c 24: new worlds: the americas and oceania hispaniola (haiti-dominican republic indigenous taino...
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C 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania
Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican RepublicIndigenous Taino people (4 million 1492
(1000s by 1540s)Encomienda system?Gold, some silver NOT silks and spices
Taino populations gone by mid 16th CCulture preserved through language
fire consuming the temple of Huitzilopochtli
the appearance of streaking fire
across the sky,
the “boiling,” and later flooding, of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan,
a woman weeping in the middle of night
Fishermen discovered a bird that wore a strange mirror in the crown of its head. Montezuma looked into the mirror and saw a distant plain, with people making war against each other and riding on the backs of animals resembling deer.
and the sightings of strange monsters having two heads and only one body throughout the city.
God Quetzalcoatl (bearded, fair skinned Toltec god) was to return from the East
The emperor Montezuma was said to have consulted fortune tellers to determine the causes of these omens; but they were unable to provide an exact explanation until after the arrival of the Spaniards
Hernan Cortes Montezuma II
Spanish arrive
Messengers killed
Tlaxcala
Malinche interprets(Maya and Nahuatl)
1520: Death of Montezuma II
June 1520: Fall of the Aztec Empire600 Spanish Conquistadors killed100-200,000 Aztecs killed: battle of Tenochtitlan
December 1520: 70 day smallpox epidemic
Bartolome de las Casas:Wrote about abuse of native populationsInitially suggested imported Africans for labor
Florentine Codex1547-1558
Bernardino de Sahagun:Father of modern enthography
During a ceremony on July 12, 1562, a disputed number of Maya codices (or books; Landa admits to 27, other sources claim "99 times as many") and approximately 5,000 Maya cult images were burned. The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas.
Bishop Diego de LandaRelación de las Cosas de Yucatán 1566
1572: Spaniards executing Tupac AmaruLast Inca emperor
Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa, in 1532, drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, c. 1600.
Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa:The Fall of the Inca Empire 1532-1533
Pizarro had 180 soldiers60 reinforcements to conquer an empire of 11 million
Atahualpa and HuascarInca army = thousands
(Submit and Live, Resist and Die)Battle of Cajamarca 1532
Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala
Guaman Poma's great work was the (The First New Chronicle and Good Government), a 1,189-page document.. His book remains the longest sustained critique of Spanish colonial rule produced by an indigenous subject in the entire colonial period. Written between 1600 and 1615 and addressed to King Philip II of Spain, the Corónica outlines the injustices of colonial rule and argues that the Spanish were foreign settlers in Peru. The king never received the document.
EuropeanEuropeans in the s in the
Americas?Americas?
EuropeanEuropeans in the s in the
Americas?Americas?
PortuguesPortuguese and e and
indigenouindigenous peoples?s peoples?
PortuguesPortuguese and e and
indigenouindigenous peoples?s peoples?
Similarities and
Differences?
Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy established in colonial America.
What evidence would you use to answer this question?
Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy established in colonial America.
Similarities:
Differences: S: P:Peninsulares PensinsularesCreoles (Crillos) MESTIZOSMESTIZOS MulattosRIGID Hierarchy Zambos
Peninsulares owned all -More male dominated
the land and power 85% of migrant populationwas male- more African slaves (1518:
first slaves imported to New Word- to Brazil
-Portuguese planters and owners of sugar mills were a
privileged class- acted like the landed nobility- as long as they contributed toroyal revenues, they were left
alone- People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule-Mixed race performed much of the manual labor-Members of native European countries were the pinnacle of the social ladder-Mixed races below on the social hierarchy-Slaves at the bottom
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystemPeninsularePeninsulare
ssPeninsularePeninsulare
ss CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves
Social Organization:Similar or Differentfrom other areas?
Zambos?
Spanish+
Natives
African+
Spanish/Portugese
Born in America/Iberian parents
Miguel Cabrera: 18th century Zapotec artist…
Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administrationestablished in colonial America.
What evidence would you use to answer this question?
Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administrationestablished in colonial America.
Differences: S:- initially ruled by conquistadores- semi-private regimes that gave
way to the Spanish crown-administrative centers in Mexico
andPeru governed by viceroys- viceroys were reviewed by
audencias
haciendasencomienda system eventually
replaced by the repartimiento systemquinto: Spanish crown claimed
1/5 of all silver produced
P:-Sugar plantations-Portuguese king granted large territories to nobles-Expected nobles to develop their holdings-Dispatched a governor to oversee affairs and enforce-Imperial policy
Similarities:
-Imperial rule/ royal backing and oversight-European style society in the cities-Both developed colonies for economic gain’-Tried to gain control of as much land and territory as possible-Tried to make sure officials remained loyal to their respective governments-- generally saw this land as a place to exploit rather than as a place to settle
A Hacienda in Chile
Mexico City and Lima?
Zacatecas: One of the most productive of its silver mines, the Alvarado, has records which show a production of nearly $800,000,000 in silver between 1548 and 1867.
Potosi
Quinto?Mita service?
European Empires and ColoniesIn the Americas, 1700
Colonial governmentin North America:
Private investors VSRoyal backing…
North American Populations
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
1500 1800
Native
European
African
Export of Tobacco from Virginia
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1616 1624 1638
Pounds
Compare the nature of the contact between the indigenous peoples and the Spanish, French and English in colonial America.
