Ch. 15-18: Evolution/Classification-- [1518Evol]

1. Homologous Structures: Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues.2. Vestigial Organs: Organs that have lost their function in an organism3. Convergent Evolution: When two unrelated organisms evolve to become more similar due

to similar evolutionary pressures.4. Divergent Evolution: When two related organisms evolve to become more different.5. Niche: The set of physical/biological conditions under which an organism lives. 6. Speciation: The formation of multiple new species from one ancestor, due to different

evolutionary pressures.7. Adaptive radiation- See speciation.8. Genetic drift: Evolution that occurs by chance rather than by any evolutionary pressure.9. H-W Equilibrium: A state of equilibrium under which allele frequency is preserved. 5

conditions: No mutations, Large population, Complete isolation, No natural selection, and unprotected sex with completely random strangers (i.e. random mating :P)

10.Natural Selection: Darwin’s overrated theory about how animals survive by trial-and-error evolution (mutations)

11.Eukaryote: They has nucl3us. Under domain 3ukarya.12.Prokaryote: They has no nucl3us. Under domain Monera or Archa3a they are all

bacteria.13.Species: How the hell do I explain this…err…um…OK. The textbook says…”A group of

similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring”. Makes sense, I guess. Too wordy.

A. Know the difference between micro/macroevolution. Macroevolution refers to…LARGE scale change over LARGE amounts of time. Funny. The book doesn’t mention microevolution. So basically macro is bigger.

B. Know the biological hierarchy. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. I did that without a mnemonic. Some possible ones: King Phillip/Kim Possible came over for Grape soda/Good soup/Great sex. O_O last one is courtesy of a certain cousin of mine.

C. Identify/write a scientific name. So basically, (Genus, species) if typed and (Genus, species) if written.

D. General characteristics of 6 kingdoms? Six kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista. Hehe almost missed that last one.

And so concludes that section.

Ch. 3-6: Ecology (eww) [36Ecol]1. Population: The number of individuals of a certain species in a certain place.2. Biome: A group of ecosystems that have the same climate & similar dominant

communities.3. Ecosystem: The living/nonliving things in a particular place as a whole.4. Biosphere: The whole world in biological terms blahblahblahblah.5. Habitat: The area where an organism lives. Includes (a)biotic factors.6. Community: The living things in a particular place as a whole.7. Food Web/Food Chain: A diagram showing energy flow from one level to the next.8. Saprophyte: Decomposers, i.e. funguses. Intentional gramm(e/a)r fail.9. Auto/hetero/photo/chemotroph:

a. Auto: gets carbon by itself. b. Hetero: eats stuff for C (om nom nom) c. Photo: gets energy by itself….doesn’t eat (what a rebel)d. Chemo: om nom nom for energy.e. Helpful table from

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Troph_flowchart.png f. <3 Wikipedia <3

10.Consumer: Autotroph11.Producer: Heterotroph12.Omni/carni/herbivore: Self explanatory. NOTE: Not all carnivores are classified under

Order Carnivora.13.Density (in)dependent limiting factors: Factors that (don’t) depend on how pop. density.14.Parasitism/Mutualism/Commensalism:15.(A)biotic factors: Factors that affect the way an organism lives (can be living (nonliving))16.Trophic level: A “step” in a food chain/web.

a. Energy/biomass pyramid

b. Numbers pyramid- numbers are arbitrary. Say bottom=tree, middle=insects, top=bird. The numbers pyramid doesn’t fit the system above.

17.Carrying capacity: The number of individuals (of a population) that a certain environment can support.

18.Biological Magnification: The toxin concentration effect as you move up the trophic levels.

19.Niche: The range of physical/environmental conditions under which an organism lives/how the organism uses these conditions.

A. Know the different pyramids. See above big blue thingy.B. 10% energy rule: only 1/10th the energy is transferred to the next trophic level. See big

blue thingy.C. Know the characteristics of the different biomes: Tropical Rain forest, Tropical dry forest,

savanna, grassland, chaparral, coniferous forest, boreal, desert, tundra.Rainforest- Tropical Heavy precipitation + very warm and stable year round. Found near

equator. Vegetation is mostly trees + poor soils.

