia) C o., Ltd (Pistac ia C hinasis Bunge and other treesplantation), Green Island Agricultural Development (Cambodia) C o., Ltd (Tectonareplantation and construct proc essing factory), Tay Nam (K) C o., Ltd (Plantation of

Cassava, Rubber, Cashew and Construction of Processing Factory Plantation of Cassava,Rubber, Ca shew and C onstruction of Processing Fac tory), Global AgriculturalDevelopment (C ambodia) C o., Ltd (Tectona replantation and construct proc essingfac tory), Great Wonder Agricultural Development (C ambodia) Limited (Pistac ia C hinasis

Bunge and other trees plantation), Plantation Agricultural Development (Ca mbodia) C o.,Ltd (Pistac ia C hinasis Bunge and other trees plantation).

4.2 Prek OPreah

Prek OPreah flows from Mo ndulkiri upland with the elevation between 33 m to 256 m to the

Mekong river in Kratie with the length about 116 km and ac ross Mondulkiri province ab out50 km a nd Kratie province 66 km. It passes through one commune in Mondulkiri (Ro Yacommune) and 3 c ommunes in Kraite (Ro Lous Mean C hey, O Krieng, and Koh Khnhercommune). The river sub ba sin is ap proximately 2,340 sq. km with the perimeter of ab out

313 km, covering the district of Koh Nhek Mondulkiri provinve, Sambour district of Kratieprovince and Sesa, Siem Bouk and Stueng Traeng district of Stueng Treng province (pleasesee the map in Appendix 7).

Prek OPreah and its tributaries a re the important water resource for agriculture ac tivitiesand it is also the water resource that filled up the M ekong River during the rainy sea son.Besides providing water for naviga tion, d omestic and agriculture use, Prek O Preah c ouldnot provide a suitable loca tion for hydro power plant development at all with the river sub

ba sin (please see the map in Appendix 7).

Soil is mainly important for agriculture in C ambodia as well as in the study area. Dependon the soil data, seven different types of soil have bee n found in the area: ac id lithosols,alluvial lithosols, great lake wich is the most suitable for c rop , vegetation and some kind

fruit tree, grey hydromop hics, p linthite podzols, b rown alluvial soils and red-yellow pozols(please see the map in Appendix 7).

In Prek O Preah sub ba sin, nearly 50 percent of the land area covers by dec iduous forestand 50 percent other by evergreen and mix forest from evergreen and de ciduous spec ies,

based on J IC A land use map 2002. Evergreen and mix forest from evergreen anddec iduous spec ies have been found in the northern pa rt of the a rea. Few area of pa dd y

field mostly has been found along the M ekong river in both western and eastern Mekongriver bank (please see the map in App endix7).



Page | 13

Ta b le 4.3: La nd use in Prek O Prea h sub -ba sin

Land use Area (ha)

Abandoned field covered by grass 46

Abandoned field covered by shrub 2,740

Bamboo and secondary forests 18,768

Deciduous forest 82,241Dry deciduous (open) forest 6546

Evergreen broad leafed forest 66,513

Flooded shrub 340

Garden crop 271

Grassland (undifferentiated) 544

Lakes (<8 ha) 20

Lakes (>8 ha) 88

Marsh and swamp 4

Mixed forest from evergreen and deciduousspecies 2,9289

Orchard 9

Others (sea, bay etc .) 7,334

Paddy field 2,792

Riparian forest 9,684

Sand bank 174

Settlement 10

Shrubland (undifferentiated) 1379

Swidden agriculture (slash a nd burn) 749

Village garden crop 611

Wo odla nd a nd sc attered trees (C <10%) 9,827

Total: 239,979

4.3 Prek OKrieng

Prek OKrieng flows from Mondulkiri upland with the elevation between 21m to 372m to theMekong river in Kratie with the length about 131 km and ac ross Mondulkiri province ab out51 km and Kratie province 80 km. It pa ss through 3 c ommunes in Mondulkiri (Sok San, Bu

C hri and Ro Ya commune) and 9 communes in Kraite (Srai C his, Ro Lous Mea n C hey, Kba lDamrey, O Krieng, Beoung Char, Koh Khnhea, Sam Bour, San Dan, and Sam Bokcommune). The river sub ba sin is approximately 3,331.90 sq. km with the perimeter of about 323.78 km, c overing the district of Koh Nhek and Pecht C henda of Mondulkiri

provinve and Sambour a nd Krac heh district of Kratie province (please see the map inApp endix7).

Prek OKrieng and its tributaries are the important water resource for people who maketheir living on agriculture and it is also the water resource that filled up the Mekong River

during the rainy season or flooding time which oc curred annually. The people living alongPrek OKrieng noted that the flood occurred every year, but the big flood can be takenplac e in every 30 years. The people living along Prek OKrieng noted that the floodoc curred every year, but the big flood can be taken plac e in every 30 years.

Apart from providing water resource for domestic a nd agric ulture, Prek OKrieng provides asuitable loc ation for hydro power plant development. Ac cording to the da ta from ministry

of Industry, Mine a nd Energy, one large scale of hydro power da m (along Mekong River)with the c apac ity of more than 50001 Kw a nd one small scale of hydro power da m (along

Prek OKrieng river) with the c ap ac ity between 500-10000 Kw can be built with the river subbasin (please see the map in the appendix7).



Page | 14

Soil is mainly important for a griculture in C ambodia as well as in the study area. Depend

on the soil da ta, six different types of soil have been found in the area: ac id lithosols,alluvial lithosols, great lake, grey hydromophics, plinthite podzols a nd red-yellow pozols(please see the map in the a ppendix7).

Based on J ICA land use map 2002, in Prek OKrieng sub b asin, most pa rt of the area covers

by dec iduous forest. Dry dec iduous, evergreen and mix forest from evergreen and

dec iduous spec ies have been found in the eastern and western part of the area. It isnoted that little a mount of padd y field mostly has been seen a long the Mekong river only(please see the map in the appendix7).

Ta b le 4.4: La nd use in Prek OKrieng sub -ba sin

Land use Area (ha)

Abandoned field covered bygrass ------

Aba ndoned field covered by shrub ------

Bamboo and sec ondary forests ------

Deciduousforest ------

Dry dec iduous (open) forest ------Evergreen broad leafed forest ------

Flooded shrub ------

Garden crop ------

Grassland (undifferentiated) ------

Lakes (<8 ha) ------

Lakes (>8 ha) ------

Marsh and swamp ------

Mixed forest from evergreen and dec iduousspecies ------

Orchard ------

Others (sea, bay etc .) ------

Paddy field ------

Riparian forest ------

Sand bank ------

Settlement ------

Shrubland (undifferentiated) ------

Swidden agriculture (slash and burn) ------

Village garden crop ------

Woodland and sc attered trees (C <10%) ------

Total: ------

4.4 Prek Kampi

Prek Kampi flows from upland Mondolkiri to the M ekong river in Kratie around 88 km andac ross Mondolkiri around 6 km and Kratie province 82 km. Prek Kampi stretches a cross 2communes in M ondolkiri and ac ross 7 c ommunes in Kraite.

With the elevation between 24 m to 231m, Prek Kampi flows from Mondulkiri upland to the

Mekong river in Kratie with the length abo ut 88 km and ac ross Mondulkiri province a bout 6km and Kratie province 82 km. It pass through 2 c ommunes in M ondulkiri (Bu C hri, andC hong Phlas c ommune) and 7 c ommunes in Kraite (Srae C his, Kba l Damrey, Thmey,

C hang Krang, Sam Bok, Da and Kou Lap commune). The river sub b asin is ap proximately1,141.80 sq. km with the p erimeter of ab out 141.80 km, c overing the district of Kaev Seimaand Pecht C henda of Mondulkiri p rovinve and Sambour and Krac heh district of Kratieprovince (please see the map in Appendix 7).



Page | 15

Likewise Prek OKrieng, Prek Kampi a nd its tributaries are the important water resourc e for

people whose living relied on agriculture. During the rainy season or flooding time whichoc curred annually, Prek Kampi is also the water resource that filled up the Mekong Riverand flood s the nearby area. The people living a long Prek Kampi have also noted that theflood oc curred every year, but the drought will come after the flood time.

Apart from providing water resourc e for transportation and domestic and ag riculture use,

Prek Kampi provides a suitable loc ation for hydro power plant development as well.Ac c ording to the data from ministry of Industry, Mine a nd Energy, two small scale of hydropower dams (along Prek Kampi river in Sambour and Kracheh district) with the capacity

between 500-10000 Kw can be built within the river sub ba sin (please see the map inApp endix7).

An important resource for a griculture in C ambodia as well as in the study area is soil.

Depend on the soil data, five different types of soil have been found in the a rea including:ac id lithosols, great lake, grey hydromophics, plinthite pod zols a nd red-yellow pozols(please see the map in Appendix 7).

Based on J ICA land use map 2002, in Prek Kampi sub ba sin, most pa rt of the area covers

by dec iduous forest. Dry dec iduous, evergreen and mix forest from evergreen anddec iduous spec ies have be en found in the northeastern and western pa rt of the a rea. Thepaddy field mostly has been seen along the Mekong river only while the woodland andscatter trees have been seen nearly through out the area (please see the map in the

appendix7).



Page | 16

Ta b le 4.5: La nd use in Prek Kam p i sub -ba sin

Land use Area (ha)

Abandoned field covered by shrub 79

Bamboo and Secondary forests 3844

Deciduous forest 70235

Dry Deciduous (Open) forest 9263

Evergreen broad leafed forest 1290

Field crop 10

Garden crop 13

Grassland (undifferentiated) 78

Lakes (<8 ha) 19

Lakes (>8 ha) 10

Mixed forest from evergreen and deciduousspecies 10382

Orc hard 54

Others (Sea,Bay etc .) 722

Paddy field 3139

Receding and Floating ric e fields 301

Reservoir 14

Riparian forest 9906

Rock outc rop 111

Village garden crop 259

Woodland and sc attered trees (C <10%) 4449

Total: 114180

4.5 Prek Te

Prek Te flows from Mondulkiri upland with the elevation between 14 m to 927 m (inMondulkiri) to the Mekong river in Kratie with the length about 200 km and ac rossMondulkiri province ab out 135 km a nd Kratie province 65 km. It pass through 6 communes

in Mondulkiri (C hong Phlas, Bu C hri, Me Ma ng, Srae C hhuk, Monorum a nd Sokh Domcommune) and 7 communes in Kraite (Svay C hrea h, Thmei, Kantuot, Thma Anda euk, Da,Bos Leav and Roka Kand al commune). The river sub ba sin is ap proximately 4,363.84 sq. km

with the perimeter of ab out 427.78 c overing the district of O u Reang, Senmonorom, PechtChenda and Kaev Seima of Mondulkiri provinve and Snoul, Chhlong and Kracheh districtof Kratie province (please see the map in Appendix 7).

Prek Te and its tributaries are the important water resourc e for people who make theirliving on ag ric ulture and it is also the wa ter resource that filled up the Mekong River duringthe rainy season or flooding time which occurred annually.

Like the ab ove saind three rivers, ap art from providing water resource for domestic andagriculture, Prek Te provides a suitable loc ation for hydro power plant development.

Ac c ording to the da ta from ministry of Industry, Mine and Energy, twoo small scale of hydro power dams, one in Mondulkiri a nd another in Kratie province with the capac itybetween 50010000 Kw c an be built with the river sub ba sin (please see the map inApp endix7).

Soil is mainly important for agriculture in the study area. Depend on the soil data, 17different types of soil have b een found in the a rea: ac id lithosols, alluvial lithosols, Alumisols,Basic Lithosols, brown alluvial soils, brown hydromorphic s, c oastal complex, culturalhydromorphics, great lake, grey hydromophics, lacustrine alluvial soils, latosols, planosols,



Page | 17

plinthite podzols, plinthitic hydromorphics, regur a nd red-yellow pozols (please see the

map in Appendix 7).

Based on J ICA land use map 2002, in Prek Te sub ba sin, most p art of the area covers bydec iduous forest. Dry dec iduous, evergreen and mix forest from evergreen and dec iduousspecies have been found in the eastern part of the area. It is noted that Swidden

agriculture has been found in the eastern part of the area, in Mondulkiri, while some

amount of pad dy field mostly has been seen a long the Mekong river only (please see themap in Appendix 7).

Ta b le 4.6 La nd use in Prek Te sub -b a sin

Land use Area (ha)

Abandoned field c overed by shrub ------

Bamboo and Secondary forests ------

Deciduous forest ------

Dry Deciduous (Open) forest ------

Evergreen broad leafed forest ------

Field crop ------

Garden crop ------

Grassland (undifferentiated) ------

Lakes (<8 ha) ------

Lakes (>8 ha) ------

Mixed forest from evergreen and dec iduousspecies ------

Orc hard ------

Others (Sea, Bay etc .) ------

Paddy field ------

Rec eding and Floating ric e fields ------Reservoir ------

Riparian forest ------

Rock outc rop ------

Village garden crop ------

Wood land and sc attered trees (C < 10%) ------

Total: ------



Page | 18

5 WATERRESOURCESAND WATERUSES

5.1 Meteorology

In overall C ambod ia, the mean a nnual rainfall is estimated with three areas, the first area is

1,200 – 1,300 mm/year in the C entral Plains, the sec ond is 2,000 – 3,500 mm/year in theMountains and Plateau Areas, a nd the third is 3,000 – 4,000 mm/year in the coastal areas.

The normal rainfall d istribution is shown in the figure below. It is seen that the rainfall variesquite a bit within the study area of 4Ps ba sin, with a gradient of ab out 830 mm per year

per 100 km towards northeast.

Fig ure 5.1: No rma l rainfa ll d istr ib ution

The rainfall in the four drainage areas (4Ps ba sin) in the study area have been estimatedby tentatively assuming that the average rainfall per year in the main streams of 4Ps ba sin

are shown below:

Prek OPreah: total rainfall is 2,227 mm/yrPrek OKrieng : total rainfall is 2,152 mm/ yr

Prek Kampi : total rainfall is1,860 mm/yr

Prek Teto : total rainfall is1,976 mm/yr



Page | 19

Ta b le 5.1: Sum m a ry of m et e or ol og ic a l c on d it i ons

Average annual temperature 28-33 oC in part of 4Psbasin project area

Mea n a nnua l humidity 75 – 80 % in the sa me a rea

Annual evaporation 1,300 - 1,500 mm in the same area

Average annual rainfall 1,800 – 2,200 mm a part of Mondulkiri plateau of 4Psbasin

Rainy se ason 150 - 350mm Rainfall in this p eriod ac c ounts for90%ofan nual rainfall.

Winds Up to 2-3 m/s Storms mainly occur from 5 to 24 m/s

5.2 Surface water

For 4Ps basin project area, in the rainy season (May to Oc tober), the Basin expa nds an

area of about 5,000 - 9,000km2 flooding the forest a round the river ba sin due to flow fromthe mountains and plateaus area with a n average depth in the main stream flow of about: 5.0m – 12.0m (field trip investiga tion). During the d ry sea son (April to November), itoc cupies an a rea ab out 800 – 2,000km2 with an average depth in the main stream flow of

around: 0.3m – 0.5 m. A pa rt of the a rea is cultivated (with a small part of the cultivatedareas served by irriga tion infrastructure). The major pa rt of the a rea is covered by forest, invarious stages of degrad ation, and plantation.

At the end of the rainy season, the (4Ps ba sin) rivers flow draining almost at a ll water into

the Mekong River. From the hydrological condition of 4Ps Basin there is divided by fourwatershed area are Prek OPreah, Prek OKrieng, Prek Kampi and Prek Te.

C atchment areas are shown in the table b elow.

Ta b le 5 .2 : C a t c h m e n t a r e a s

Name Prek

(stream)

Kratie

province

Mondulkiri

province Total Catchmentarea

Prek

OPreah

Length 66 km 50 km 117 km 2,339 km2

No. c ommunes 3 1 4

PrekOKrieng

Length 51 km 80 km 134 km 3,332 km2

No. c ommunes 9 3 12

Prek KampiLength 82 km 6 km 88 km 1,141 km2

No. c ommunes 7 2 9

Prek TeLength 65 km 135 km 200 km 4,363 km2

No. c ommunes 7 6 13

In the country, rec ent studiesindicated that the severity of the forest situation about 70 000ha per year were deforested during the period from 1973 to 1993 and it increased up to

180 000 ha per year in the period from 1993 to 1997 (BDP Sec tor Review, August, 2003). For4Ps ba sin projec t a rea now situation is also similar with a bove d eforest issue is ab out from500 ha to 1000 ha per year (Communes g overnor reported). There will be increasingsevere impac t on biodiversity and watershed control, if the situation continuing. Themultiple use of forest in the form of fuel wood collec tion, agricultural encroac hment

development land conversion, is also important cause of deforestation in the watershedareas.

The resulting reduction in crop yields because of soil erosion and increased flooding maydramatically increase p overty in the rural areas. A related problem is that the fish c atc hes,

a vital source of protein on the diet are plummeting bec ause of combine effec ts of habitat loss in the inunda ted zone of the lowland o f Prek OKrieng and Prek Te ba sin.

Watershed management is very crucial component for improving the natural resources aswell as with intention of improving people’s livelihood. This pa per provides an overview of

the watershed and its management in the 4-Ps ba sin context. Finally, an analysis is done



Page | 20

on c hallenges, opportunities and constraints for a sustainab le management of the natural

resources, and waysfor improvement.