What evidence would you use to answer this question?
S:-forced labor so half hearted
attempt to rebel/ little option available to them
- mestizo populations develop because
initially Spanish men settled in Americas by themselves
Differences: - some attempt to use Spanish law to address poor treatment
Fr: (more success w/ CONVERSION)
- initially French male traders and fur trappers
- Meti populations develop (FR and Native America)- mot as oppressive/ Fr don’t force religion or government on natives- Native Americans used the Fr and English against one another to
maximize profit
E:- treaties/ not great. English tended
to settled in North America as families- FARMS conflicted w indigenous migrations/ hunting: led to conflict/ bitterness/ resentment/ HATED interracial marriages/ didn’t care about religious conversion
Compare the nature of the contact between the indigenous peoples and the Spanish, French and English in colonial America.
Similarities:
In all cases, Europeans metDisorganized groups of indigenous peoples (unlike Spanish Latin America)
All were seeking trading relationships.(fur, fish…)- trade routes
All eventually came to dominate the indigenous populations
1531: Latin America/ Virgin of Guadalupe yes!
Spanish fort in Florida
Social:Development and Transformation of social structures
Political:State-building, expansion and conflict
InteractionBetween humans and the environment
S
P
I
C
E
Spanish: introduced smallpox, reduced native pop by 90% (~ 4 million to 2000) imposed strict system of social hierarchy based on race (peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos, zambos)/ harsh treatment of natives: encomienda system repartimiento system, mita service)/ established capitals in European style: Mexico City (New Spain), Lima (New Castile)./early settlers mostly single menPortuguese: no forced labor for natives, imported African slaves for sugar mills, similar social hierarchy to the Spanish/ early settlers mostly single men: social classes created from offspring of Europeans and Africans (mulattos) and natives and Africans (zambos) (BOTH social systems based on race)French: mostly single men come over to Americas: enter into relationship with native
women = metisEnglish: families come over- less interaction with natives
Spanish/ Portuguese: viceroyalties, audencias check the power of the viceroys,encomineda system serves as mechanism for controlBrazil: given to nobles by the kingIberian royal crowns controlled the colonies to a greater degree than the
British or French
British/ French: more independent, backed by support of some private investors as well as the crown under a mercantilist model
Latin America: Plantations/ haciendas/ mining/ gold and silver / sugar/ introductionof smallpox and huge population loss
North America: originally intend to live off the land and import goods/ later becomesettled agriculturalists- learn from nativesNew England: refine sugarcane into molasses for exportFrench: exploit fur resources
90% of native popLost in Latin Am
North Am = mostlydisplacement
Culture:Development and interaction of cultures
Economic:Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems
S
P
I
C
E
Spanish/ Portuguese: intentionally do not encourage cultural exchange ordiffusion, tried to eliminate native beliefs and replace with Roman Catholicism. Missionaries present early on:Bartolomeu de las Casas, Bishop Diego de Landa- Virgin ofGuadalupe represents support for Christianity among natives
English/ French: neither had much interest in converting natives to Christianitymore cultural diffusion with the French/ English resisted mixed relationships the most / Africans in French colonies = voodoo
Native resistance: try to retain cultural identity but largely unsuccessful- some revolts in North America/ African slaves attempted revolt but not successful
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: native Incan who protested to the king to no availTupac Amaru rebellion (Inca) 1572 : led a rebel state, last Inca ruler, executed by the Spanish
Spanish/ Portuguese: first looked for finished products/ spices/ gold/ finding noneset up plantation economies (mostly sugar cane)Spanish: silver mines (Zacatecas, Mexico/ Potosi), Peru/ Manilla galleonsEMCOMIENDA/ REPARTIMIENTO/ FREE LABORqunito taxBrazil: engenhos
English: mercantile system/ Atlantic Slave trade/ sugar = molasses and rumindentured servants as labor pooldid not enslave the nativescash crops = cotton, tobacco, southern plantations
French: in North America = fur trade, timber, fish in Caribbean colonies = horrible plantation conditions, sugarcane
Mostly Mexico
Not Peru
Vasco da Gama Adam SmithAlfonso d Albuquerque MercantilismFerdinand and Isabel Spanish InquisitionChristopher Columbus CopernicusTaino John LockeHispaniola Thirty Years’ WarMotivations for exploration? Peace of WestphaliaColumbian Exchange Balance of PowerSeven Year’s War Hernan CortesManila Galleons Francisco PizarroJames Cook Atahualpa/HuascarMartin Luther viceroysProtestant Reformation audenciasJohn Calvin quintoHenry VIII PotosiCouncil of Trent peninsluares/mestizos/crillosLouis XIV mulattos/ zambosEnglish East India Company North America: royal backingUnited East India Company (VOC) encomiendasIndulgences mitaDivine Right of Kings indentured servitude
Compare the forced labor systems utilized by the Spanish, Portuguese and the English in colonial America.
Social:Development and Transformation of social structures
Political:State-building, expansion and conflict
InteractionBetween humans and the environment
S
P
I
C
E
1572
Culture:Development and interaction of cultures
Economic:Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems
S
P
I
C
E
Post- 15th Century Trade Routes?
POV?