Dry Forest- Tropical Same as previous but winter is very dry. Most trees lose their leaves during winter not because they can’t photosynthesize, but to prevent water loss

Savanna- Tropical Heavy precipitation between April-May+ warm & stable temperature year round. Vegetation is drought resistant, mainly tall grasses and scattered, fire-resistant trees/shrubs.

Grassland- Temperate Warm summers/ cold winters; precipitation is moderate peaking in May. Vegetation is mainly grasses, even with fertile soils.

Woodland/ Shrubland/ Chaparral

Hottest in August, almost no rain in summer. Dominated by various plants. Called chaparral if dominated by shrubs. Basically Fremont.

Forest- Temperate Stable precipitation yr. round but hottest in August. Kind of in between temperate grassland and NW coniferous. Vegetation consists of mostly deciduous/coniferous trees.

NW Coniferous Cooler, stable temperatures. More rainfall year round, but still pretty dry during summer. Mostly coniferous trees (No shit. O_O)

Boreal Cold in summer, shit cold in winter. Pretty low rainfall year round peaking in August (Rain peaks in august because most of Soviet Russia is boreal. Sorry bad joke. It’s actually mostly tundra.). Vegetation is dense needleleaf/coniferous trees.

Desert Little to no rainfall (no shit o_o). Hot year round, temperatures dip in fall and climb until summer. Cactuses (cacti if you like that better) dominate in the desert.

Tundra Very damn cold. Almost as dry as desert. Most plants hug the ground-frost damages roots.

D. Know how to figure population change given birth/death rates. Seriously. Are you serious? Population-death+birth-leaving+coming in=new population. Durr.

E. Know the population growth curves for predator-prey populations/limited resources. Predator prey: Predators and their curves follow prey and their curves. Not the other way around. Even in Soviet Russia.

F. Review food webz. Basically they indicate ENERGY TRANSFER, not necessarily that something eats something. Because mushrooms eat dead leaves. :P

G. Symbiososisticitis.Relationship Type Description?Monkeys/Spotted Deer Mutualism Monkeys: drop food from

trees for deerDeer: can sense danger.

Hermit Crabs/Rag Worm Commensalism Hermit Crabs: Provide a home for worm.Worm: Do nothing (is that a good thing or bad thing?)

Hermit Crab/Sea Anemone

Mutualism Crab: Give leftovers to anemoneAnemone: Protect teh crabz

Stinging ants/Caterpillar Mutualism Ants: Protect caterpillarCaterpillar: Secrete honeydew for ants

Stinging ants/armored caterpillarz

Predator/Prey Caterpillar om nom nom’s the ants.

Monkeys/Fleas Parasitism Fleas: Suck blood from monkeys.

Bumblebees/Mites Parasitism Mites: Food from bees

Bumblebees: ITCHY Moths/Mites Commensalism Mites: Get a home

Moths: IDCBeetles/Mouse Mutualism Beetles: Eat fleas

Mouse: Not itchy :DFinches/Tortoises Mutualism Finches: Eat parasites o_o

is that bad for themTortoise: Clean

Miscellaneous Mutualism N/ATapeworms/Roundworms + Hosts

Parasitism [blank] 1st period didn’t get to see it.

Fluke and Snail DUDE THAT WAS PRETTTTY DISGUSTING.

Parasitism Fluke: Gets a home/fooood.Snail: Gets eaten by bird- fluke makes snail visible o_o

Ch. 35-40: Human Systems: [3540HS]A. Review HSP. Don’t worry abt relearning shit about hormonal crap or brainz. Only need to

know Estrogen, Testosterone, Insulin, Glycogen, Adrenaline. [See 1337 Bio Guide]B. Review human immune system.

Specific Defense A response that is specific (no shit) to a particular pathogen AKA Immune response.

Nonspecific Defense

A response that comes before a specific defense is employed. Can be used towards any pathogen. 1st line: Prevention (Keep out pathogens) 2nd line: Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

Symptoms include fever, increased mucus production, faster heart rate,

Humoral response- For stuff in body fluids.