Fig ure 5.2: Sub -ba sins an d r ive r net w o rks

Stream flow

The stream flow of 4Ps ba sin has roughly been estimated ba sed on runoff and specificyield c haracteristics from elsewhere in Ca mbod ia, ap plying values that are lower than the

for the mountainous a rea but higher than for the flood plains. The results - whic h areuncertain - are presented in the following table 5.4

Ta b le 5.3: Estima te d strea m flow

Stream Avg. rainfall Runoff Typical low

flow Normal flow

Spec. yield Flow rate Spec. yield Flow rate

m m / yr m m / yr l/ s/ km 2 m 3/ s l/ s/ km 2 m 3/ s

Prek OPreah 2,227 557 - 668 1.1 - 2.8 1.7 - 4.2 18 - 21 27 - 32

Prek OKrieng 2,152 538 - 646 1.1 - 2.7 2.7 - 6.5 17 - 20 42 - 50

Prek Kampi 1,860 465 - 558 1.0 - 2.3 1.1 - 2.6 15 - 18 17 - 20

Prek Te 1,976 494 - 593 1.0 - 2.4 4.2 - 10.2 16 - 19 65 - 78

Data: BDP-CNMC ,2003 and Inc eption report 4Ps Basin, 2007

Prek O Prea h Sub -Basin

Prek OPreah has a mainstream length of 117 km a nd flows from the upland of M ondulkiriplateau and its watershed and the end they flow direct to Mekong River. The minimumflow rate is 1.7- 4.2 m3/s and maximum is27-32 m3/s.



Page | 21

Fig ure 5.3: Prek O Pre a h Sub -Basin

Ta b le 5.4: Prek O Prea h st r eam net w o rk

Sub-basin Stream

length (m)

Dry season flow

rate (m3/ s)

Rainy season flow

rate (m3/ s)

Runoff

(mm/yr)

Pre k O Pre a h 117,000 1.7 - 4.2 27- 32 557 - 668

O Laha 8,005 ----- ------ -----

O Namdinh 9,440 ----- ------ -----

O Pong Moan 21,730 ----- ------ -----

O Tboung Khla 12,540 ----- ------ -----

O Chralong Thum 45,800 ----- ------ -----

O Kandier 30,000 ----- ------ -----

O Loung 8,250 ----- ------ -----O Sre Andeang 51,680 ----- ------ -----

Data: MO E-GIS

Prek O Krien g Sub -Basin

Prek Kieng is the main stream with the length of 134 km. It flows from the upland of

Mondulkiri plateau and its distribution rivers and watershed area and after that flows direc tto M ekong River. The minimum flow rate is 2.7-6.5 m3/s and maximum is 42-50 m3/s. The 17main distributions of Prek O Krieng sub-basin with length more than 15,000m is showed inthe table below.

Figu re 5.4: Prek O Krien g Sub -Ba sin



Page | 22

Ta b le 5.5: Prek OKrieng strea m ne tw o rk

Sub-basin Stream length

(m)Dry season flow

rate (m3/ s)Rainy season

flow rate (m3/s)Runoff

(mm/yr)

Pre k O Krie n g 134,000 2.7 - 6.5 42 -50 538- 646

O Boukei 23,320 ----- ----- -----

O Cha Thnaol 21,920 ----- ----- -----

O Dai Sna 15,190 ----- ----- -----

O Das 16,260 ----- ----- -----

O Khdac h 22,510 ----- ----- -----

O Khlam Pae 22,230 ----- ----- -----

O Khneang 24,550 ----- ----- -----

O Kokir 28,380 ----- ----- -----

O Srea Andeang 21,400 ----- ----- -----

O Ta Neang 39,840 ----- ----- -----

O Tuk Nak 25,130 ----- ----- -----

O Kakot 38,170 ----- ----- -----O Pong Moan 21,730 ----- ----- -----

O Santeuy 16,800 ----- ----- -----

O Tenh 17,440 ----- ----- -----

O Tuk 32,000 ----- ----- -----

O Ya C hi 24,630 ----- ----- -----

D at a : MO E- G IS Prek Kampi Sub-Basin

Prek Kampi is the main stream with the low length of 88 km a nd flows from the upland andits watershed area and the end they flow direc t to Mekong River. The minimum flow rate is

1.1-2.6 m3/s a nd maximum is 17-20 m3/s. The 9 ma in d istributions with length flow morethan 8,000m of Prek Kampi sub-ba sin is showed in table as the following:

Figu re 5.5: Pre k Kam p i Sub -Ba sin



Page | 23

Ta b le 5.6: Prek K am p i st rea m ne t w or k

Sub-basin Stream length (m) Dry sea son flow

rate (m3/s)Rainy sea son flow

rate (m3/s)Runoff

(mm/yr)

Pre k Ka m p i 88,000 1.1- 2.6 17- 20 465- 558

O Andoung 10,340 ----- ----- -----

O Khlek Khlak 22,450 ----- ----- -----

O Kokir 10,440 ----- ----- -----

O Tralab 9,710 ----- ----- -----

O Treak 13,050 ----- ----- -----

O Yung 12,230 ----- ----- -----

O Char 12,910 ----- ----- -----

O Chrov 9,600 ----- ----- -----

O La 25,090 ----- ----- -----

Data: MO E-GIS

Prek Te Sub - Basin River’s Prek Te is the longest stream of 4Ps ba sin project with the flow length of 200 km. Itflows from the upland of M ondulkiri plateau and its distributions rivers and watershed area

flow direct to Mekong River at the end flow. The minimum flow rate is 4.2-10.2 m3/s andmaximum is 65-78 m3/s. The 17 main d istribution of Prek Te sub-basin with length more than15,000m isshown in the tab le below.

Figu re 5.6: Pre k Te Sub -Ba sin

Ta b le 5.7: Prek Te strea m ne tw ork

Sub-basin Stream length (m) Dry season flowrate (m3/ s) Rainy seasonflow rate (m3/ s) Runoff (mm/ yr)

Pre k Te 200,000 4.2 - 10.2 65- 78 494- 593

O Bum Ba 17,290 ----- ----- -----

O Cheung Chrey 33,770 ----- ----- -----

O Doear 31,970 ----- ----- -----

O Kanc heh 28,350 ----- ----- -----

O Kokir 23,410 ----- ----- -----

O Nhor 17,600 ----- ----- -----

O Preah 40,930 ----- ----- -----

O Pu Hao 21,180 ----- ----- -----O Chang 24,660 ----- ----- -----

O Chhung 33,180 ----- ----- -----



Page | 24

O Dak Doea 72,320 ----- ----- -----

O Khlong 82,060 ----- ----- -----

O Khnach 15,250 ----- ----- -----

O Khnaeng 25,130 ----- ----- -----

O Khtong 19,850 ----- ----- -----

O Romanh 35,180 ----- ----- -----

O Ropaoh 33,970 ----- ----- -----

Data: MO E-GIS

Floods

In the wet season, flooding is a major problem severely affecting a ll the low Mekong Riverand within the Mekong Delta in C ambod ia. In the 4-Ps basin area flood ing is filled withwater from the beginning of the flood season until the main flood pea k reaches Kratie

province. For a short time at the pea k, the water levels at Prek O Preah and Prek Kampibec ome almost the higher than Prek OKrieng and Prek Te.

For Kratie, the flooding is the critical issues than Modulkiri p rovince. Flooding has d ual

effec ts on the zone area – negative and positive. Seasonal flood ing is very important forincreased fishery production, maintenance of wetland ecology, and replenishment of soilfertility with silt and sediment, and supply of wa ter for irrigation for four main strea m riverslow land area of 4Ps ba sin. Freshwater fish p roduction remains the most important source

of livelihoods in the rural area of 4Ps ba sin project area and fish c onstitutes some 60% of protein intake in the Kratie and Modulkiri provinces diet.

As flooding becomes a frequent phenomenon and ca uses substantial social andec onomic da mage to the country, country c oordination for flood emergenc y relief and

rehab ilitation became critical. In 1995 a National C ommittee for Disaster Ma nagement(NCDM) was formed by a Sub-Decree, which was a mended in 1999 to include allrepresentation of all ministries to the committee. The c ommittee isgiven a broad manda te

to d eal with c ountry disaster preparedness and emergenc y response, information systems,public awareness and community ba sed disaster preparedness.

5.3 Groundwater

In general, C ambodia has an estimated groundwater resource o f ab out 17.6 billion m3. It

is being exploited to an increasing extent, pa rtic ularly by shallow tube wells, for communityand household water supply, and for irrigation. There are a t least 60,000 community watersupply tube wells and large diameter motorized tube wells for irrigation, a nd ab out 2,000manually operated shallow wells are b eing installed annually.

In Kratie and Mo ndulkiri provinces, the groundwater assessment is not exploited yet. The

number of deep wells drilling is small number use for irriga tion and some more wells use fordomestic water use. The da ta from MO WRAM ab out d rilling wells information in Kratie ha s55 wells with the minimum depth is 13.5m and maximum depth is 44m, minimum

groundwater level is 3.2m and maximum level is 12.4m (from ground surface ), but inMondulkiri there is not any information. It should be collected more data aboutgroundwa ter information to be using water resource for future in 4Ps ba sin p rojects.

From number of 55 deep wells data have been drilled in 1994 by NG O (CA RE) of Kratiedistrict in Kratie province (in the 4Ps ba sin area), there are ca n be analysed thegroundwater p otential discharge and groundwater level is showed as in the followingtable:



Page | 25

Ta b le 5 .8 : G ro u n d w a t e r p o t e n t i a l in 5 5 d e e p w e lls in t h e 4 Ps b a sin

Well yield Q(l/ h)

Numberof wells

Avg. depthdrilling (m)

Avg. groundwater level (m)

Avg. depth of aquifer (m)

Depth of hardrock layer(m)

Q <3,000 11 13 - 18 5 - 8 10 - 24 18 - 22

3,000 <Q >5,000 12 20 - 27

Q >5,000 32 35 - 44

Q =18,000 4 24 - 31 4.1 - 4.8 12 - 23 16 - 18

Data: MoWRAM- DWSS

From the table, the high groundwater disc harge Q = 18,000 l/h, can be found in Kratiedistrict of 4Ps ba sin to be used for supplying water in urba n and rural a rea for domestic or

ag riculture ac tivities. The groundwa ter zone layer is not very depth (D = less 44m). Thisdep th the p eople can drill by small private sec tor to take out water use for their purpose.In the geological structure layers of silty, sandy or claying c an be drilled into the dep th withab out 12 – 23m, but the hard roc k layer is very difficult to d rill in the depth. However, they

need the heavy equipment drilling to use for the deep well drilling to take more wa ter usein the industrial purpose or water supply system treatment plant for urba n or town.

The geological formation of the alluvial deposits of the Mekong River floodp lain arebelieved to b e very good shallow aq uifers, with high rec harge rates (5,000-20,000 L/h) and

a groundwa ter table generally within 4-8m from the ground surfac e. G roundwater qualityis generally satisfac tory (most is in basal aq uifer). However, unpalatab ly high iron levels areencountered in about 10%of tub wells, pa rticularly in the low land of Kratie and Mondulkiri

provinces, ap pa rently due to c ontamination by salt contained (high c onductivity in water)in the original soil d eposits, and rec ent measurements indicate that water drawn fromaq uifers in some loc alities have da ngerously high levels of arsenic in low land of 4Ps sub-ba sin. There are need to investigate on the water quality monitoring and assessment in this

area.

The groundwater is expec ted to be ab le to meet the increasing demand for urba n waterusing in the M ondulkiri region, especially in the d ry season. The groundwater developmentand management should consider how much and from where an aquifer c an supply

water for a long time without ca using ad verse side effec t both for domestic and irrigatedagriculture activities.

5.4 Water quality

Generally, the water quality samples have been mostly analysed in the MO WARMlab oratory. O ver 2000 water quality samples and sounding have been proc essed. Thewater quality is well oxygenated during the dry season bec ause o f the effective wind a ndwave induces mixing over the surfac e of a shallow water body. During the flood

inundated areas are to a large extent anoxic. Most peop le a re c ontributed to pa y moneyin urba n area for domestic water supply, but in the rural area the people are poor, theycould not pay money, so they use water unprotected pollution.

Due to the lack of technical hydrochemistry using a national standard for drinking water

quality, individual laboratories (MIME; MO WRAM; MO E and others) use individual standardsfor c hemicals of 31 p arameters in drinking water. The internally a dopted water qualitystanda rds a re mainly ad opted from international standa rds or guideline values (WHO),partly due to the donor driven, with no reference to the actual situation in the country.

Add reference to the water in the lake or river in the dry season is very cloudy liquid. Thewater in the Prek OPreah, Prek OKrieng, Prek Kampi and Prek Te are c loudy liquidreportedly b ec ause of mining ac tivity in the Mountains of the c atchment area of 4Ps

ba sin. This issue need to b e study and evaluate by water quality standard.



Page | 26

5.5 Wateruses

Water use is a c rucial component for human being. Surface and ground water resourcesare the main sources for ag riculture ac tivities and domestic use in urba n and rural areas. The manag ement of water user for rice produc tion, orchards, forestry, and fish p roduction

will require ac tive intervention b y a ba sin wide p articipa nt that have been jointly betweenthe c entral and provincial (including c ommunity) level.

In terms of wa ter demand for industrial sec tor user, the demand c ould be different due tothe size of the industry, the kind of processing, etc. It is estimated that the demand by

industry ranges from 50 m3/da y to 1,000 m3/d ay. The pollution from domestic activities,ag riculture, and wastewater from industry in towns put considerab le stress on the quality of the ba sin water resourc es. Aquac ulture and fisheries of freshwater are supported theimportant in the 4Ps ba sin.

The water supply for do mestic must be clean and safe rather than the supply for otheruses. The sources of water p ollution include munic ipa l, industrial, and agricultural. It has

been indicated that the causes of major environmental issues related to the water supplyinclude sewa ge, pesticides, and fertilizers. Sewa ge, both form munic ipa l and industrial

sources, is the most environmental issues. With 40% of the total population living in urba nareas ca n a cc ess to safe water supply while only 25% of the total population in rural areas

can. Unprotected water resources are used by people in rural areas.

The total population of the 4Ps Basin projec t area of Kratie and Mondulkiri provinces a reab out 143,290 persons or 1.1 perc ent of the national population living with 26 c ommunesof Kratie and with 12 communes of Mondulkiri provinces. Safe water - whether by piped

network, from orderly wells, or bought from vendors - is ac cessible for 40% of pop ulation inKratie Province and only 25% in M ondulkiri Provinc e (see table 2.1 next page). The majorityof remote areas have no ac cess at all, a nd this situation affects people's health and lifeexpectancy. Mondulkiri Province has the highest infant mortality rate in Cambodia (with

125-170 deaths per 1,000 live births). The incidence of malaria is varies between 10 and 100

per 1,000 peop le per year.

The majority of Kratie and Mondulkiri provinces ec onomy are depended mostly onag riculture and the natural resources ba sed fisheries and forestry for their livelihood s and

ec onomic growth. The water resourc es used for hydropower produc tion have not yetdeveloped so much, but the water resources a re highly important for a griculture andagro-industrial.

The water use estimation is showed in the table below.

Ta b le 5. 9: Est i ma t e d w a t e r use in K ra t ie a nd Mo nd ul kiri p rov inc es

Wateruse, share of total Populationwith access to safe water:

Agric ulture 15-25 % Kratie Mondulkiri

Industrial 5-8 % Rural 5-10 % 5-10 %

Domestic /municipal 25-40 % Urban 40 % 25 %

Data: 4Psinception report and field study

The water extrac tion for domestic use does not result in transboundary impa cts due to a

small volume of water has been extracted. Currently water contamination, both surfaceand ground wa ter, by sewa ge d ischarge (industrial sec tor) is not also strong transboundaryenvironmental effect.

The 4Ps Basin is an important region for soc io-ec onomic development of Kratie andMondulkiri provinces. Sec toral developments over past dec ades have ca used rapiddegrad ation of the important natural resourc es that are essential to suppo rt the livelihoodof its people.



Page | 27

D o m e s t i c w a t e r s u p p l y a n d s a n i t a t i o n

In the 4Ps ba sin study a rea, the percentages of rural a nd urba n water supply with ac cessto safe water supplies are 5-10% and 25-40% respectively. In both rural and urba n areas,many people take advantage of rainwater collected in large water jars during the wetseason and for the rest of the year use. In the rural for many households may entail a long

walk for women and c hildren to fetch water. The pipe wa ter supplies are restricted to parts

the provincial towns of Kratie province and some other districted towns of 4Ps region, butin Mondulkiri p rovincial town is not p ipe water supply yet. The quantities of water supplied

eac h year are ab out 1.6 million m3 in the total Kratie a nd M ondulkiri provincial towns andsome urba n areas, and 2.3 million m3 in the rural area.

Now, pipe water is not consistently potable, beca use of inadequate treatment orcontamination in the reticulation system. Non-revenue wa ter ranges from 30% to 70%, due

to leakage and illega l connections. The Long-term o bjective for water supply in provincialtown is to provide water that meets WHO standards to at least 70% of their population.Performance is at present highly variable with the percentage of connections ranging to

22% and supply to 46% of the population of 2 provincial towns at 4Psarea.

In rural areas and villag es of 4Ps basin, 100,300 people are dep endent on unprotectedwater sources of wells, ponds and streams/rivers. There has been a signific ant effort by theMinistry of Water Resourc es and Meteorology, Ministry of Rural Development, international

ag encies like UNICEF and NGO s to install wells and groundwa ter resources explorationusing for rural water supply and to introduce sanitary latrines to reduce pollution for surfac ewater sourc es. The water supply data c ollec tion is not enough they should b e c ollec ted forthe next phase. In the table 2.8 is showed ab out data c ollec tion need ing on water supply

in both rural and urba n areas.

Ta b le 5.10: Wa t e r sup p l y and sa ni t at i on i n t he 4Ps a rea

Description Urban

Water Sanitation Water Sanitation

Population served b y public piped wa tersupply to connec tion fee

---- % ---- %

Population served by wa ter supply from w ell ---- % --- %

Total domestic water use 1.6 million

m3/year2.3 millionm3/year

Population served by piped or c anal/covered sewerage

-----% -----%

Population served by primary wastewa tertreatment

----% -----%

H y d r o p o w e r

In the 4Ps basin, from the view point of energy sec urity and efficiency, one of the keyfac tors of the power sector policy of the RGC is to promote the development of hydropower p roject in the country. However, only two mic ro-hydropower stations have

been c onstructed b y J ICA funding and op erated in November 2008 by RGC that loca tedin Mondulkiri province of Prek Te sub-basin area. The both micro-hydropower stationsnamedly O M leng and O Romis with 250 KVA installed c ap ac ity.

The theoretical hydropower potential of Cambod ia is estimated at ab out 10,000 MW, this

hydropower potential has more certainty of development compared to other energyresources like petroleum and g as whose develop ment isa t the exploration stage.

