by: ms. susan m. pojer horace greeley hs chappaqua, ny adaptations by m lynde godwin hs henrico,va
TRANSCRIPT
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
Adaptations by M Lynde Godwin HS Henrico,VA
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
Adaptations by M Lynde Godwin HS Henrico,VA
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Towns of Crimea are sweetheart geographical location for trade.
This was about the declining Ottoman Empire….
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Russia as policeman of Europe via CoV. In exchange for providing armies used to suppress revolutions of 1848 and 1849, Russia wrongly thought it would have a free hand in Ottoman Empire = “Sick man of Europe.”
It becomes the “eastern question.”
France under Napoleon III sends ambassadors to Ottoman so Ottomans will recognize Fr. as sovereign authority over Christians in Ottoman Empire.Russia disputed this claim; they were the protectors of the Orthodox Christians
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Napoleon III responds with force
Then Tsar Nicholas I brings his 4th and 5th army corps along River Danube.
Nicholas Cage began courting England….He felt Austria won’t object if Russia annexed a few neighboring areas; esp. since Russia assisted Austria in suppressing Revolutions of 1848
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Russia[claimed
protectorship over the Orthodox
Christians in the Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Lots of logistical and tactical errors
Considered preview of WWI
Modern war b/c technical changes *1st use of railways and electric telegraph
Birth of Red Cross a la Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole
1st photographs..
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
The Charge of the Light Brigade:
The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson
Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…
Treaty of Paris [1856]Treaty of Paris [1856]
No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.
All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.
Who benefitted?
Who lost big?
Test Your KnowledgeTest Your KnowledgeWhich of the following represented a major diplomatic result of the Crimean War?A.France withdrew in defeat from European affairsB.Austria emerged in a strengthened political positionC.The Concert of Europe was effectively reinstatedD.It opened the way for German and Italian unification
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor Emmanuel
II
Giuseppi Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders
Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet” Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet”
Italian unification movement:
Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]
Catholic conservative Austrians to the north and conservative papal forces in Rome
Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet” Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet”
The French are hoping the
Austrians will go to war and
that the French alliance will
result in French annexation of
Nice and Savoy
Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the
French, (April 30, 1849)
Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the
French, (April 30, 1849)
Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet” Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet”
But France is involved at
home…and it looks like the Austrians are resigned to
losing Lombardy to
Sardinia as long as Sardinia
doesn’t annex anything else
Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?
Began some liberal reforms- released liberals in jail.
Some people thought Italy might unify around a more moderate pope….
But face it, the pope is hardly going to turn on the Hapsburg Austrian dynasty as that is the only thing securing his own rule…
He does not support a war against Austria
Step #1: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops
to the Crimea
Step #1: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops
to the Crimea
What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?
Step #2: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at
Plombières, 1858
Step #2: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at
Plombières, 1858
Step #4: Austro-Prussian War,1866Step #4: Austro-Prussian War,1866
Austria loses control of Venetia.
Venetia is annexed to Italy.
Step #5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour
Step #5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour
A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.
Chancellor Otto von BismarckChancellor Otto von Bismarck
“Blood&
Iron”
RealpolitikThe “IronChancello
r ”
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how
sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Step #2: Austro-Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
PrussiaPrussia
AustriaAustria
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.
He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War
Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:
Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Step #5: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
Step #5: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing” the French.
Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].
Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the
Kaiser
Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the
Kaiser
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program
Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized.
The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.
The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.
Bismarck’s Reapproachment
With the Catholic Church
Bismarck’s Reapproachment
With the Catholic Church
Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII
The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary
The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag
Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]
Defeat in the Crimean War.
Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].
Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]
Reactionary.
Slavophile.
“Russification” program.
Jews forced migration to the Pale