Antibodies are produced by plasma cells to group shit together and then some random phagocyte does a drive-by shooting.

Cell-Mediated response- For stuff in cells/tissues.

Cell-mediated response provides a defense against pathogens who have invaded cells/tissues. Basically the macrophage tells the T-cells to blow some shit up. The T-cells bring their gang and then some of them blow up the infected cells by disrupting their cell membranes while the rest watch, and then they walk away like nothing happened.

Plagiarized from somewhere where you don’t know. (BTW it’s from (F)ishimine’s web site.) I have a feeling that this flowchart is gonna be on the test so memorize it >:O

Ch. 19: Bacteria and Viruses: [19Bact]

1. Binary Fission: A method of asexual reproduction that involves a parent cell splitting into 2 daughter cells, AKA mitosis.

2. Conjugation: When bacteria exchange DNA but don’t reproduce altogether.

3. Lytic Infection

4. Lysogenic Infection

5. Gram+ vs. Gram-: The difference is mainly in their cell walls. a. Gram+: The entire cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan (pep-ti-dog-lee-can)b. Gram-: The inner part of the cell wall is made up of peptidog-blahblahblah and

the outer part is a phospholipid bilayer. If you call this outer layer a cell membrane, your bio grade will be ass-raped sideways.

A. Basic structure of bacterium and virus

a. Bacterium: Pili, Flagella, Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA. NO nucleus.

b. Virus: Capsid, DNA/RNA (Retrovirus), Capsid proteins.B. Diseases caused by bacteria/viruses

a. Bacteria:i. Lyme disease

ii. Tetanusiii. Tuberculosisiv. Meningitisv. Strep throat

b. Virusesi. Cold

ii. Influenzaiii. AIDSiv. Chicken poxv. Hepatitis B

vi. West NileC. Bacterial/viral reproduction

a. Bacteria: Binary fission. They can exchange DNA via conjugation.b. Viruses infect shit to reproduce. ‘Nuff said.

Ch. 26-29: Invertebrates [2629Inv]1. Regeneration: Growing back a body part if you lose it.2. Budding: A lost body part grows into a new organism.3. Medusa/Polyp: Medusa=jellyfish thing. Polyp looks like a plant and later buds into a

bunch of medusas (medusae?)4. Metamorphosis: The change that an animal has between the larval and adult stage.5. Radial/bilateral/asymmetry: Your MOM has radial symmetry.6. Endo/exo/hydrostatic skeleton:

a. Endoskeleton: Skeleton inside the body + random mush outside. b. Exoskeleton: Skeleton outside the body+ random mush inside. c. Hydrostatic skeleton: Basically is just a big network of water sacs that use

water pressure and muscles to move the organism (in echinoderms)7. Open/closed circulatory system: An open circulatory system has sinuses for blood

connected to a main aorta. Closed circulatory systems contain a network of vessels.8. Gastrovascular cavity: Basically a stomach-intestine hybrid. Will not have acceleration

problems. It’s a big-ass sac for food where digestion occurs and nutrients diffuse through its walls to the cells.

9. A/pseudo/coelomate: a. Acoelomate: Have no mesoderm-lined body cavity besides digestive tract.b. Pseudocoelomate: Have a body cavity but not completely lined with mesoderm.c. Coelomate: Have a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm.

10.Ecto/meso/endodermEctoderm- Outer Layer Develops into integumentary, nervous

systems.Mesoderm- Middle Layer Musculoskeletal system, reproductive

system, excretory system, circulatory systems.

Endoderm- Inside Layer Develops into digestive, respiratory systems.

11.Proto/deuterostomea. Protostome: Blastopore (initial dent in blastula) becomes mouth. Anus forms

later.b. Deuterostome: Blastopore becomes anus. Mouth forms later.c. Apparently proto/deuterostome only applies to animals with two openings.

A. Know common examples of organisms from the 8 phyla of invertebrates.

a. Poriphera: Spongesb. Cnidarians: Jellyfishies.c. Flatworms: Tapewormsd. Roundworms: Filarial worms, ascarid worms, hookworms, C. eleganse. Annelids: Earthworms, leechers :Pf. Mollusks: Gastropods (snailz), bivalves (clams and shit), cephalopods (squids

and shit), sea bears/sea rhinoceros g. Arthropods: Insects (insects o_o), arachnids (spiders), crustaceans (Barry the

Lobster)h. Echinoderms: Starfish, sea urchin.i. Are sea bears mammals?