There are previous studies for d emand forec asting in C ambodia such as WB (J une 1998), J ICA (August 2000), ADB (Oc tober 1996, Ma rch 2001, August 2003) and the latest study

was conducted by KEPC O for WB which finalized in December 2006. The resultsof demand



Page | 28

forec asting in the 4Ps ba sin Kratie a nd Mondulkiri provinces shown in the following tables

for energy production and peak load from yearsof 2005 to 2024:

Ta b le 5.11: Elec tr ic ity d em a nd fo rec a st (G Wh )

Province 2005 2010 2015 2020 2024

Kratie 9 22 47 76 107

Mondulkiri 2 5 10 19 29

Ta b le 5. 12: Pea k loa d f or ec a st ( MW )

Province 2005 2010 2015 2020 2024

Kratie 2.7 6.0 11.3 16.7 21.9

Mondulkiri 0.8 1.6 2.8 4.7 6.8

Following the study of J ICA August 2000, ADB October 1996; Ma rc h 2001 and August 2003

and WB which finalized in December 2006 were studied in 4Ps ba sin study area. Thehydropower projects are being considered for priority development plan to meet the

domestic demand in Kratie a nd M ondulkiri provinces. For the small and medium scales of hydropower projects in the master plan should be developed in the eac h sub-ba sin of 4Ps

basin area.

From the master plan of small or medium sc ales hydropower in the Prek OPreah sub-basinarea d id not have plan yet to d evelop the hydrop ower. However, thissub-ba sin should be

considered for the study projec t proposal in the future.

There are three sub-ba sins in 4Ps projec t area (Prek OKrieng, Prek Kampi a nd Prek Te) witha scope for hydropower development, as shown below.

Fig ur e 5. 7: Prek O Krien g Sub - Ba sin hy d rop ow er d ev el op m ent pl a n

Suppo rting to the previous study on Prek O Krieng sub-ba sin a rea there had point view of

the master plan for small scale hydropower projects were located inside the main river of Prek OKrieng basin with two locations as showed in the figure. Both locations are in theSambour district of Kratie province.

1

2



Page | 29

Fig ur e 5.8 Prek Ka m p i Sub - Ba sin hy d rop ow er de v el op m en t p la n

In the figure, the hydropower development plan could be developed in two loc ations,one loc ation is in Krac heh d istrict a nd another is in the Sambour district. However, b oth of them are also small scale hydrop ower plan (small scale c ap ac ity is500-10,000MW).

Fig ur e 5. 9: Prek Te Sub- Ba sin h y d rop ow er d ev el op m ent p la n

Prek Te is the longest river of 4Ps b asin. It has a more potential in hydropowerdevelopment. The hydropower c ap ac ity of Prek Te sub-ba sin could be developed themedium and small sca les hydropower plants. In the master plan on hydropowerdevelopment, there are two loc ations (loc ation 3 & 5) a re small scale, the loc ation 5 is in

Saen Monourom distric t, Mondulkiri province a nd the loc ation 3 is loca ted in Snoul distric t,Kratie province. Both are in the a rm river of Prek Te main river.

For the medium scale, they are three loc ations (loc ation 1; 2 & 4). The loca tion 4 is in KaevSeima district in Mondulkiri province. It is in the arm river of Prek Te river. The other twomedium scales, loc ation 1&2 are loca ted inside Prek Te basin, along the border of Krac heh

23

4

5

1

1

2



Page | 30

and Snoul districts in Kratie province. For the medium scale c apa city is 10,000-50,000MW.

However, the real spec ific c ap ac ity should be d etail study for this ba sin.

The Electricity Law promulga ted in 2001 has clearly defined the role of conc erned pa rtiesinvolve in the e lectricity sec tor of C ambod ia as following:

a) Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME),

b) Electricité Du Cambodge (EDC) and,

c ) Electricity Authority of C ambodia (EAC ).

The responsibility of each p arty isa s below:

a- MIME: is responsible for policy, strategy, planning and publishing the elec tricity

standards.

b- EDC: is a 100% stated owned limited liability compa ny under c ontrol of MIME andMinistry of Ec onomy and Finance (MEF) with the main functions defined in Ma rch

1996, Royal Dec ree such as: Generate and sale of electric energy; Construct a ndoperate of the National Power G rid and distribution networks; and Ac quisition,transfer and exchange of electric energy.

c- EAC : is a regulator body in power sec tor and undertakes the following responsibility

by the Electric ity Law which came into effect in February 2001: licensing, settingelectricity tariff, enforcement regulation a nd standa rds in elec tricity sec tor.

The lega l and regulatory framework of the power sec tor of C ambodia is governed by theelec tricity law and other ap plic able laws and regulations.

The Electricity Law was promulga ted in February 2001 and aims at establishing: the

Elec tricity Authority of C ambodia for regulating the electricity service, the favourab leconditions for investment and commercial operation, the basis for the regulation of servic eprovision, the principles for protection of consumers developersare interested.

The major problem in developing this sec tor is how to financ e the investment of hydropower projects to meet foreca st demand. Due to sca rc ity of public funds a ndconstraints in sovereign lending, a p rivate investment isnec essary for these investments.

The process of assessing a hydropower projec t is longer than thermal or ga s generation

projec ts. Hydropower projec ts are site-specific a nd huge da ta must be collec ted before aproject can be optimized properly within the context of the river basin. The collection of da ta, studies is expensive and nec essary funds must be committed without any assuranc ethat the projec t will prove to be feasible.

Private investment for hydropower p rojects is bit difficult as c ompare to thermal o r ga sgeneration projects. Implementation of hydropower projec ts by private sec tor is providingextraordinarily difficult and requires spec ial consideration in creating an enabling

environment for private sec tor investment.

At rec ently for hydropower project ac tivities, there are 3 hydropower projects loc atedoutside the Mekong river basin, under implementation by the Government. There are 17projects is under studied by the companies from China, Korea, and Vietnam and 12 of

them are loca ting in the Mekong River ba sin.



Page | 31

Box 2: Micro-hydropowerplantconstructed in August, 2008in the 4Ps Basin

Cambodia has the plan on the power development at near future with the aims at theelectrific ations and supply to c over domestic demand in the urban area in Mondulkiri province. Thesize of the mainstream projec ts of M ondulkiri provinc e in small sc ale a nd the large scale on the maintributaries isto be developed for electricity generation and supply to the other uses.

Refer to National Sec tor Review on BDP (CNMC /BDP, 2003), the short and medium term hydropowerdevelopment p lan in Mondulkiri p rovince (4Ps Basin area with arm of Prek Te basin) of two micro-hydropower plantshave been c onstructed in 2 rivers:

1 O Romis, with an installed c apa c ity of 250 KVA; and

2 O Mleng, also with an installed c apa c ity of 250 KVA.

With J ap an Government Funding and in c oop eration with Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy(MIME) the hydropo wer plants were c onstructed completely in O Romis and O Moleng rivers withan installed c apa city of 250 KVA, to start operation in late 2008.



Page | 32

6 SOCIO-ECONOMICS

6.1 General

The study area covers some 12,472 km² (7 % of C ambodia’s entire area) and has a

population of some 143,290 persons (or 1 % of the national population). A minor part of the

area is c ultivated (with a small part of the cultivated areas served by irrigationinfrastructure). The major pa rt of the area is c overed by forest, in various stages of degrad ation, a nd plantation. The area c overs a major p art of the Phnom Prich Wildlife

Sanc tuary and a minor pa rt of the Lomphat Wildlife Sanc tuary.

The area is c haracterized by high rate of child malnutrition, high rate of infant mortality,and peoples’ limited access or non-ac cess to safe water (in the remote area). The majorityof people living in the area face a great burden of poverty and poor social conditions.

They are vulnerab le to floods and drought, as they are heavily dependent uponag riculture, often c onducted on a subsistence ba sis.

A number of tributaries flow into the Mekong River, lincluding Prek Te, Prek Kampi, Prek

OKrieng and Prek O Prea h that join the Mekong at Kratie Province. These tributaries havenatural levees at a lower level than the Mekong and fall dry for several months during thedry season. In the flood season, water flows into the low lying areas behind the Mekonglevees through these river c hannels.

Ta b le 6.1: Ge ne ral c ha rac te ristic s of the 4-Ps Ba sin

Floo dp la in Still quite na tura l

Infrastructure Few roa ds, irrigation systems isstill natural, a few small-sc ale irrigation

schemes

Housing anddevelopment

Ma inly along levees bordering rivers

Economy Extensive agriculture and fisheries

Land use and ecology National parks, but flood plainsa nd flood ing essential for biodiversity in

the region

Hydraulics Largely natural flooding, only obstructed by road s and to some extent

levees

6.2 Natural resources

W a t e r

The water resources in C ambodia, generally, are taken into ac count as a “water-wealthy”country. The water resources a re rank third in Southeast Asia, in term of annual water

viab ility (State of the C ostal Environment and Soc io-Economy in C ambodia, 2005).

Ac c ording to the loc al resident, the water quality within 4-Ps area may b e more thanenough for agric ulture in the raining season. However, the surfac e water shortage hasoc curred in dry season due to lac k of basins and irrigation system including: reservoirs,

da ms, d yke and other structures for surfac e water shortage and shallow existing lakes orreservoirs because of soil erosion.

Water is played important role for c ontribution in the ec onomic growth and povertyreduction, therefore, the rehabilitation and construction of existing and new

irriga tion/ drainag e system and flood c ontrol fac ilities a re very essential in order to makeand sec ure sufficient water for irrigation and to p rotect livelihoods and property as well for

domestic used (water supp ly).Within the Kratie and Mondulkiri as well as within 4-Ps ba sin, there is very limited information

existing on the wa ter resources situation. A number of households within these areas couldbe affected by wa ter shortage, espec ially in d ry season, and as well as large number of



Page | 33

households are dep ended on the water sources for their c ultivated, which will not be

provided a reliab le supply throughout the year.

Forests

The forest resourc es has been impact since 1960, and it has been considered only asbusiness in a short-term ec onomic term, b ut not in-term of ec ologic al and biologica l

impacts. In ac cordanc e with loc al communities, loc al residentsliving within the 4-Ps ba sin,provincial depa rtments in both provinces (Kratie and Mondulkiri province) and as well asloc al authorities who has pa rtic ipa ted in the National C onsultation Workshop which held in30-31 Dec ember 2008, and 01 J anuary 2009, Kratie Province, is ad dressed that the forest

resources has been destroyed (logging) signific antly which resulting from both ac tivities(illegal and legal ac tivities). Its mean that the forest resources are remained only about 20%- 30 % (loc al villagers and loc al communities).

The over exploitation of forest and disturba nce of human ac tivities includingencroa chment for ag ricultural development, settlement and other illega l ac tivities arecaused to degrad ation of forest resource. Furthermore, the forest in the 4-Ps areas hasbeen damaged a nd a ltered into development areas within the 4-Ps ba sin as well. The loss

of forest resources might be damaged and/or affected the livelihood of localcommunities due to the limited of alternative livelihood.

The deforestation isc aused from the main a ctivities as indica ted following:

1. C ommercial logging, illega lly selective logging,

2. Unsustainable prac tices i.e. land encroac hment (speculative purpose andsettlement) and reducing forest land due to the ag ricultural ac tivities including shiftcultivation,

3. Population growth with d ensity is very high and poverty are also leading to p ressure

and deteriorating grad ually the forest areas and itsp roduc tsfrom year to year,

4. Encroachment of forest areas and forest land due to the investment,

5. The demarcation line for public land and forest land is not clear, and

6. The ac tions against illegal ac tivities are poor a nd land title issuance doe not follow

the formal proc edure.

Ac c ording to Baseline Environmental Assessment for Northeastern and Southwestern Areaof C ambod ia, since the early 1970, forest c overed has been dec reased from 70% of thetotal land area to 30-35% in year 1992, there is due to the illegal exploitation of forest

resources and conversion of forest land at that time. Additionally, the logging was spread

out into the protected areas. For instance, a biodiversity survey (2000) of C arda momMountains, considered the richest biodiversity area in the country, confirmed that logging

was taking plac e inside the protected areas (MoE & UNEP, 2006).

In forestry sec tor within M ondulkiri province, the logging conc essions had been authorizedto some companies and some other loc al private companies, but the federal governmentprohibited the tree harvest and canc eled the conc essions with stressing environmental

conservation and sustainab le development. There are only a few of plantation forests inthisa rea.Ac c ording to the state of environment and soc io-economic in coastal 2005, indic atedthat from 1995 a nd onwa rd was significantly reduction of an exploitation level of forest

and large sc ale was stopped . The G overnment, however, had ban on forest logging,

some illegal logging isstill continuous.

Ac c ording to the field observation, da ted August 12 and 29 August, 2008, the forest in 4-Psba sin (Kartie a nd Mondulkiri province) has also been impacted by illega l and lega l logging



Page | 34

ac tivities. However, it has not possible to obtain the information on the amount of

exploitation a t the 4-Ps ba sin and Kratie and Mondulkiri as well.

Ac c ording to the table below, the forest within the 4-Ps area as well a s in the Kratie andMondulkiri provinces are seem to b e decreased from the year 1997 to 2003. It mean thatthe total forest in Kratie is ab out 35.2% decreasing to 34% in the year 2003, and total forest

in Mondulkiri isalso d ec reasing from 24.9%to 24.8%in the year 2003.

Ta b le 6.2: Fore st c o ve r in Kra tie a nd Mo nd ulkir i p rovinc e

Evergreen forest, % Deciduous forest, % Otherforests, %

02/ 03 96/ 97 92/ 93 02/ 03 96/ 97 92/ 93 02/ 03 96/ 97 92/ 93

Kratie 34.0 35.1 35.2 42.7 39.6 39.9 4.6 0.8 0.8

Mondulkiri 24.8 24.6 24.9 63.9 57.5 57.7 4.0 0.3 0.3

So urc e : ADB, Ba se line Env iron m e nt Asse ssm e nt , 2007

Fisheries

Generally, fishery sector in Sub Area 8C is thought to be under stress, conc erns that fishresources have been overe-xploited are widespread. Changes in land use in thefloodp lains are considered the main cause of the deterioration.

Fish in the Mekong and its tributaries provide an espec ially important food sourc e topeople living in Sub Area 8C . An estimated 90% of the pop ulation relies on fishing for partof their nutrition. Fish are estimated to provide 40 - 60% of a nimal protein intake for peoplein rural areas in C ambod ia, even those living far from wa ter. An averag e of 25 kg of fish is

consumed per person per year, in the Kratie province. This conservative estimate is fairlylow as compared to the national average.

Aquac ulture in the a rea is low developed, due to high levels of c ap ture fisheries and low

prices, aq uac ulture development has been very slow throughout most of C ambodia.Increasing aq uac ulture for this region is one of the government’s aims for reducing povertyand increasing fish production.

6.3 Population

D e m o g r a p h y

According to General Population Censuses of Cambodia (GPCC) indicated that in 1998the p opulation living in the rural areas is89.7 %. The C ambodian population is consisting of

90 % Khmer, 5 % is C hinese, 5 % of Vietnamese, and small number is C hams. The officiallanguage is Khmer. More than 90 %of pop ulation isspoken Khmer.

Based on the 1998 General Population Censuses a nd the 2004 C ambod ian IntercensalPopulation Survey (CIPS), the projec tion of population growth is 14,00 million in year 2006.

The increasing rate is 2 % from 13.8 million in 2005. The average density for C ambodia in2006 is estimated about 82 persons per square kilometer which consists of 51.4 % is femalesand 48.6 % is males. However, the population growth rate is seemed to be continues todecrease from 2 % to 1.6 % by year 2011. The expectation population growth will be 15.3

million by year 2011.

Population density in the whole province of Kratie is the most hea vily populated area with20-70 km2 while and Mondulkiri ac count 0-20 persons per km2, the lowest density inC ambod ia (C6&C8 sub area report).



Page | 35

Ta b le 6.3: Pop ulat ion in Kratie p rovinc e

4-Ps Basin Total families Population

Commune Total Female

Ro Lous Mean C hey 777 3,735 1,884

O Krieng 936 4,443 2,175

Koh Khnher 789 4,468 2,194Srai Chis 741 3,955 2,015

Kbal Damrey 724 7,783 4,036

Beoung Char 512 2,747 1,481

Sam Bor 1,570 8,276 4,175

San Dane 1,296 9,492 3,285

Sam Bok 1,548 7,248 3,522

Thmey 1,865 9,517 4,866

C hang Krang 695 3,697 1,782

Da, 1,566 8,097 4,243

Kou Lap 828 3,936 1,896

Svay C hreah 1,595 7,993 4,075

Kantuot 1,129 5,662 2,840

Thmar Andaeuk 794 4,251 2,315

Bos Leav 1,431 7,162 3,638

Roka Kandal 1,004 4,842 2,780

Source: Provincial Department of Planning, Kratie Province, 2007

Ta b le 6.4: Pop ulat ion in 4-Ps Ba sin, Mo nd ulkir i p rovinc e

4-Ps Basin Total families Population

Commune Total Female

Ro Ya c ommune 196 1,128 576

Sokh Sant 214 1,130 691

Bu C hri 160 956 479

C hong Phlas 542 2,743 1,232

Me Mang 181 1,053 533

Srae Chhuk 361 1,808 920

Monorum 169 897 423

Sokh Dom 341 1,835 870

So urc e: M o nd ulkiri Prov inc ial Resourc es, 1998

However, ac cording to the annual report and ac tion plan for 2007-2009 of Mondulkiriprovince, there is indica ted that the population distributing in eac h d istrict is show in thetable below:

Ta b le 6.5: Pop ulat ion d istr ib uting in ea c h d istr ic t, Mo nd ulkir i p rovinc e

District Male Female Total Sex rate ofmale and female, %

Keo Seima 7,277 7,346 14,623 99

Koh Nheik 6,530 6,681 13,211 97.7

O Raing 1,931 2,228 4,159 86.6

Pic h Chrea Da 4,182 4,232 8,414 98.8

Sein Monorum 4,714 4,491 9,205 104.9

Total 24,634 24,978 49,612 98.6

Source: Annual repo rt and ac tion plan for 2007-2009



Page | 36

The table b elow shows the density and pop ulation growth in 4-Psa rea as well as in Kratie a ndMondulkiri provinc es from year 1998-2005. Density of population in Kratie is26 persons per squarekilometer, and in Mondulkiri is3 persons per square kilometer. The annual growth rate of pop ulationin Kratie province is1.49 %a nd in Mondulkiri is7.59 %. The rate growth in Mondulkiri ishigher thankratie province.