B. Mollusks:a. Gastropoda: Stomach-foot: Snails. Absence of/1 shellb. Bivalve: Two shells. Filter feeders. Oysterz, Clams, scallops, and other junk.c. Cephalopods: Head foot: Literally, their head is connected to their feet

(tentacles). Nautiluses (Nautilii?)C. All arthropods have…

a. An exoskeleton of chitinb. Jointed appendagesc. Segmented body parts.

D. Know what the tissue layers, mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm give rise to. We hit 2,000 words [here].

a. I probably already did this somewhere up there, but I’m gonna test my memory. :D I need studying too o_o

b. Ectoderm: Integumentary (skin) and Nervousc. Mesoderm: Reproductive, excretory, musculoskeletal, circulatory, d. Endoderm: Digestive, respiratory systems.e. Took me two tries inclusive Q_Q

E. Know examples of proto/deuterostomes, which are all coelomates/pseudocoelomates.a. Roundworms: Protostomes Pseudocoelomateb. Annelids: Protostomes Coelomatesc. Mollusks: Proto, Coelomd. Arthropods: Proto, Coelome. Echinoderms: Deutero, Coelom

F. Look at random picturesG. Too lazy to do it sorryH. Body symmetry:

a. Sponges: Noneb. Cnidarians: Radialc. Flatworms: Bid. Roundworms: Bie. Annelids: Bif. Mollusks: Big. Arthropods: Bih. Echinoderms: Radial lol echinoderms are going backwards.

Ch. 30-33: Vertebrates [3033Vert]1. Ovi/Ovovivi/Vivi parous

a. Lays eggs/Doesn’t lay their eggs/No eggs2. Endo/ectothermic

a. Regulates body temperature/ heater/AC is broken3. Internal/external fertilization

a. Self explanatoryA. Characteristics of all chordates

a. Have a dorsal nerve cord

b. Have a notochordc. Have pharyngeal pouchesd. Tail that extends beyond the anus (kinda random lol)

B. Characteristics of all vertebratesa. First off, vertebrates are a subdivision of chordates.b. Vertebrates have brains (imagine that :O)c. Vertebrates have a backbone (imagine THAT) which replaces the notochord

C. 8 classes of vertebrates on next page

Class Heart

What do I piss out?

Fertilization

Ovo/ Vivi/ Ovovivi: O/OV/V

Circula-tory loops

2 hole digest syst.

Examples

Super-class Agnatha- No jaws. No vertebrae: they keep notochords

2 NH3 Ext. O 1loop ? Hagfish Lamprey

Chondrichthyes- Cartilage skeletons: No bones. Carnivores/ filter/ bottom feeders.

2 NH3 Ext. O/V 1 Y Shark Ray Skate

Osteichthyes- Bony fish. Most are ray-finned, except things like coelacanth and lungfish.

2 NH3 Ext. O/OV/V 1 Y Pretty much all else + Seabear

Amphibians- Moist skin. Eggs need to be laid in water. Undergo metamorphosis except caecilians.

3

Reptiles- Dry scaly skin. Have scales, amniotic eggs. Ectotherms.

3/4 Uric Acid Int. O 2 Y Turtle Lizard Snake Raptor :O

Birds- Can fly. Have hollow bones, feathers, amniotic eggs, air sacs for breathing, swim bladders (flying fish only), cloacas. Endotherms+ 4 chambered hearts.

4 Uric Acid Int. O 2 Y Pelican Flying fish Bird is the word

Monotremes/ Marsupials. Mammals that lay eggs/have pouches for kids. Monotremes have cloacas and lay eggs.

4 Urea Int. O/V 2 Y Echidna Kangaroo and shit like that

Placental Mammalz. Cephalized. Most features are plain ol’ common sense. (What’s common sense?)

4 Urea Int. V 2 Y Horse whale walrus hippo your mom.