Ta b le 6.6: D ensit y a nd p op ul at i on g row t h, 1998- 2005

Province Area(km2)

Population Populationdensity

Population growth 2020

Pe rso n s Pe rso n s p e r k m 2 A n n u a l %, 1 99 8-2 00 5 Pe rso n s

4-Ps area

Kratie 11,094 290,695 26 1.5 477,000

Mondulkiri 14,288 49,612 3 7.6 72,000

Source: ADB, Baseline Environment Assessment, 2007

However, ac cording to the Atlas of C ambodia, 2005-2020, the pop ulation projectionwithin 4-Ps a rea, the increasing of population is 18.20% in Kratie province and 21.30% inMondulkiri p rovince. The table below indic ates the pop ulation projection in 2005 a nd

2020.

It is noted that population data and projections are unc ertain in C ambodia due totemporary and semi-permanent migration from rural to urba n areas.

Ta b le 6. 7: p op ul at i on p roj ec t ion, 2020

Province 2005 2020

m a le fe m a le m a le fe m a le %/ 15 ye a rs

Kratie 166,559 167,202 243,444 239,281 45

Mondulkiri 21,580 20,832 33,581 31,813 54

Total 188,139 188,034 277,025 271,094 46

Source: Atlas of Ca mbodia, 2006

It is not possible to collec t any systematic data on the used of contrac eptives, birthspa cing and any further information in whic h related to the pop ulation, excluding totalpop ulation distribution in commune in the Northeast pa rt of C ambod ia, espec ially in Kratie

and Mondolkiri province. The percentage of women who are living in these provinces isseemed to be more than 50 % of the total pop ulation.

Figure 6.1: Population density by provinc e

Source : 8C Sub-areas report (C NMC/MRC, 2005)



Page | 37

Living standard

Ac c ording to the C ambodia Pa rticipatory Poverty Assessment in which published by AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB), 2001 have found that 36% of pop ulation living below thepoverty line. There are due to many factors including prolong civil war, internationaldisplac ement and discriminatory development proc esses. Among the others problem

such as encompassing lac k of food, uncertainties about a cc ess to the natural resourc es,powe rlessness and hopelessness, soc ial exclusion, lac k of educ ation, the poverty is once of them which is multidimensional problem that have to be consideration of the RoyalGovernment of C ambodia. C urrent level of poverty is largely resulting from the high

population growth, inadequate opportunities, low cap ab ilities, insec urity, exclusion andvulnerability (NPRS, 2002).

Ac c ording to the State of the C oa stal Environment and Soc io-Economy report, 2005, there

are ab out 70% of the total population is employed as an agriculture sec tor and only 11%of the rural pop ulation is in wag e employment, and 12 -25% of the population which isengaged in the a gric ulture sec tor has no land.

In Ca mbodia, if the p opulation is annually continued to growth a round 2.5 percent, and if

an employment opp ortunity outside the a gric ulture sec tor does not d rama tic ally growth,

so the most of the 250,000 p eople add ed to the workforce eac h year will have to besupported by the broa d ag ricultural sec tor, including harvesting of natural resources. O neother consequence will be continued pressure with limited other ec onomic opportunities,

on the other hand, forest and fishery resources based as rural households seek theirlivelihoods (NPRS, 2002).

Among many factors, ill health is closely related a nd c an b e lead to poverty of the peop leas well as eco nomic . Ac cording to the State of the C oastal Environment a nd Soc io-

Economy report, 200, poor health is c aused to the impoverishment and other form of soc ial dep rivation (e.g. loss of educ ation and employment opp ortunities)

However, in the northeastern p rovinces as well as in Kratie a nd Mondulkiri province, there

have high incidences of infec tious-c ontagious diseases. The most common problemsinclude malaria, diarrhea, ac ute respiratory infec tions, tuberculosis, and intestinalpa rasites. Ma laria isthe most co mmon p roblem and the most common reason for hospitalad missions in the northeastern provinces. Ma laria, tuberculosis a nd ga stro-intestinaldiseases are endemic, and vac cine preventable diseases and ac ute respiratory infections

continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality.

In Ca mbodia, malnutrition a nd a nemia, both rec orded to be very high a mong indigenouscommunities. Its is seen to be c losely linked to land alienation and loss of c ontrol over

forest resources which results in food shortage bec ause of inability to farm and growsufficient food, and denial of ac cess to forest food such as jungle g ame, fishes, and edibleand medicinal plants and herbs.

Espec ially, lac k of proper health information was a lso found to be quite high among

indigenous communities. 76 per cent of indigenous women have never heard of HIV/ AIDS,or knew the benefits of b irth spa cing. O n this, language issues are also seen to be animpediment. Most hea lth promotion materials in C ambo dia are in Khmer requiring readersto be literate in Khmer, which most indigenous c ommunities are not. Furthermore, the way

information is presented is not well ad apted to the illiterac y level of the targeted audience(Asian Indigenous Peoples Pac t Foundation, C ambodia report, 2006).

Add itionally, HIV/AIDS, which has bec ome a matter of great concern worldwide, is muchmore alarming for C ambodia which has one of the highest infec tion rates in Asia.

Although no da ta exists, there is great conc ern that indigenous c ommunities constitute

one group who face the highest risk o f infec tion bec ause of their lack of ac cess toinformation and preventive measures.



Page | 38

Livelihoods

Generally, in the 4-Ps basin, rice is the main crop cultivated and the average yield doesnot exceed 1.9 tons per hectare, but a lot of difference is observed in d ifferent loca tions. The produc tivity is low due to the combination of low quality soil and wea k culturalmethods a nd inadeq uate water supply. Data on varieties, crops and fertilization is too

frag mented and incomplete to allow deeper analysis of the a gricultural situation in the 4-Ps areas. Irrigation within this area is undeveloped yet, therefore, agricultural ac tivities aredep ended on the rain feed and natural system of irrigation.

Ac tually, the land use within the ba sin is used for rainy season, dry season and other

plantation, and rotation in ac cordance with season a nd loc ation. However, in some a reasare used not possibility due to the lac k of methods.

Within Mondolkiri province, there is no big industry such as fac tory, handicraft

manufacturing, power generation, etc. Padd y fields are spread s over only in the northernregion, b ut it has been scattered in the districts of Ou Reang and Sean Monorom in thesouthern region. C onversely, grasslands spread widely over the latter districts where ourplantation project is recommended to establish. Ma ny of loc al p eople are pea sants with

the small ag ric ultural land of 1-2ha.

Rubber plantation had bee n performed and fruit orchards involving various species with afew trees were rec ently commenced b y some immigrants. Vegetables and seasonal cropsare usually p roduced for home consumption, and their markets depend on the import

from Vietnam. All lands fundamentally belong to the federal government, however, theownership and possession right of land are rather complicated by the traditional rights of the minorities.

6.4 Rice production

M o n d u l k iri p ro v i n c e

The table below shows that the rice produc tion in Mondulkiri province isstaple cereal foodcrop of rural C ambod ia. C omparing wet season ric e production with national a verages,

the mean rice area cultivated p er rural household wa s higher than the national level andthe rice paddy yield per hectare was lower than the national level. No dry season riceproduction was undertaken in Mondulkiri.

In 2004, the area of rice harvested in Mondulkiri province was reduced substantially

through destruction of pa rt of the c ultivated area due to flood , drought or insec ts.

Ta b le 6.8: Ric e p rod uc tion in M on d ulkir i in 2004

Rice produc tion indica tor This province

wet seasonNational wet

season This province

dry seasonNational dry

season

Ric e production indic ator 13 2087 0 330

Ric e production indicator 4 1851 0 318

Ric e production indicator 4 2918 0 973

Ric e production indicator 0.8 1.6 0 3.1

Ric e production indicator 76% 81% 0% 84%

Ric e production indicator 1.3 0.9 0 0.1

So urc e: WFP, Pro vinc ial Foo d Sec urity Pro file , 2005

The table below shows the rice land and other c rop land within Mondulkiri province. The

total land in this province is ab out 16,247 ha in yea r 2002. Among the total land, there is

only 295 ha have irrigated, number of irrigation system is 19, and average rice yield 1.9 tonper hectare.



Page | 39

Ta b le 6.9: Ric e la nd a nd ot he r c r op l and in M ol du l kiri pr ov i nc e ( 2002)

Ric e land (ha) 13,820 ha

O ther c rop la nd (ha ) 2,427 ha

Total 16,247 ha

Irriga ted land (ha ) 295 ha

Number of irrigated system 19Average rice yield (t/ha) 1.9

Source: BDP, 2005

In Mondulkiri province, generally, rural households have limited a ccess to agricultural landfor crop produc tion. There are also large differenc es in the quantity of a gric ultural land

availab le to individual rural households. Small land holdings and other fac tors limiting c ropproductivity limit food ab ility for many rural households.

In 2004, 2% of rural households in Mondulkiri were landless and did not produc e their own

staple food crops. A further 21% possessed less than 1.0 hectares of land. These small holdfarming households will typica lly only produc e enough food from c rop agriculture to meet

a part of their staple food needs.

Ta b le 6.10: Ag ric ultural la nd a c c ess in Mo nd ulkir i, 2004

Agriculture land per ruralhouseholds

%of Rural HH in province %of Rural HH national

No agriculture land (landless) 2% 15%

Less than 1.0 ha (0.01<1.0 ha) 21% 49%

1.0 <3.0 hectares 68% 30%

>=3.0 hectares 9% 6%

Fig ur e 6.2: Per c en t a ge of p er c a p it a m i nim um ric e f o od ne ed s p rod uc ed in M o nd ul kiri, 2004


Kr a t ie p r o v i n c e

The table below shows that the rice production in Kratie province is staple cereal foodcrop of rural C ambodia. Rice production in wet season, by co mparing with nationalaverages, the mean rice area c ultivated per rural household was lower than the national

level and the rice paddy yield per hectare was the same as the national level. For rice

produc tion in dry season, by comparing with national average s, the mean rice areacultivated per rural household wa s higher than the national level and the rice pa ddy yieldper hectare was lower than the national level.



Page | 40

There are limited of rice produc tion within the Kratie province, espec ially in the wet

season. For rice production in d ry season are limited in some areas with produc es of higheryields, and there is ac cessing to the ground water or dry season surfac e water resources(flood rec ession, or irrigation) with some restrict area s within the p rovince. This limitationimposed through dependency on rain-fed crop cultivation is c learly co ntributing to

shortages in food availab ility. The area of rice harvested in Kratie in 2004 wa s reducedsubstantially through destruction of p art of the c ultivated area due to flood, drought or

insec ts.

Ta b le 6.11: Ric e p rod uc tion in Kra tie, 2004

Ric e production indicator This province

wet seasonNational wet

season This province

dry seasonNational dry

season

Area c ultivated (ha) 28 2087 9 330

Area harvested (ha) 16 1851 8 318

Paddy production (t) 27 2918 17 973

Yield (t/ha ) 1.6 1.6 2.1 3.1

Paddy %of total crop area cultivated 64% 81% 76% 84%

Mean area c ultivated/rural HH/ha 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.1


Generally, the rural households in Kraties province have limited ac cess to the ag riculturalland. There are also large differences in the quantity of agricultural land availab le toindividual rural households. Small land holdings and other fac tors limiting c rop productivity

limit food ab ility for many rural households.

The 9%of rural households in Kratie province were landless and did not produce their ownstaple food crops. A further 87% possessed less than 1.0 hectares of land. These small holdfarming householdswill typica lly only produce enough food from crop agriculture to meet

a part of their staple food needs.

Ta b le 6.12: Ag ric ultura l La nd Ac c e ss in Kra tie, 2004

Agriculture land per ruralhouseholds

%of rural HH in province %of rural HH national

No agriculture land (landless) 9% 15%

Less than 1.0 ha (0.01<1.0 ha) 87% 49%

1.0 <3.0 hectares 4% 30%

>=3.0 hectares 1% 6%

Source: WFP, Provincial Food Sec urity Profile



Page | 41

Fig u r e 6 .3 Pe rc e n t a g e o f p e r c a p it a m i n im u m ric e f o o d n e e d s p r o d u c e d b y c o m m u n e in Kra t ie ,

2004


6.5 Tourism

Kratie and Mondulkiri provinces are considered a new destination for tourism with a highgrowth p otential. However, poor infrastructure and a limited number of tourism sites are stillconstraintsto investment in the region.

The enda ngered Irrawa ddy Dolphins are the region’s most popular attrac tion. As few as 80

of these dolphins survive in the Mekong a fter years of over-fishing a nd hunting, and tourismis considered important to their c onservation, a s loc al communities dep end highly on theincome from visitors. An important Dolphin sighting site isloc ate just upstream of Sambok.

Another tourist resort is loc ated upstream of Kratie (abo ut 20 Km), near the Prek Kampi

bridge (ca ll Prek Kampi resort). The area has a sandy riverba nk and the scenic Mekongchannel consists of thousands of islands. Services to visitors include crossing bridges,floa ting cottages, soft-drink shops, restaurants, emergenc y and sec urity provisions.

In Kratie p rovince, there have a nature and historical resort, where is lies in the Thmor Kre

C ommune, Kratie District and loc ated ab out 11 kilometer d istance from the center of Kratie province, and nearby the Mountain, it is about 500 meter “c all Phnom SambokResort”. Phnom Som Bok is the c ultural and main tourist resort of Kratie province .The resorthas good loc ation and assures safety for tourists to visit. Phnom Sambok has been

arranged as the tourist resort since the Sang kum Reas Ni Yum time. The spec ial features of Phnom Sombok Resort are: (i) C losed to the western mountain foot, there is a big p ond fullof clear water a nd natural plants, (ii) The Mountain has two peaks, a dull peak and a

pea k. On the mountain top, we can view the b eautiful scene espec ially the Mekong River,(iii) The Mountain rich in big trees a nd birds, and (iv) There is a conc rete stair stretchingfrom the mountain foot the top, and there a re many the resting plac e a t the mountain.

There are a lso some other interesting plac es where are loc ated within Kratie province such

as: Wat Vihear Lao, Wat Vihear Kuk, Wat 100 column, Chruoy Rey, Dolphin Habitat andPhnom Sopor Kaley.

In M ondulkiri province, there have a huge of potential natural tourist facilities for making

attrac tion o f both international and national tourism to visit this province. The na tural touristfac ilities are d ivided into the following such as: (i) Sen Monorum Water fall, Boo Sra Waterfall, Rum Nea r Water fall, C hrey Thom Wa ter fall, (ii) River Sid a s riverside which has red



Page | 42

and golden color sand, and stretches a long the Sre Pork River mixing with many small

islands. The riverside is the leisure plac e for the loc al people of Koh Nhek District, (iii)Plantation of Pinetree located on the high land, which there are many pine trees remainsince 1970 and growing on line, these pine trees have the same height. The groundcovered by a lot of lollen leaves. It looks like the golden c olored carpet. Tourists can enjoy

and rest on it without matting. The history said that, these pine trees were planted beforethe Sang Kum Reas Niyum time, and (iv) other interesting plac es a s Historical Sites and

Building, and Natural Wildlife preserves including: Pou Lung Village, Pinery pa kr &Greenland, Phnom Pich Sanc tuary, Memang G old M ines Area , Pou Taing Villag e, Outaing

Laing Water fall, and Pou Trou Village.

6.6 Poverty

In 2001, Asian Develop ment Bank was c onducted the Participatory Poverty Assessment

(PPA) in C ambodia, the result showed that 36 % of the pop ulation are lived below thepoverty line.

There is caused by prolong c ivil conflic t, internal displac ement and discriminatory

development processes.

Poverty is a multidimensional problem amongst others encompassing lac k of food,uncertainties about access to natural resources, powerlessness and hop elessness, soc ialexclusion, lac k of educ ation. The poverty level, rec ently, is resulting from the high

population growth, inadequate opportunities, low cap ab ilities, insec urity, exclusion andvulnerability (NPRS, 2002).

Living standa rds of the p opulation within the 4-Ps areas are played importanc e role forcontribution to implement this project, especially among the groups of poor households

and ethnic minorities. There is needed to improve, in term of nutrition and other elementsincluding c lothes, health care, educ ation, c ulture, housing a nd means of transport.

In order to c hange the rural life a nd living condition within the project areas, the have tobe implemented properly of the poverty reduc tion programme, in term of soc io-economic

aspec ts, in p oor communities in mountains as well as isolated and remote areas.

Population o f Mondo lKiri province is the least in C ambod ia with totally 36,300 people in the Year 1999 a nd 2.5 persons/km2 o f population density. The total population rose at 12% asmuch as the previous year, which exc eeded the national average rate of 2.4%. It was

caused by the increase of immigrant. There a re 11 ethnic groups in the province, of whichPhnong people is the largest one with 62.6% from the total followed by Khmer people with26.5%.

However, ac c ording to the provincial government data in 2001, total population in

Mondulkiri is ab out 41,046 persons or 0.32% of the total p opulation in C ambod ia ( a bout13,413,892 persons), with population growth rate is 2.49%, in which consisting of maleabout 21,967 persons or 52.12%, and female is 20,181 p ersons or 47,88%. Total farmers

within thisa rea is80%, 13%are trad ers, and government officers is 7%. The averag e density2 person per km2

The figure below (by World Food Programme, WFP) shows an estimate of the percentageof the population below the consumption Poverty Line in the year 1997. These estimates

were made by WFP using small area estimation techniques ba sed on the C SES 1997. Thisremains the most rec ent source of poverty da ta at the commune level. Note that somecommunes were not covered in the C SES 1997 due to insec urity.



Page | 43

Fig ur e 6.4: Per c en t a ge of p op ul at i on b el ow t he c ons um p t i on p ov e rt y line in M o nd ul kiri 1997


C onsumption poverty refers to ha ving insufficient ca sh income (or its equivalent in kind) to

meet ba sic livelihood needs. This includes having insufficient cash income to buy food sthat people need for an a dequate diet as well as ca sh income to buy other basic needssuch as shelter, c lothing, health a nd education. This lac k of market p urchasing power canbe an important ca use of food shortages and protein-energy and micro-nutrient

malnutrition in the province pop ulation.

Acc ording to the table below, there are indica ted indicators of the prevalence of

consumption poverty in Mondulkiri in c ompa rison to national rates. Resultsare showed that37% of households are b elow the consumption poverty line and 43% of households in the

province fall into the poorest two national quintiles of national consumption. Thesehouseholds will struggle to have enough c ash a vailable to b uy food needs on the marketand to meet other expenditure needs such as health services.

Ta b le 6.13: Ind ic a to rs of c o nsum p tion p o ve rty in Kratie a nd Mo nd ulikir i, 2004

C onsumption poverty indicator This provinc e National

Kratie

Mean total per capita HH daily perc apita consumption in Riel 3440 3247

%of households in the lowest Q1 and Q2 (1.e 40%) of nationalc onsumption quintiles

34 37

C onsumption poverty line in Riel 1830 1836

%of households below the poverty line 29 32

The poverty line values as a percentage of total consumption 53 49

M o n d u l k i r i

Mean total per capita HH daily perc apita consumption in Riel 2549 3247

%of households in the lowest Q1 and Q2 (1.e 40%) of nationalc onsumption quintiles

43 37

C onsumption poverty line in Riel 1819 1836

%of households below the poverty line 37 32

The poverty line values as a percentage of total consumption 71 49




Page | 44

Another important dimension of p overty is a lac k of physical assets with which to generate

household income. The table below shows indica tors of the prevalence of a lac k of physical a ssets among households in Kratie a nd Mondulkiri province in c ompa rison tonational rates. Households lac king ec onomic assets of their own will b e more exclusivelydependent upon wage labor or c ommon p roperty resources to generate c ash income to

buy food a nd other basic needs.

Ta b le 6.14: Ind ic a to rs of h ou seh o ld a sset p ov erty in Kratie a nd Mo nd ulkir i, 2004

Asset poverty indicator This provinc e National

Kratie

%rural households with no crop land-landless 0 ha 9 15

Average crop land area cultivated for all annual crop ha/ rural HH 0/8 1/2

%o f households with thatched roof houses 44 34

%of households not owning a ny ca ttle or buffalo 45 49

%o f households not owning any pigs-CDB 2004 54 54

Mean No. of households per car 55 38

Mean No. of households per motor 4/7 5/4

Mean No. of households per oxca rt 2/9 4/0

M o n d u l k i r i

%rural households with no crop land-landless 0 ha 2 15

Average crop land area cultivated forall annualcrop ha/rural HH 1.8 1.2

%of households with thatched roof houses 47 34

%of households not owning any c attle or buffalo 56 49

%of households not owning any pigs-CDB 2004 52 54

Mean No. of households per c ar 30 39

Mean No. of households per motor 3.2 5.4

Mean No. of households per oxcart 4.3 4.0


6.7 Safe drinking water and sanitation

M o n d u lk i ri p ro v i n c e

The water a nd sanitation fac ilities play a very important role in order to determination of

the health status of household’s members and their children. In term of prac tices, theproper and sanitation c an be reduced the exposure and seriousness of the major diseasesincluding diarrhea.

The table below indica tes the percentages of households that not having ac cess tosanitary toiletsa nd not having ac cess to safe drinking water in the year 2004. Among thesehouseholds’ members, especially among their children a re exposed to poor hygiene a ndsanitation c onditions which will be increased risks of infections including diarrhea, andwhich will be in turn increased risks of c hild dea th, and levels of child malnutrition.

C ompa ring with the na tional level of ac cess to sanitation and drinking water, almost thesame percentage of households in this province did not have a sanitary toilet. Theperc entage of households not having access to safe drinking water in Mondulkiri province

was higher than the national average. Therefore, much more needs to be done topromote sanitation and ac cess to safe drinking water in this province, to reduce the risks of child death, and to reduce existing levels of child morbidity and malnutrition.



Page | 45

Ta b le 6.15: Ac c e ss to sa nitat ion a nd sa fe d rinking w a te r in Mo nd ulkir i, 2004

Sanitation and safe drinking wa ter ac cess indica tor %of households

in province%of households,

national

Households not having a sanitary toilet 80% 81%

Households not having ac cess to safe source of drinking water at or within 150 meters, of theirhouse

44% 34%


Fig ur e 6. 5: Per c en t ag e of p op ul at i on w it ho ut a c c ess t o sa f e d rink ing w a t er i n M o nd ul kiri ( 2004)


Kra tie Provin c e

The table below indica tes the perc entage of households that do not have ac cess to

sanitary toilets a nd safe drinking water in the year 2004. Among these households’members, especially a mong their children are exposed to poor hygiene and sanitationconditions which will be increased risks of infec tions including d iarrhea, a nd which will bein turn increased risksof c hild death, and levelsof child malnutrition.

Comparing with the national level of access to sanitation and drinking water, there arealmost similar same percentage of households in this province did not have a sanitarytoilet. The percentage of households not having ac cess to safe drinking water in Kratieprovince was similar to the national a verage. Therefore, much more needs to b e done to

promote sanitation and ac cess to safe drinking water in this province, to reduce the risks of

child d eath, and to reduce existing levels of child morbidity and malnutrition.

Ta b le 6.16: Ac c ess to sa nita tion a nd sa fe d rinking w a te r in Kra tie, 2004

Sanitation and safe drinking wa ter ac cess indica tor %of households

in province%of households,

national

Households not having a sanitary toilet 80% 81%

Households not having ac cess to safe sourc e of drinking water at or within 150 meters, of theirhouse

35% 34%




Page | 46

Fig ur e 6. 6: Per c en t a ge of p op ul at i on w it ho ut a c c ess t o sa f e d rink ing w a t e r in Kra t ie, 2004


6.8 Public health

In Ca mbodia, the health ca re and quality services are very important in order to

contribute in the soc io-economic development for the whole country and espec ially inKratie and Mondulkiri provinces as well. Access to health care and quality services remains

a major p roblem in C ambodia despite the health reformation in the country, espec iallywithin the 4-Ps ba sin remained poor due to this areas are loc ated in the remote areas and

most of them are indigenous people, and as well far awa y from the provincial center anddistrict headquarter. The main reasons ca n be sum as the low socio-economicdevelopment levels, low literac y, and financ ial constraints on the health system. The healthcondition of the indigenous people is much poorer in comparison with the other

communities.

The primary reason for p rec arious health condition of the indigenous peop le is related tothe natural and socio-economic environmental degradation and deforestation within the4-Ps area as well within the provinces. Therefore, a s it have nega tive impac t in the hea lth

and nutrition of the loc al resident and indigenous people. Infectious-c ontagious diseases,

such as malaria, tuberculosis and ga stro-intestinal are commons among the indigenouspeople. Though an endemic and vacc ine preventable diseases - ac ute respiratoryinfec tions is the major causes of morbidity and mortality among the indigenous people in

Cambodia.

Malnutrition and anemia are also rec orded to be very high among the indigenouscommunities a nd it is c losely linked to land alienation and loss of c ontrol over forest

resources whic h results in food shortage. Lac k of ed uca tion and proper health informationis another drawba ck in the health c ondition of the indigenous peop le of Ca mbodia. The ac cess to health care and quality services remains a major problem despite thehealth reformation in the country, espec ially, within the 4-Ps area (Kratie and Moldolkiri

province). The main reasons can be sum as the low soc io-ec onomic development levels,

low literac y, and financ ial constraints on the hea lth system.

The indigenous minorities in C ambodia have a significantly poorer health status than otherC ambo dians, especially who are living in the remote areas. Increasing deg rad ation of the



Page | 47

Kratie and Mundulkiri’s natural resources isimpacting nega tively on the already preca rious

health and nutritional status of loc al people. The potential for HIV/A IDS b ec omingendemic in indigenous c ommunities is high.

The ac cess to the proper health service is limited and increasing of health hazard which isarise from lac k of c lean drinking water, sanitation and health diets are direc tly impact on

the health situation of loca l residentswho are living in the 4-Ps areas.

There have some indicators which have been used to describe the pressure on the healthin 4-Ps Basin, ac cess to the clean water due to the importanc e a nd p revalence of waterborne diseases to sanitation as a measure of hygiene, and fertility rate.

C h i l d m o r ta l i ty

C ommonly, the c ontribution cased of death a mong the c hildren ismalnutrition. The tablesbelow show estimates for the year 2000 of the rates and numbers of c hildren who died

prematurely in Kratie a nd M ondulkiri Province , together with the variation from one d istrictto another.

The mortality rate in Kratie is medium. Therefore, the estimation of children ag ed under 5

years are over 5,200 dea th prematurely in the five years to 2000 and infants aged under 1year is over 600 had dea th in the prec eding one year to the year 2000.

The mortality rate in M ondulkiri is extremely high. Therefore, the estimation of children a gedunder 5 years are over 1,600 dea th prematurely in the five years to 2000 and infants agedunder 1 year is over 200 had d eath in the prec eding one year to the year 2000.

Ta b le 6.17: Ch ild m orta l ity in 4-Ps a rea , 2000

Mortality indicator Rate % Province

rankNo of children

affectedProvince

rank

Kratie Province

Infant population (aged <1 year) - - 8,899 15

Infant mortality (aged <1 year) 7.1% 19 634 16

C hild population (aged 0 <5 year) - - 44,274 15

Under 5 year mortality (aged 0-5 years) 12.0% 16 5,291 15

M o nd ul k i ri Prov i nc e

Infant population (aged <1 year) - - 1,417 22

Infant mortality (aged <1 year) 17.0% 15 241 20

C hild population (aged 0 <5 year) - - 7,015 22

Under 5 year mortality (aged 0-5 years) 23% 15 1,609 22


Ta b le 6.18: C hild m orta l ity b y d istr ic t in the 4-Ps a rea , 2007

Indicator Infant pop ulation

(0-1 month)Infant population under

5 year (over1 month) Total

Kr at i e pr ov i nc e ------ 167 ------

Chhloung district ------ 47 ------

Kratie district ------ 56 ------

Prea k Prosab district ------ 7 ------

Sambor district ------ 38 ------

Snoul district ------ 19 ------


------ ------ ------



Page | 48

------ ------ ------

------ ------ ------

------ ------ ------

------ ------ ------

Source: Mo P, Districts Data within Kratie Province, 2007

The lac k of ac cess to maternal health c are services isa causal fac tor in the observed ratesof c hild and maternal mortality and malnutrition in the province.

By comparing with the national level of maternal health care in Mondulkiri province, theperc entages of pregnant women without ac cess to antenatal ca re services was generallyvery much higher than the national average. C ompared to the national level, a verymuch higher percentage of pregnant women in this province did not have babies

delivered with a health professional and a slightly higher p ercentage did not deliverba bies in a health fac ility

C h i l d h e a l t h

Within C ambodia as well as in Mondulkiri and Kratie province, ac co rding to the WFP

profile, 2005, the have some fac tors which is combination toge ther are a ffec ted on theprevalence rate of child infec tion. These factors a re presented as mother-c hild healthcare prac tic es a nd external factors, pa rticularly those related to water a nd sanitation.Diarrhea and Ac ute Respiratory Infections are c ommon c auses of morbidity and the most

common final causes of dea th a mong children aged < 5 years. Diarrhea also direc tlyreduces nutrition intake.

Ta b le 6.19: Child i llnesse s a nd trea tm en t in Mo nd ulkir i a nd Kratie p rovinc e s, 2005

Children <5 yearsillnesses % of children in province,

2005%of children in national

level, 2005


Children <5 years with diarrhea withinthe preceding two weeks

21% 20%

Children <5 yearswith symptoms of ARIwithin the preceding two weeks

20% 8.5%

Children <5 yearswith fever within thepreceding two weeks

34.5% 35%

Kr at i e pr ov i nc e

Children <5 years with diarrhea withinthe preceding two weeks

23% 20%

Children <5 yearswith symptoms of ARIwithin the preceding two weeks

13.5% 8.5%

Children <5 yearswith fever within thepreceding two weeks

42% 35%


6.9 Education

In C ambod ia in general as well as in Mondulkiri a nd Kratie provinces in pa rticular, the

levels of educa tion, hea lth and nutrition (impeding the over-all human development) a relow, espec ially among the indigenous people. The limited ac c ess to health and e duca tionof the indigenous peop le is due to geog raphic al, ec onomic , and c ultural constraints.Statistics show that ad ult literac y rate among the indigenous people is a veragely 41

perc ent, while only 10 perc ent of the indigenous people are functionally literate in Khmerlanguage and 10 percent of indigenous students completed primary education(Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights, C ambodia).



Page | 49

In C ambod ia as well a s in Mondulkiri a nd Kratie provinces, most of the schools, both

primary and sec ondary sc hool, are loc ated in provincial or district headq uarters which aredifficult for the p eople who are living in the remote areas as well as for indigenous studentsto ac cess to the school due to the long d istances and ac cessing road condition are p oor. The other fac tors affecting the educa tion of the indigenous people is the responsibility to

look after family needs, high cost of learning materials, the medium of instruction, the lac kof c ulture friendly educa tion environment and the teac hers.

On the contrary, non-formal educa tion is succ essful among the indigenous p eoples(indigenous c ommunities) of C ambodia as well for loca l resident who are living in the

remote areas. The indigenous c ommunities mana ge the classes in a flexible manner tosuite the seasonal and daily chores. Teac hers of the non-formal education a re member of the indigenous community who taught in indigenous language to support Khmer literac y.

The Ministry of Educ ation, Youth and Sports (MoEYS) has develops education c urriculumand program in b ilingual medium of instruction. The medium of instruction includes theindigenous language where the school is situated and the Khmer language. Continuousmonitoring and expa nsion of this bilingual educa tion is assumed to prevent the formation

of narrow and ultra-na tiona lism.

In general, the educ ation and training within the 4-Ps ba sin is not suitable with thepopulation number. Therefore, the p rimary school is alloc ated in every village in SambokC ommune (Kampi, Beoung Run and other village...), but in the Sambok village, there have

both primary and sec onda ry school.

Ac c ording to the table below, the school attendance of children within the Kratieprovince in year 2007 seems to be dec reasing with the age of children. Total numberattendance of c hildren a re decrea sing from 26,731 (7-11 year) to 19,732 (12-14 year), and

to 16,530 (15-17 year), it mean that when the have aged high, the attendance isdecreased.

Ta b le 6.20: Sc ho ol a tte nd a nc e in the 4-Ps a rea (2007)

4-Ps a rea Infa nt 7-11 yea r Infa nt 12-14 yea r Infa nt 15-17 yea r

Male Female M ale Female Male Female

Kr at i e pr ov i nc e

Chhloung distric t 92 87 1,784 1,609 1,431 1,497

Kratie distric t 4,131 4,199 3,181 2,959 2,818 2,586

Pear Prasob distric t 2,391 2,520 1,904 2,048 1,810 1,821

Sambor distric t 1,935 1,931 1,513 1,374 1,090 969

Snoul distric t 2,320 2,332 1,710 1,659 1,311 1,197

Total 13,476 13,255 10,083 9,649 8,460 8,070

Source: DoP, Districts Data within Kratie Province, 2007

In Mondulkiri, the a verag e p ercentage of c hildren/infant with age from 6-14 year old whohas a chance attendance in school is 60. 74 %, while average percentage of children/infant not a ttenda nce in school is 39.26 %. The distric t where high rate of childrenthat have a chance to a ttend in school is O Raing, Sein M onorum and Koh Nhek district,

and low rate of children attendanc e in school is Pich C hread a and Keo Seima district.

Ta b le 6.21: The rat e of c hi ldr en at t en d a nc e in sc ho ol b y d ist r ic t , 2005

M o n d u l k iri p ro v i n c e Infant 6-14 year

attendanceInfant 6-14 year not

attendance %of infant 6-14 Total

Female Male Female Male attendance Not

Keo Seima district 663 845 634 726 52.60 47.40 2,868

Koh Nheik district 1,135 1,207 518 521 69.27 30.73 3,381



Page | 50

O Raing distric t 266 271 119 59 75.10 24.90 715

Pich C hreada district 325 318 465 540 39.23 60.77 1,639

Sen Monorum distric t 697 668 245 314 70.94 29.06 1,924

Total 10,527 4,086 3,309 1,981 2,160 60.74 39.26

Source: Annual report and ob jective for 2005-07, Mondulkiri provinc e

Ac c ording to the table below, the school number is divided into two areas such a s urbanand rural area. Therefore, total school in urba n area is 93, and in the rural area a re 258. The

enrolment for male is 43,987, and for female are 37,233. Total number enrollment for maleare higher than female, even the government of Ca mbodia as well as Ministry of Educa tion, Youth and Sports has promoted the enrollment of female to school, there isdue to their living condition are still poor and some other fac tor area resulting from the

lac k of knowledge and ac cess to information.

Ta b le 6.22: N um b er of sc ho ol s a nd st ud en t s ( 2004)

Province Sc hools Enrolment, persons

Urba n a rea Rura l a rea M ale Fema le

Kratie 82 195 38,641 33,945

Mondulkiri 11 63 5,337 4,288

Total 93 258 43,978 37,233


The table below shows the total literac y of population within the Kratie and Mondulkiriprovince as well within the 4-ps areas is ab out 137,498 persons, including male ab out

75,261 persons a nd female is a bout 62,237 persons. Total number literac y for male arehigher than female, even the government of C ambodia as well as Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports has promoted the enrollment of female to school, there is due to theirliving condition are still poor and some other factor a rea resulting from the lac k of

knowledge and a c cess to information.

Ta b le 6.23: Lit er at e p op ul at i on ( 1998

Province Population aged above 7

(persons)Literate population

(persons)

Male Female Male Female

Kratie 103,331 107,154 69,931 59,540

Mondulkiri 12,380 12,104 5,330 2,697

Total 75,261 62,237




Page | 51

7 WATER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT

The vision for water of C ambodia Water Partnership (Ca mboWP) is the key point view andcan a pply in 4Ps ba sin for water resources development ac tivities. CamboWP is a networkof agencies, institutions, businesses, soc ial entities, professional assoc iations, scientists,

NGOs, and water users in the water sec tor related management. In all ob jectives of

CamboWP (see in 4Ps basin inception report) are the main ideas that can be used andlinked them to the 4Ps ba sin objec tives. From the Letter of Agreement between ABD a nd

C NMC on the 4Ps ba sin (PDA) project area with some ob jectives specification is following:

1 Develop , in c onjunction with p rovincial and district a dministrations, a pp ropriate riverba sin (4Ps ba sin) manag ement institutional arrangements,

2 Raise awareness amongst the provincial and district administrations, and

community/ farmer/NGO stakeholders of the implications a nd benefits of goo dwater governance and good IWRM prac tices a nd the benefits of inter-agenc ycollaboration,

3 Undertake resource assessments and scenario a nalyses relating to medium to long

term IWRM planning for the Prek Preah, Prek Krieng, Prek Kampi and Prek Te sub-ba sinsand d iscuss and d ebate these with the basin institutional arrangements,

4 Guidance for future investments and development efforts relating to watermanag ement and service d elivery.

Among the many d evelopment needs related to water resources identified for IWRMdevelopment in a pa rticular relevance for the 4-P study area listed in random order:

1 Ac c ess to safe water in general use,

2 Support to sustainab le water in general ac tivities and rural livelihood s in pa rtic ulardevelopment of ag ricultural; ag ro-industry processing; and tourism

3 Increased g roundwater exploitation for rural water supply,

4 Irrigation system rehabilitation and development, a nd expa nsion of small-scale andmedium-scale water storage cap ac ity,

5 Flood a nd drought preparedness, warning systemsand d isaster relief,

6 Increased micro-hydropower infrastructure and ad ding study a t availab le loca tionfor hydropower ca pac ity of small and medium sc ales,

7 Management plans for protected areas of water storage reservoir and critica l upperwatersheds prepared a nd implemented,

8 Promotion and consolidation of agricultural development c ommunities and wateruser c ommunities or farmer water user groups,

9 Export-oriented agro-industry,

10 Human resourc es develop ment.

It highlights IWRM at the 4Ps ba sin level. A suitable extent of harmony with the national,provincial and commune levels of planning (and their governing development policies)

should be aimed at up front, and a steady convergence should be pursued in the courseof time. The time horizons for planned a chievements are not included but may be ad dedat a later stage of preparation.

The commune development planning is affected by spa rse cap ac ity and finite funds

availab le for implementation. The plans have some tendenc y to bec ome fragmented,and to appear as annual operation and maintenance budgets and damage control

measures as much a s pro-ac tive p lanning with a wider perspec tive, a longer time horizon,and a higher development impact.



Page | 52

The Basin development priorities of the IWRM roa d map to be defined in priorities

development in 4Ps ba sin, possibly including:

1. Improved ac cess to safe wa ter and sanitation;

2. Support in many wa ys to water-dependent rural livelihoods, including coordinateddevelopment of water, agric ulture and fisheries;

3. Infrastructural development and trad e fac ilitation in water;

4. Tourism development related to water development;

5. Support to risk prepa redness and management: Flood s, drought, pests, climatevariability;

6. Human resourc es development; c onsolidation and expansion of managementcap ac ity at the province level, the c ommune level, and the FWUC level;

7. A functional framework and modalities for basin-level IWRM.

Water resources plans shall b e formulated by basin, sub-basin or aq uifer, and shall becoordinated by a national water resourc es plans. They shall be aimed at balancing wa ter

availab ility with present a nd foreseea ble demand, including measures for the p rotec tionof water aga inst pollution.

The formulation of water resources plans in 4Ps ba sin shall be ba sed on:

1 The data and information resulting from the water resourc es inventory;

2 da ta and information relating to existing water uses and wastewater discharges, asthe result from register of water used a nd wastewater discharge licenses;

3 the water resources planning, program and schemessubmitted to the Ministry by theother national institutions and the loc al authorities.

The communities in the 4Ps area have identified problems and develop ment issues as

listed below:Issue Desc ription Solution Strategic plan

1. The loca l

community-levelwaterenvironment isnotalwaysmanagedin a sustainableway

At the village level

people are probablyalread y managingtheir environment andwater resources inc ustomary andtraditional ways thatsuit them. Thesetraditional methods of management,however, may notinclude c oncep tsrelated to waterenvironmentalsanitation.

C ommunity level

management is basedon a goodunderstanding byc ommunity membersand support agenciesof practices that areabeneficial anddetrimental to thewater environment.

1. C arry out participatory ac tion

research to enable communitiesand support agenc ies to betterunderstand and traditionalprac tic es related to waterenvironmental manage ment.

2. Analyse the resultsof theresearch by means of thesustainable livelihoodsapproach.

3. Develop a program topromote understanding andadoption of beneficial prac tisein water environmentalmanagement.



Page | 53

Issue Desc ription Solution Strategic plan

2. C ommunity-base waterenvironmentalmanagement isnot adequatelypromoted

The sc ope of mostrural water supply useprojec tsis limited towater sourc eprotec tion. The widerissues of IWRM are not

dea lt with.Water c onservation is

not prac tised andpeople waste water.

This isb ec ause of limited understandingof the need toc onservation waterresources.

Water management innew projec tsis limitedto protecting thedirec t source given to

protec ting rec hargezone.

All water resourcesprojec tsa nd programsac tivity promotecommunity-basedenvironmentalmanagement and

IWRM.

1. Study national andinternational experienc e incommunity-based waterenvironmental manage ment.

2. Broaden the scop e of waterresourc es projec tsso that the

ad dress water sourc e protec tionand excreta disposal as

co mponents of IWRM.

3. Introduc e effec tive wa terconservation prac tice.

4. Train the water users to bewater resourc es manage ment.

5. Ensure that in addition to theprotection of direc t sourc es of water, rec harge zones are alsoprotected.

3. Guidance isinadequate to

IWRM.

The need to betterintegrate water use in

IWRM is beingrecognised more andmore, but there islittleexperience in thec ommunity-level.

There islittle or noguidanc e on methodsof promoting it ormanaging related

activities.

A functioningknowledge base on

c ommunity levelmanagement

1. Document national andinternational experiences in the

area of co mmunity-based wateruses in the IWRM.

2. Ensure that relatedknowledge isstored in thedatabase and library.

3. Develop related guidingprinciples and concepts.

4. Network nationally and

internationally on topics relatedto community based wa termanage ment and sustainablelivelihoods.

4. Humanresourc es are

inadequate incommunities.

The development,promotion and

monitoring of c ommunity basedwatermanagement isheld ba ck partybecause the humanresource required forsuch a task are

inadequate.

Specialistsonc ommunity based

water management,and direct tocommune leveltrainers are in post atap propriate levelsandperforming effec tively.

1. Determine the type andnumber of personnel required.

2. Develop a nd put in plac e a

system of incentives to ensurethat it will be possible to recruitqualified and motivatedpersonnel.

3. Identify, rec ruit and train the

required personnel.4. Evaluation of impac t of training o n the c apa city of communities to manage theloca l in context of water use inIWRM.



Page | 54


5. The roles andresponsibilities of the concernedministries are notclear.

C urrent policies andlegislation arec onfusing a s to therolesandresponsibilities of various ministries for

the different aspectsof watermanage ment. Theconcerned ministries

include: MRD; MO E;MOWRAM; MIMEandMOH.

This leads tooverlapping of responsibilities andinefficient use o f resources.

The roles andresponsibilities of thevariousconcernedministries are c learlydescribed.

The variousc oncerned

ministries arec oordinated in an

effective way.

Relevant legislationand policiesarec onsistent.

1. Study relevant legislation andpolicies to identify overlaps andconfusion, and issue that are notadequately covered.

2. Establish a n e ffec tivecoordination mechanism.

3. C arry out orientation, trainingand workshops for personnel of concerned ministries.

4. Revise legislation and polic iesto make them c onsistent andclearly assign rolesa ndresponsibilities.

6. Water quality is

not adequatelymonitored andcontrolled.

Legislation, policies

and standards forwater and wastewaterquality are not

enforced and/or arenot adequate.

This includes the lawon environmentprotection and naturalresourcesmanagement and itsrelevant sub-dec reesfor water pollutionresources.

Legislation, policies

and water,wastewa ter qualitystandards are

appropriate andenforced.

1. Study and a nalyse existing

legislation and policies.

2. Develop new legislation forwater management for areas of basin, sub-basin that are not

already co vered.

3. Train personnel to monitorwater quality standard andensure they have the requiredincentives to c arry out theirwork.

7. There arestrong, c ompetingdemandsforwater

There are rapidlygrowing, completingdemands for water.

The effect thiswill haveon the long-term

sustainab ility of waterresourcesisnot wellunderstood. Bec auseboth rural and urbanpop ulationsaregrowing rapidly, thismay bec ome a seriousproblem.

Equitable, sustainableand environmentallyfriendly manage ment,allocation and use of water resources.

1. Promote water c onservation.

2. C ollect data and otherrelevant information on waterresources.

3. Assesswater resources intermso f quantity in the futuredemand.

4. Monitor and exploitation anduse of water resources.

5. Alloc ate wa ter resource s in asustainable and equitablemanner.

8. Financ ing isinadequate.

The Government isnotsufficiently c ommittedto providing financialsupport for waterissues. The relatedbudget insufficientand available fundingisfrequently not

disbursed.

An ade quate budgetfor developing a ndsupporting water issuesisagreed and fundsare allocated anddisbursed. The budgetincludes the provisionof funds for co mmunity

based watermanagement.

1. Raise the level of awarenessof politicians, senior civil servantsof importance of water issues.

2. C arry out public informationand promotional c ampaigns.



Page | 55


9. There isinc rea sed risk of pollution duringperiods of droughtand flood.

Drought cause surfac ewater sourc es andshallow wells to dry up,and groundwater levelto decrease. This c anlead to chemical

contamination of thewater sourc e.

Floods often submergewells and other watersources in pollutedwater, which results inmicrobiologicalpollution of the source.

Measuresare in placeto reduce the pollutingeffect of droughts andfloodson watersources.

1. Promote household wa tertreatment and disinfec tion as ameans of making polluted waterpotable.

2. Build water supply installationsin such a way that they are not

polluted in times of flooding.

3. Build household andinstitutional latrines in suc h a

way that they do not pollutesurfac e water in times of flooding.



Page | 56

8 OUTLINE OFMANAGEMENTFRAMEWORK Water resource s management ca n from c ase to ca se c over aspec ts such as

• strategic water alloc ation (for example between in-stream and off-stream uses, such

as public supplies, irrigation, hydropower, fisheries, industries, navigation,environmental preservation, etc.);

• operational water alloc ation (for example between irrigation schemes and otherwater users, or within an irriga tion scheme);

• environmental management: Quality of aquatic habitats a nd headwater areas,exposures to sewage and solid waste disposal;

• water-related risk preparedness and risk mana gement: Floods, d rought, erosion andac cretion; and

• water-related development of income-generation, livelihoods, and the environment.

The different tasks can exped iently take place with pa rticipa tion by variousstakeholders.

The present study has outlined a manag ement framework for the 4-P Area, as describedbelow.

8.1 Institutional arrangements

The institutions responsible for water resources management and water-relateddevelopment at the central and p rovince level include the following:

1 The C ambodia National Mekong C ommittee (CNMC ), an institutional advisor toad vise the C ambod ian representative to MRC C ouncil on all matters relating toac tivities within the 4Ps ba sin area that could affec t C ambodian interests.

2 Ministry of Water Resourc es and Meteorology (MOWRAM) is an institutional manager

for responsibilities d efined by RGC ’s Sub-Dec ree in 1999 include: define policies,research, manage direct and indirect, gather hydro-meteorological data, provide

technical advice, and strategic development relating to water resources. Bothprovincial departments of wa ter resourc es and meteorology (Kratie and Mondulkiri)

have p owerful implementation in 4Ps ba sin project a rea.

3 Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy is in charge of planning water uses forhydropower and water supply to provincial towns and urba n area including 4Ps

ba sin implementation.

4 Ministry of Rural Development is in charge of the hydrogeological (well data andgroundwater) d ata collec tion for MO WRAM, water supply and sanitation, a nd smallland drainag e in rural areas in the c ountrywide including 4Ps ba sin.

5 Ministry of Public Works and Transport is responsible for land drainage and seweragein provincial towns and 4Ps basin project area, survey of river work for navigation

and water transport.

6 Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) with its pa rticular competence and

succ ess within urba n wa ter supply is in c harge of water supply in Phnom Penh underthe Ministry of Industry Mine and Energy. PPWSA can support training courses onwater supply technology in all provinces and in also 4Psb asin area.

7 Ministry of Environment has a mandate to protect Ca mbodia'snatural resources and

environment quality from degradation. Its lega l manda te includes water in the list of media for which it is responsible and in all levels of 4Ps ba sin area.

8 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry a nd Fisheries is enga ged in development of policiesand strategies for agriculture, forestry and fisheries that have significant implications

for the management of the water resources required for irrigation and cap turefisheries/aqua c ulture in the hold c ountry and in 4Ps ba sin.



Page | 57

9 The Provincial governments of Kratie and Mondulkiri provinces have an oversight

and coordinating role with rega rd to the provincial dep artments of ministries andother institutions with water-related responsibilities.

8.2 Policy and strategy forwater resources development

M O W RAM ’ s v i si o n f o r w a t e r

The national vision for water c an be ap plied in to the 4Ps ba sin projec t area also. TheMinistry of Water Resources and Meteorology has been defined the C ambodian nationalvision for water as followings:

1. Ac c ess for all water to safe, ad equate, and affordab le drinking water, hygiene, andsanitation;

2. Freedom for all from the threat of loss of life a nd livelihood a s a result of floods anddroughts;

3. Suffic ient water where it is needed , to provide for food sec urity and industrial ac tivity;

4. A water environment that is unpolluted, and supports healthy fisheries and a quaticec osystems.

The development objec tives of the present 4Ps ba sin, PDA is proposed as visible progresstowards ac hieving b y the national vision for water.

N a t i o n a l w a t e r r e so u rc e s p o l ic y

• The National Water Resources Policy will be implemented as wa ter users, RG C’s

institutions, a nd other stakeholders carry out their normal ac tivities in a way that fullyac hieves the a ims of the Policy. RG C ’s institutions will be responsible for ensuring thattheir own sub-sec tored polic ies a nd ac tivities a re fully c onsistent with the NationalPolicy. The MO WRAM and other government’s institutions will be expec ted to

include in their Strategic and Annual Plans the strategies a nd ac tions needed toensure that they discharge theirresponsibilities with regard to the Polic y.

• MO WRAM will have pa rtic ular responsibility for monitoring all ac tivities related to theNation’s water resources, and taking remedial ac tion if activities do not achieve – or

even work against – the aims of the Policy. Within the C ouncil of Ministers, theC ommittee for Ag riculture and Rural Development (C ARD) will take a pa rtic ularinterest in how well the National Water Resources Policy helps to achieve nationalgoals.

• MO WRAM and other g overnment’s institutions will ensure that their Headquartersand Provincial staffs are fully informed of the Policy, where it has an impac t on theiractivities. A very important responsibility will be to ensure that Provincial officials are

equipp ed to inform officials and the public at d istrict, commune and villag e levelsab out the Policy, and how it affects water users. The MO WRAM also will informinternational and non-governmental organisations of the Policy, and of itsimplications for water resources development and management.

• MO WRAM will review the implementation of this Policy every four years, at the timethat the government’s Soc io-Economic Development Plan is being prepa red, andwill advise the C ARD of any needs for amendment.

MO WRAM has the role and the responsibility on the water resources manag ement issues in

the countrywide. In order to implementation and solution all the issues related to thewater, the MO WRAM has the following policy and strategy:

1. To promote the preparation, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of short-,medium-, a nd long -term development plans for river b asins. River b asin plans will

take comprehensive ac count of modifica tions to the hydrologica l system,



Page | 58

pa rtic ularly river flows and aq uifer levels, to ensure that utilization of water resources

at present and in the future issustainab le.

2. To follow an integrated approach to water resources development andmanagement, that at the same time co nsiders all source s of water, linkagesbetween the water resource and other aspec ts of the natural environment, the

varying human and ecological demands on the water resource, and the need for

many different disciplines to c arry out effec tive manag ement.3. To promote the expansion of surface water storage, channel ca pac ities and

drainage systems to ensure wa ter supply and environmental sustainab ility.

4. To focus management effort on priority river basins and aq uifers, including those thatare under serious threat from human ac tivity, a nd on c ompetition for water before itbec omes a major threat to the soc io-ec onomic development a nd environmental

sustainability.

5. To c onserve and strengthen the a bility of natural lakes to provide flood retention andsupport aq uatic ec osystems.

6. To conserve the ability of groundwater aquifers, particularly those that are

considered to be at greatest risk of deg radation, to provide a sustainable, highquality source of water, and to achieve a balance between aquifer recharge andoutflows or ab strac tion.

7. To promote and facilitate knowledg e ab out, a nd pa rticipation by line agencies,

stakeholders and beneficiaries in, the preparation and implementation of river ba sindevelopment and management plans. In priority river ba sins and those in whichmulti-purpose development is intended, Basin Mana gement C ommittees willcoordinate and oversee planning, development, and operational ac tivities.

8.3 Communities, NGOs, and the private sector

The 4Ps ba sin development coordinated and planned by the MRC, C NMC , MO WRAM ,MRD, MPWT, MO E and MAFF a nd other programs, increasingly has b een implemented

through rural development committees at province, c ommune and village levels. TheC NMC /MO WRAM program in pa rticular has been a significant element in building theRG C 's strategy to pa ss as much responsibility as possible to the c ommunities.

The EU supported PRASAC has inco rporated Water Point C ommittees for domestic water

supply a nd Water User Assoc iations for irrigation system in its interventions in over 1,250villag es in 6 provinces a round Phnom Penh. UNICEF assisted Rural Water Supp ly, Hygieneand Sanitation program.

MO WRAM supported the irrigated agriculture development for a ll aspec ts of scheme

operation to Farmer Water User C ommunities (FWUC ) with C ircular No.1 on Sustainab leIrrigation Policy since 1999 that is implemented in 4Ps ba sin communities also. FAO

intervention special Program for Food Sec urity during 1997-2000, established Water UserGroups/ Assoc iations.

Pri v a t e se c t o r p a r ti c i p a t io n

The policies on urba n and rural water supply and sanitation affirm that private sec torprovision of these services will be favoured. At p resent, more towns have privatised water

supplies, using different models of privatisation.

The private sec tor ac tivity in irriga tion is limited principa lly to that ba se on groundwa ter,where individual farmers a re ab le to install wells a nd pumps indep endently. Anothermeans of p rivate sec tor pa rticipation in wa ter is through water vendors, who supply water

in loc alities, pa rticularly in provincial town, where pipe water isunavailable.

To ac hieve integrated planning of water and natural resources manag ement, a dialoguemust take plac e between planning levels; sec tors level; and the p rovincial governanc e



Page | 59

pa rticipation level in the 4Ps basin project. Among these, links are well established

between the planning levels, while the other links are more formal and distant.

Particular IWRM-related benefits can emerge from inter-sec tor dialogue at the nationaland province levels (while the c ommune planning takes plac e ac ross sec tors). Institutionalnetworking is a major challenge, due to the number of bodies involved in water-related

development at the national a nd the province level. O n the other hand, there is a clear

potential benefit whic h ca n be ac hieved at a small c ost.

8.4 Basin Coordination Committee forDevelopment(BCCD)

A 4-Ps Basin C oordination C ommittee for Development (BC C D) has been designated as acoordinating committee for the development, management and protection of the 4-PsBasins. The BC C D will initially function with assistance from a National C oordination Tea mled by C NMC’s Staff C oordinator.

The objec tive of the BC C D is to provide guidanc e to the provincial developmentcommittee, and to c oordinate ac tivities related to the implementation of the Law onWater Resources Ma nagement in C ambod ia; and other Government regulations related

to the objectivesof the Royal Government of C ambodia.

The BC C D should have the Kratie and Mundulkiri Province G overnor as Honor C hair, a nd itshould be led by a Co-Chair and his/her assistance, the Vice-Chair. The Chair and Vice-C hair are p rovincial level persons which will be selected democratically by the members

of 4-Ps BC C D who are ap pointed by their institutions.

The River Basin C oordination Team (RBC T) as a technical assistance team in which fromthe national level. This team is responsible for assisting the 4-Ps BC C D a nd to provide anynecessary ad vice and technical support. The RBC T is composed of Project C oordinator,

Representatives from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Ministry of WaterResources and Meteorology (MO WRAM), Ministry of Planning (MOP), C NMC , ADB, a nd a

Sec retary. At the stage of the PDA, the RBC T conducts the technical study to ac hieve theobjec tives of the projec t (TA 6325).

Ac c ording with the outcome of first C onsultation Workshop da ted on 15 February, 2007,the structure of 4-Ps BC C D also will c ompose of 4-Ps Coordination Unit a t the provinciallevel comprising representative of Provincial Department of Water Resource s andMeteorology which will take leading role, a nd other members who represent the Kratie

Provincial Dep artment of Planning, Industry, Mines and Energy, and Agriculture. The 4-PsBasin C oordination Unit Team members are also members of 4-Ps BC C D.

The permanent members of 4-Ps BC C D are members of 4-Ps BFWP from ea ch Prek ( Prek OKrieng, Prek O Preah, Prek Te and Prek Kampi) and those members who represent the

Provincial Departmentsof Tourism (DoT), Department of Environment (DoE), Department of Rural Department (DoRD), Department of Women Affairs (DoWA), Department of PublicWork and Transport (DPWT), Fisheries Ad ministration (FA), Forestry Administration. The loc al

NGO s, loca l communities (civil soc iety organizations), and the private sec tor a re othermembers (ad-hoc ).



Page | 60

Fig ure 7.1: Prop o sed struc ture of the 4-Ps BCC D

Sou rc e: I nc e pt ion rep or t ( D ec em b er 2007) : Pilot i ng riv er b a sin a p p roa c h t o IWRM in Ea st e rn

C a m b o d i a

Box 3: Tasksof the 4-Ps BCC D The 4-Ps BCC D is entrusted to c arry out the following main tasks:

• Coordination o f a ll tasks related to River Basin Management and IWRM planning a t theprovincial level in the four basins (4Ps).

• Development of a road map for IWRM (2009 - 2015); a basin management plan (2010-2015); and a related investment framework (2009-2015).

• Coordination and guidance of Task Force s / Working Groups established for developmentof the river b asin management p lan of 4-Ps Basin or to provide spec ialist input to fulfill the4P-BCC D tasks.

• Development and implementation of public information and co nsultation at the 4-Psbasin-wide scale in collaboration with the Kratie and Mondulkiri Provincial Governors. These tasksto be closely coordinated with ad hoc and scheduled provincial and national p ublicparticipation events.

• Coordination of ac tivities designed to fill knowledge gaps identified by the 4Ps BasinAnalysis Report 2008 whic h forms the ba sis for development of the 4Ps Basin ManagementPlan.

• Coordination with CNMC for integration of “4Ps Basin Management Plan” with the“National Basin Development Plan Program” and the MRC Basin Development Plan.

• Coordination of ac tivities among sub-basins for whic h national and international river basinmanagement plans are being prepared in order to ensure c onsistency between themanagement planson the basin-wide a nd sub-basin level, and

• Coordination of the ac tivities in the 4Ps Basin with the relevant Kratie and MondulkiriProvincial development ac tivities.

Co-Chair

Co-Honor C hair

CoordinationUnit of 4-Ps

Governors of Kratie province andMo ndulkiri province

4-Ps BFWPProvincial

departments Other stakeholders

Vice-Chair

CommunitiesNGOs Civil society

4-Ps Basin Coordination

Project Team

KratieMondulkiri



Page | 61

9 CONCLUSIONS

The meetings and workshops with the central, provincial governanc e authority and loca lpeople a nd field trips study a t the 4Ps project a rea that have been done in the inception

and the mid-term reports, and broad agreement was ac hieved on the project’sobjectives.

All participa nts hoped that the 4Ps project will provide good opp ortunity for people toad dress their c oncerns and work together for a lleviating poverty a nd developing their

communities related to water resources develop ment.

From the study, the 4Ps ba sin has a good loc ation for water resources development in thefuture. By the topograp hical level from the upland to the lowland there are three rivershave a good water resources potential for hydropower development, that can be used

the multi purpose, such as Prek O Krieng, Prek Kampi and Prek Te rivers. For another Prek OPreah river, it is also good water resources potential for irrigated ag ricultural infrastructureand rural development. In the high rainfall of the 4Ps area that ca n be made g ood naturalresources g rowing of forestry also, and can be developed for industry, tourism, agro-

industry activities and so on.

In this period of study on water resources development in 4Ps ba sin there are many d ataneed to do for the next step to be clarify. 4Ps basin is more potentials for development,supporting to the water resources management law, water p olicy, strategy and many

institutions, private sec tors, NGOs, stakeholder pa rticipa tions ac tivities, etc. they will besucc essful projects developments with good water rec ourse planing management andhuman resources develop ment.

The work has produc ed a number of rec ommenda tions, as follows:

1. A study on the potential water resources in the 4-Ps ba sin needs to be c onducted.

2. The strategy formulation for the 4-Ps basin management should be ba sed on theneeds and real water resourc es da ta availab le assessments.

3. To make sure the vision and master plan on water resources development.

4. To prepa re the plans on the water resources development in short and long term.

5. To c onduc t the impactsassessment study of private investmentson the basin.

6. The Basin C oordination C ommittee Development should be established as a

permanent committee with representatives from all involved communities, and theirfunction should be based on integrated and holistic approach to IWRM

implementation.

7. The pa rticipa nts in 4Ps basin project area requested to (1) develop a hydropower

scheme with multi-purpose benefits: energy generation, flood c ontrol, water storagefor irriga tion in a gricultural ac tivities, water supply, tourism, a nd aq uac ulture; and (2)develop c ap ac ity of the committee members and the communities of the 4-Ps ba sinin IWRM b ased ba sin management.

8. All institutions involved in water projec t should pa rticipa te

9. MO WRAM, C NMC and other agencies should be a c tivated supported in all ac tivitiesof water resourc es development.

10. ADB should be a p rimary sponsor of this project.



Page | 62

REFERENCESM o st d o c u m e n t s a re a v a ila b le e l e c t ro n i c a lly

ADB (Nov 07): Asian Water Development Outlook

ADB (2007): Baseline Environment Assessment for Northeastern a nd Southwestern Areas

ADB (J an 05): C ountry strategy and program 2005-09, Kingdom of Ca mbodia

Asian Indigenous Peop les Pac t Founda tion (2006): Indigenous Peop les and Human Rights.Cambodia

C amboWP and C NMC (Sep 07): IWRM in C ambodia - where are we, and where do wewant to go? Discussion p ap er

C amboWP and C NMC (March 08): Mid-term Report on a Pilot a nd Demonstration Ac tivityunder Asian Development Bank RETA 6325. Promoting effec tive water policies and

prac tices (Phase 5). Project loc ated in the 4PsBasin a rea

C amboWP and C NMC (J un 07): The 4-P Area: The Prek Preah, Prek Krieng, Prek Kampi andPrek Te river basins. An IWRM-based pilot study of water-related developmentopp ortunities, Phase 1: A Functional Water Partnership for the 4-Ps. C ambod ia Water

Partnership and Cambod ia National Mekong C ommittee

C NMC (J an 05): Sub-Area Analysis and Development, the Northern C ambodia-SouthernLaos a nd Kratie Sub-Areas (SA 6C & 8C ). Prepa red by C ambodia National M ekongC ommittee a s a c ontribution to MRC's Basin Development Plan

C NMC (Aug 03): Integrated water resources management in Ca mbodia. National Sec torReview prepared for MRC's Basin Development Plan by C ambodia National MekongCommittee

C SD (Dec 2002): National Poverty Reduc tion Strategy: 2003-2005 C ouncil for Soc ialDevelopment (CSD), RGC

DoP (2007): Districts da ta within Kratie Province

MAFF (J un 06): National Programme for Household Food Sec urity and Poverty Reduction

2007-2011

MAFF and MO WRAM (Feb 07): J oint strategy for agriculture and water 2006-2010,prepa red by Ministry of Ag riculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of Water Resource sand Meteorology

Ma rubeni C orporation (Mar 2004): Summary for rubber tree afforestation in MondulKiri

Province, C ambodia

MO E (Apr 05): State of the Environment Report 2004, prepa red by Ministry of Environment

Mondulkiri Province (2007): Quick Food Sec urity Assessment Report

MO P (Nov 03): C ambod ia Millennium Development Goals report 2003

MO WRAM (06): IWRM strategy and roadmap in C ambod ia

MO WRAM (Feb 06): Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010 (draft), prepared by Ministry of Water Resourc es and Meteorology

MO WRAM and ADB (J uly 01): TA –3292-C AM; Final Report on Water Resources Planning inCambodia.

MO WRAM a nd ADB (J uly 01): TA-3292-C AM; National Water Sec tor Profile in Ca mbodia



Page | 63

MRC-BDP (Dec 05): Strategic direc tions for IWRM in the Lower Mekong Basin. Prepared in

connec tion with Mekong River C ommission's Basin Development Plan

MRD (May 02): Final report on Institutional Development Plan (2003-2007) in Rural WaterSupply and Sanitation Sec tor.

MRD (May 2002): Final report on Sec tor Investment Plan (2003-2012) in Rural Wa ter Supply

and Sanitation Sector

NPRS (Nov 02): National Poverty Reduc tion Strategy 2003-2005, p repared by C ouncil forSoc ial Development

NSDP (Nov 05): Nationa l Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010 (draft English translation)

NWISP-2 (Dec 06): Guideline: Hydraulic assessment of irrigation schemes. Prepared forMO WRAM by PRD Water & Environment in assoc iation with DHI Water & Environment underNorth West Irriga tion Sec tor Project, river ba sin and water use studies, Pa c kag e 2, Dauntriand Boribo Sub-basins

RG C (2007): Law on Water Resources Management, RG C , Phnom Penh

Supreme National Economic C ouncil (J ul 2005): National Poverty Reduc tion Strategy:Progress Report

WFP (2005): Provincial Food Sec urity Profile for Kratie province

WFP (2005): Provincial Food Sec urity Profile for Mondulkiri province



Page | 64

APPENDIX 1: PDA SPECIFICATIONSA p p e n d ix 1 o f Le t t e r o f A g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n A D B a n d C a m b o W P/ C N M C 1 9- 2 0 N o v 0 7

Cooperation Fund for the Water Sector

PILOTAND DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITY (PDA)

Activity title: Piloting river ba sin ap proac h to IWRM in Eastern Cambod iaExecuting agency: Global Water Partnership-Cambodia under the Cambodia

National Mekong C ommittee

PDA startdate: 20 November 2007

Activity end date: 20 November 2008

Contact details: Watt Botkosal, O fficer-In-C harge, Global Water Partnership –C ambod ia under the Ca mbodia National Mekong C ommittee

1. Objectives:

The Pilot and Demonstration Ac tivity (PDA) will support the C ambod ia National Mekong

C ommittee in introduc ing the river basin approach to implementing integrated waterresources management (IWRM) in C ambod ia.

The principa l objectives of the PDA are:

i) Develop , in c onjunction with provincial a nd district ad ministrations, ap propriate river

ba sin mana gement institutional arrangements,

ii) Undertake resource assessments and scenario ana lyses relating to medium to longterm IWRM planning for the Prek O Preah, Prek O Krieng, Prek Kampi and Prek Te sub–basinsand discuss and d ebate these with the basin institutional arrangements,

iii) Raise awa reness amongst the provincial and district administrations, andcommunity/ farmer/NGO stakeholders of the implications a nd benefits of goo d

water governance and good IWRM prac tices and the benefits of inter-agenc ycollaboration,

iv) Guidanc e for future investments and development efforts relating to watermanagement and service d elivery.

2. Scope and location of work / description of activities:

The principa l ac tivities will be to:

i) Develop options for c oordinated river ba sin management ac ross the two provinces,and various districts in the sub-basins, and deb ate these with line agencies andprovince/ distric t administrations to determine an agreed institutional option to

manage the project,

ii) Determine and implement (on a pilot and demonstration basis) a communityawareness program for IWRM issues a nd through this, establish and implement amodel for public pa rticipation in the project at all levels of stakeholders,

iii) Review existing water resource , soc io-economic and environmental data andinformation for the sub-basins, determine ga ps in information for IWRM requirementsand assess the emerging water, soc ial and environmental problems a nd theopportunities and threatsrelating to p ossible water development,

iv) Prepare an inventory of existing water control structures and their currenteffectiveness, and of water use prac tic es, in the sub-basins/catc hments,

v) Discuss and deba te with the ag reed institutional arrangements the resourc e issues,

problems and opportunities and determine priority studies a nd investiga tions tofurther move toward developing an IWRM plan, or ‘roadmap’ for the sub-catchments,



Page | 65

vi) Recommend at the end of the project appropriate on-going institutional

arrangements that ca n be implemented to provide a continuing focus of goodIWRM in the sub-catchments.

The projec t is ba sed on using line ag enc y staff and loca l consultants/experts wherenecessary to identify institutional options, and the water related resource assessment

issues, and water development and p rotec tion opportunities and threats.

3. Implementation schedule and institutional managementarrangements:

The projec t will be implemented over a period of 12 months b y the C ambodia NationalMekong C ommittee through the Globa l Water Partnership-C ambod ia in collab oration

with other line agencies involved in ac celerating introduction of integrated waterresources management (IWRM) principles as espoused by the Globa l Water Partnership.

The projec t is ba sed on using line agenc y staff and loca l consultants/experts where

nec essary to identify institutional op tions, undertake water related resource assessmentand analysis of water development and protection opportunities and threats.

4. Expected results (outputs/outcomes):

• A set of river ba sin institutional arrangements ag reed upon b y stakeholders early on

and piloted in the river ba sin, including operating guidelines

• Awa reness raised as to the key IWRM issues fac ing these stakeholders and publicpa rticipation modalities demonstrated

• A preliminary assessment of relevant issues, opp ortunities, c onstraints and scenarios

for development possibilities

• An agreed set of resource protection issues and ac tion plan, including investmentopportunities

5. Measurable performance indicators:

• A set of agreed basin institutional arrangement with c lear operating guidelinesimplemented

• Awa reness raising and participa tion proc esses in plac e and op erational

• An ac tion plan with investment priorities ag reed

6. Stakeholders participation:

Once the provincial/district institutional options are discussed and agreed, the initial taskwill be to develop a clear project plan and an early priority will be to develop acommunity/ stakeholder pa rticipa tion plan, take this to various representative levels of

stakeholders and obtain endorsement of the ap proach. Participa tion ac tivities will be

repo rted regularly to the peak level institutional arrangements.



Page | 66

APPENDIX 2: LOGFRAME

Developmentobjective Indicator(s) Means of

verification Assumptions, risks

Vi sib l e p rog ress t o w a rd s a c hi ev i ng

t he na t i ona l v ision

f o r w a t e r:

• Acc ess for all to safe,adequate, and affordabledrinking wa ter, hygiene, andsanitation

• Freedom for all from the threatof loss of life and livelihood as aresult of floods and droughts

• Sufficient water where it isneeded, to provide for foodsec urity and industrial ac tivity

• A water environment that isunpolluted, and supports

healthy fisheries and aq uaticecosystems

Improved ac ce ss tosafe water

Water-related risks(floods and drought)well managed

Continueddevelopment of water-related sectorsin termsof revenueand livelihoods

Aquatic ecosystemsreflecting agreed

standards

Nationalstatistics

Macroeconomicmonitoring

Environmentalmonitoring(water qualityand aquatichabitats)

Political support

Manageableclimate variability

Immediate objectives

1 Develop, in conjunc tion withprovincial and district

administrations, ap propriateriver basin manage mentinstitutional arrangements

Agreed(recommendations

on) institutiona larrangements withc lear operatingguidelinesimplemented

PDA report Adequate supportfrom involved

administrations

Delay in formalimplementation,depending on thepreferredmanagementmodality

2 Raise awareness amongst theprovincial and districtadministrations, andcommunity/farmer/NGOstakeholders of the implic ations

and benefitsof good watergovernance and good IWRMprac tic es and the benefitsof inter-agency collab oration

Awa reness raising andparticipationprocessesin placeand operational

Feedbac k fromstakeholdersreflected inworkshopproceedings

and PDA report

Adequate supportfrom involvedadministrations

3 Undertake resourceassessments and sc ena rioanalyses relating to medium to

long term IWRM planning forthe Prek O Preah, Prek O Krieng,Prek Kampi and Prek Te sub-basins and disc uss and deb atethese with the basin institutionalarrangements

Agreed action planwith investmentpriorities

PDA report Adequate dataquality (mainly intermsof coverage

and validity)Agreement amongstakeholders ab outopp ortunities andpriorities

4 Guidance for future investmentsand development effortsrelating to water managementand service delivery

(same as above) (same asabove)

(same asabove)



Page | 67

APPENDIX 3: TERMSOFREFERENCE

PDA coordinator

Position: PDA coordinator

Reporting to: PDA supervisor

Tasks: Over-a ll c oordination, including workshops, da ta collec tion andreporting

C oordination of study team, resourc e alloc ation, and implementation of activitiesExternal liaison with ADB, functional pa rtnerships, and the a dvisory/liaisonpanel

Financial management, supervision of ac c ounting

Lea d role in implementation and reporting of tasks1.1 (river ba sin manag ement)1.2 (project management)

Provision of guidanc e and ac tive support to tasks

2.1 (awa reness programme)2.2 (public participation)3.1 (opportunities and threats)

3.2 (inventory)4.1 (IWRM roa dmap )4.2 (institutional arrangements)

PDA study team

Position: Waterresources specialist

Reporting to: PDA c oordinator

Tasks: Participation in workshops, da ta collec tion and reporting

Lea d role in implementation and reporting of tasks3.1 (opportunities and threats)4.1 (IWRM roa dmap )4.2 (institutional arrangements)

Provision of guidanc e and ac tive support to task3.2 (inventory)

Position: Sociologist



Lea d role in implementation and reporting of tasks2.1 (awa reness programme)

2.2 (public participation)

Provision of guidanc e and ac tive support to tasks3.1 (opp ortunities and threats)4.1 (IWRM roa dmap)

Position: Irrigation specialist



Lead role in implementation and reporting of task3.2 (inventory)

Provision of guidanc e and ac tive support to tasks



Page | 68

3.1 (opportunities and threats)

4.1 (IWRM roa dmap)

Position: GISspecialist

Reporting to: PDA c oordinator; collab orating closely with the water resourcesspecialist, the irrigation spec ialist, and the soc iologist

Tasks: Data and GISa nalyses, mainly under tasks3.1 (opportunities and threats)3.2 (inventory)

Prepa ration, under guida nce by the coordinator, of a revised map of the

4-P area, c onsidering hydrological boundaries as well as ad ministrativeboundaries

Prepa ration, under guida nce by the water resources spec ialist, of a

revised map of the 4-P river network, showing hydrological (basin andsub-c atchment) bounda ries as well as the nominal river ba sin bounda ry

Prepa ration of a da ta table of communes, total area, area within riverba sin, villages loc ated within river ba sin

Prepa ration, under guida nce by the soc iologist, of da ta tables(withmaps) extrac ted from the commune d atabase, showing pop ulation andother characteristic s

Functional partnerships

Position: Partnership chief/ vice chief


Tasks: Participation in workshops and meetings as relevant from case to case

Guida nce on IWRM-related development needs and opp ortunities

Guida nce on a wareness-building a nd stakeholder pa rticipa tion

Review and guidance on suggestions and draft rec ommendations

Position: Partnership member

Reporting to: Partnership chief / vice c hief



Guida nce on awareness-building a nd stakeholder pa rtic ipa tion

Review and guidance on suggestions and draft rec ommendations

Advisory/liaison panel

Position: Panel member




Guida nce during prepa ration of roadmap (Activity 4.1)

Guida nce d uring preparation of rec ommendations on institutionalarrangements (Ac tivity 4.2)

Support to dissemination of mid-term and final reports The pa nel membersa re welcome to c ontribute any op inions and ad vic ein the course of the PDA



Page | 69

APPENDIX 4: ELECTRONIC LIBRARY Th e f o llo w in g d o c u m e n t s h a v e b e e n c o m p ile d a n d a r e a v a ila b le e le c t ro n i c a l ly :

ADB (Nov 07): Asian Water Development Outlook

ADB (Nov 06a): ADB Water Financ ing Program 2006-2010 - Helping to introduce IWRM in 25

river ba sinsin the Asia-Pacific Region

ADB (Nov 06b): ADB Review Vol 38 No 4, ab out ADB's new Water Financing Programme

ADB (J an 05): C ountry strategy and program 2005-09, Kingdom of Ca mbodia

C amboWP and C NMC (Sep 07): IWRM in C ambodia - where are we, and where do we

want to go? Discussion p ap er

C amboWP and C NMC (J un 07): The 4-P Area: The Prek O Preah, Prek O Krieng, Prek Kampiand Prek Te river basins. An IWRM-ba sed pilot study of water-related developmentopp ortunities, Phase 1: A Functional Water Partnership for the 4-Ps. C ambod ia Water

Partnership and Cambod ia National Mekong C ommittee

C LSA (Sep 05): C hinese tourists- coming, read y or not!

C NMC (Aug 03): Integrated water resources management in C ambod ia. National Sec torReview prepared for MRC's Basin Development Plan by C ambodia National Mekong

Committee

C NMC (J an 05): Sub-area analysis and development, the Northern C ambod ia-SouthernLaos and Kratie sub-areas (SA 6C

8C ). Prepared by C ambodia National M ekong C ommittee as a co ntribution to MRC 's

Basin Development Plan

MAFF (J un 06): National Programme for Household Food Sec urity and Poverty Reduction2007-2011

MAFF and C NMC (J un 03a): Fisheries management. National sec tor review prepa red for

MRC 's Basin Development Plan by Ministry of Agric ulture, Forestry and Fisheries inassoc iation with Ca mbod ia National Mekong C ommittee

MAFF and C NMC (J un 03b): Watershed management. National sec tor review prepa red for

MRC 's Basin Development Plan by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries inassoc iation with Ca mbod ia National Mekong C ommittee

MAFF and MO WRAM (Feb 07): J oint strategy for agriculture and water 2006-2010,prepa red by Ministry of A griculture, Forestry a nd Fisheries and Ministry of Water Resource s

and Meteorology

MEF a nd MOE (03): C ambodia national report on protected areas a nd development.Prepa red by International C entre for Environmental Ma nagement, Queensland, for Ministryof Ec onomics and Finance and Ministry of Environment

MIME and C NMC (J un 03): Hydropower. National sec tor review prepa red for MRC 's BasinDevelopment Plan by Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy in a ssoc iation with C ambodiaNational Mekong C ommittee

MO E (Apr 05): State of the Environment Report 2004, prepa red by Ministry of Environment

MO P (Nov 03): C ambod ia Millennium Development Goals report 2003

MOT and C NMC (J un 03): Tourism development. National sector review prepared forMRC 's Basin Development Plan by Ministry of Tourism in assoc iation with C ambod iaNational Mekong C ommittee



Page | 70

MO WRAM (06): IWRM strategy and roadmap in C ambod ia

MOWRAM (Feb 06): Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010 (draft), prepared by Ministry of Water Resourc es and Meteorology

MO WRAM (Nov 05): Water resources management plan for Kampong C ham province.Draft English outline prepared under the national ca pac ity Development Project by

Department of Water Resources and Meteorology, Kg C ham province

MOWRAM and C NMC (J un 03a): Flood mitigation and management. National sectorreview prepared for MRC's Basin Development Plan by Ministry of Water Resources a ndMeteorology in a ssoc iation with C ambod ia National Mekong C ommittee

MO WRAM and C NMC (J un 03b): Irrigated agriculture. National sec tor review prepa red forMRC 's Basin Development Plan by Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology inassoc iation with Ca mbod ia National Mekong C ommittee

MOWRAM and C NMC (J un 03c): Water supply: Domestic water and sanitation, and

industrial water use. National sec tor review p repared for MRC's Basin Development Plan byMinistry of Water Resources a nd Meteorology in assoc iation with C ambod ia National

Mekong Committee

MPWT and C NMC (J un 03): Navigation, transport a nd river works. Nationa l sec tor reviewprepared for MRC 's Basin Development Plan by Ministry of Public Works and Transport inassoc iation with Ca mbod ia National Mekong C ommittee

MRC (Sep 06): The MRC Basin Development Plan, C ompletion Report for Phase 1. Mekong

River C ommission

MRC-BDP (Dec 05): Strategic direc tions for IWRM in the Lower Mekong Basin. Prep ared inconnec tion with M ekong River C ommission's Basin Development Plan

Neou Bonheur (Nov 02): National report on the p revention and resolution of environmental

conflicts in the Mekong RiverBasin - C ambodia. Prepared for C NMC and MRC

NPRS (Nov 02): National Poverty Reduc tion Strategy 2003-2005, p repared by C ouncil forSoc ial Development

NSDP (Nov 05): Nationa l Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010 (draft English translation)

NWISP-2 (Dec 06): Guideline: Hydraulic assessment of irrigation sc hemes. Prepared forMOWRAM by PRD Water

Environment in assoc iation with DHI Water

Environment under North West Irrigation Sector Project, river basin and water use studies,

Pac kage 2, Dauntri and Boribo Sub-ba sins

UN-WWAP (Mar 06): The inclusion of IWRM in national plans. Repo rt from the 4th WorldWater Forum Theme 'Implementing IWRM', prepared by UN-Water’s World Water

Assessment Programme

WB a nd ADB (J un 06): Mekong Water Resourc es A ssistance Strategy (MWRAS). J ointworking paper on future direc tions for water resources manag ement in the Mekong RiverBasin, prepa red by The World Bank and ADB

WB (Apr 03): C ambod ia Environment Monitor 2003. The World Bank



Page | 71

APPENDIX 5: 25 IWRM ELEMENTSEn t ire a p p e n d ix is q u o t e d f ro m A D B (N o v 0 6a )

W h a t i s I WRM ? Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is now recognized ac rossthe world as the p roc ess to promote the c oordinated d evelopment and management of

water, land and related resources in river basins, to maximize the ec onomic benefits and

soc ial welfare in an equitab le manner without compromising the sustainab ility of vitalec osystems.

The following 25 elements are widely a ccepted to be important in introducing integrated

water resources manag ement (IWRM) in river ba sins. Incorporating these elements intoinstitutional reforms, development strategies, and investment projects will make asignificant difference for IWRM in the basin. Improvements may also be needed in theenabling environment at the national level.

IWRM element Typical interventions/ criteria

1. River basin

organization

Build c ap ac ity in new or existing RBO, foc using on the four dimensions of

performance (stakeholders, internal business processes, learning and

growth, and finance) under the Network of Asian River BasinOrganization’s (NARBO) be nchmarking service

2. Stakeholderparticipation

Institutionalize stakeholder pa rticipation in the river basin planning andmanagement process including active participation of localgovernments, civil society organizations (academe, NGOs,parliamentarians, media), and the private sec tor, and an enablingframework for meaningful stakeholder participation in projec t spec ificplanning decisions

3. River basinplanning

Prepa re or update a c omprehensive river basin plan or strategy, withparticipation and ownership of basin stakeholders, a nd ap plic ation of IWRM principles in land use planning proc esses

4. Public awa reness Introduce or expand public awareness programs for IWRM in

c ollab oration with civil soc iety organizationsand the media

5. Water alloca tionReduce water allocation conflicts among uses and geographical areasin the basin with participatory and negotiated approaches,incorporating indigenous knowledge a nd prac tic es

6. Water rightsIntroduce effec tive water rights or entitlements ad ministration thatrespects traditional or customary water use rights of local communitiesand farmersa nd farmer organizations

7. Wastewaterpermits

Introduc e or improve wastewater disc harge permitsand effluent c hargesto implement the p olluter paysp rinciple

8. IWRM financing Institutionalize models whereby all levels of government co ntribute

budget to IWRM in the ba sin

9. Economicinstruments

Introduc e raw water pricing and/ or other ec onomic instruments to share

in IWRM costs, stimulate wa ter demand management and c onservation,protect the environment and pay for environmental service s

10. Regulations

Support the development and implementation of a legal and regulatoryframework to implement the principles of IWRM and its financing in thebasin, including tariffs, charges, quality standards and deliverymechanismsfor water services

11. Infrastructure formultiple benefits

Develop and/ or manage water resourc es infrastructure to providemultiple benefits (such as hydropower, water supply, irrigation, floodmanagement, salinity intrusion, and ec osystemsmaintenance)

12. Private sec torcontribution

Introduce or increase private sec tor participation in IWRM throughc orporate social responsibility (CSR)-type c ontributions

13. Water educa tionIntroduc e IWRM into school programs to increase water knowledge anddevelop leadership among the youth, inc luding responsibility for watermonitoring in loca l water bodies

14. Watershed Invest to protect and rehabilitate upper watersheds in collaboration with



Page | 72

IWRM element Typical interventions/ criteria

management loca l communities and civil society organizations

15. Environmentalflows

Introduce a policy and implementation framework for introducingenvironmental flows and demonstrate its ap plic ation

16. Disastermanagement

Investments in combined structural and nonstructural interventions toreduc e vulnerability against flood s, droughts, c hemic al spills and otherdisastersin the ba sin

17. Flood foreca sting Introduc e or strengthen effective flood forec asting and wa rning systems

18. Flood damage

rehabilitation

Investments in the rehabilitation of infrastructure after floods

19. Water qualitymonitoring

Initiate or strengthen basin-wide water quality monitoring andapplication of standards

20. Water qualityimprovement

Invest in structural and nonstructural interventions that reduc e point andnon-point water pollution

21. Wetlandconservation

Invest to c onserve and improve wetlands as integral part of the riverba sin ec osystems

22. Fisheries Introduce measures to protect and improve fisheries in the river

23. Groundwatermanagement

Institutionalize and strengthen sustainable groundwater management aspart of IWRM

24. Waterconservation

Institutionalize a polic y and implementation framework to promoteefficiency of water use, c onservation, and rec ycling

25. Dec ision suppo rtinformation

Improve on-line publicly available river basin information systems tosupport IWRM policy, planning, and dec ision-making, including

dissemination of “tool boxes” and go od prac tic es



Page | 73

APPENDIX 6: PROPOSED GUIDING PRINCIPLES. .. a s id e n t if ie d d u rin g Ph a se 1 ( C a m b o W P a n d C N M C Ju n e 0 7) :

C onsidering the spa rse resourc es a vailab le for the purpose, a minimalistic planning isconsidered as prac tical. Furthermore, on the bottom line, a minimalistic plan may have a

larger development impac t.

Proposed guiding principles are listed in the table below.

Context

1 Full compliance with national development goals, policies and preferences

2 Full co mplianc e with the routine operation of provincial depa rtments

Th is re la t e s t o f o r e xa m p le in ve st m e n t p la n n in g ; p re p a ra t io n o f a n n u a l b u d g e t s;

m on it or ing a nd rep or t ing ; an d ser v ic es t o t he p ub l ic .

3 Level of effort in harmony with the resources and ca pac ity available

Th e p l a n n i n g sh o u l d b e a s sim p le a s p o ssib le . I n it ia l ly , it m a y p ro d u c e a f e w d o c u m e n t s

a n d d a t a c o m p ila t i o n s. Id e a l ly , t h e p la n n in g sh o u l d r e d u c e t h e w o rk lo a d o f t h e p r o v in c ia l

d e p a rt m e n t s, ra t h e r t h a n a d d t o it .

Dialogue and participation

4 Smooth dialogue and seamless interfaces between departments, avoid ing gaps andoverlaps

Th is re la t e s t o f o r e x a m p l e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a g ric u l tu re a n d f ish e rie s; d e v e l o p m e n t o f

u rb a n a n d ru ra l w a t e r su p p l y ; in d u st ria l w a t e r u t iliza t i o n ; flo o d a n d d r o u g h t m a n a g e m e n t ;

m a n a g e m e n t o f riv e r a n d w e t la n d h a b i ta t s; a n d w a t e r-re la t e d d e v e lo p m e n t w it h in

t our i s m and r ec r eat i on

5 Opennessin the planning process

... b e t w e e n d e p a r t m e n t s a n d t o w a rd s st a k e h o l d e rs a n d t h e g e n e ra l p u b lic

Active development

6 Orientation towards active development

... t h a t c a n su p p o rt ( i) e x p a n d e d , a f f o rd a b l e a n d su st a i n a b l e w a t e r a v a ila b ilit y ; ( ii)

im p ro v e d w a t e r e f fic ie n c y ; ( iii) h ig h e r v a l u e g e n e ra t e d b y w a t e r u t iliza t io n a n d w a t e r -

d e p e n d e n t p ro d u c t io n sy st e m s; (iv ) su p p o rt t o w a t e r -d e p e n d e n t liv e lih o o d s; (v )

m a n a g e m e n t o f f lo o d s a n d d r o u g h t ; a n d ( v i) g e n e ra l p u b lic a w a r e n e ss o f e f f ic ie n t a n d

a p p r o p ria t e w a t e r u t i liza t i o n

7 A well balanced waterallocation

... b e t w e e n ( 1) u p st re a m a n d d o w n st re a m w a t e r u se s; ( 2 ) in - st re a m a n d o f f-st re a m

( c ons um pt i v e) w at er us es ; and ( 3) pr es ent and f ut ur e w at er us es



Page | 74

APPENDIX7:MAPS



Page | 75



Page | 76



Page | 77



Page | 78



Page | 79



Page | 80



Page | 81



Page | 82



Page | 83

cam pda: river basin approach to integrated water resources management (final report)

Documents