Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Reasons for European Reasons for European Migrations to the Migrations to the

Americas in the 17Americas in the 17cc

Reasons for European Reasons for European Migrations to the Migrations to the

Americas in the 17Americas in the 17cc

VirginiaVirginiaVirginiaVirginia

The Charter of the Virginia Company:The Charter of the Virginia Company: Guaranteed to Guaranteed to

colonists the same colonists the same rights as Englishmen rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England.in England.

This provision was This provision was incorporated into incorporated into future colonists’ future colonists’ documents.documents.

Colonists felt that, even in the Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!Englishmen!

English ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish Colonization

Late 1606 Late 1606 VA Co. sends out 3 VA Co. sends out 3 shipsships

Spring 1607 Spring 1607 land at mouth of land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.Chesapeake Bay.

Attacked by Indians and move on.Attacked by Indians and move on.

May 24, 1607 May 24, 1607 about 100 colonists about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James Riverbanks of James River

Easily defended, but swarming with Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.disease-causing mosquitoes.

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

Jamestown Jamestown Settlement, 1609Settlement, 1609

Jamestown Jamestown Settlement, 1609Settlement, 1609

Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Geographic/environmental Geographic/environmental problems??problems??

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement

(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement

(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Jamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlementJamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlement

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

1606-1607 1606-1607 40 people died on the 40 people died on the voyage to the New World.voyage to the New World.

1609 1609 another ship from England another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.shipwreck off Bermuda.

Settlers died by the dozens! Settlers died by the dozens!

““Gentlemen” colonists would not Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.work themselves.

Game in forests & fish in river Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.uncaught.

Settlers wasted time looking for gold Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.instead of hunting or farming.

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??

There was no talk…but dig There was no talk…but dig goldgold, , wash wash goldgold, refine , refine goldgold, load , load goldgold……

PocahontasPocahontasPocahontasPocahontas

A 1616 A 1616 engravingengraving

Pocahontas “saves” Pocahontas “saves” Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

River Settlement River Settlement PatternPattern

River Settlement River Settlement PatternPattern

Large plantations [>100 acres].Large plantations [>100 acres].

Widely spread apart [>5 miles].Widely spread apart [>5 miles].

Social/EconomicSocial/EconomicPROBLEMS???PROBLEMS???

Jamestown Colonization Jamestown Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

Jamestown Colonization Jamestown Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates

The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:

1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrantsimmigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%

““Widowarchy”Widowarchy”““Widowarchy”Widowarchy”

High mortality High mortality among among husbands and husbands and fathers left fathers left many women many women in the in the Chesapeake Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual unusual autonomy and autonomy and wealth!wealth!

Chief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief Powhatan

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

Powhatan dominated a Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes few dozen small tribes in the James River in the James River area when the English area when the English arrived.arrived.

The English called allThe English called allIndians in the areaIndians in the areaPowhatans.Powhatans.

Powhatan probably sawPowhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the control other Indian tribes in the region.region.

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

Indian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian Foods

Relations between Indians & settlers Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.grew worse.

General mistrust because of different General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.cultures & languages.

English raided Indian food supplies English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.during the starving times.

1610-1614 1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan First Anglo-Powhatan WarWar

De La Warr had orders to make war De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.on the Indians.

Raided villages, burned houses, took Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.supplies, burned cornfields.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

1614-1622 1614-1622 peace between peace between Powhatans and the English.Powhatans and the English.

1614 peace sealed by the marriage of 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.

1622-1644 1622-1644 periodic attacks periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.between Indians and settlers.

1622 1622 Indians attacked the English, Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].killing 347 [including John Rolfe].

Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.war” against the Native Americans.

Raids reduced native population and Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.drove them further westward.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprisingof 1622of 1622

Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprisingof 1622of 1622

1644-1646 1644-1646 Second Anglo- Second Anglo-Powhatan WarPowhatan War

Last effort of natives to defeat Last effort of natives to defeat English.English.

Indians defeated again.Indians defeated again.

Peace Treaty of 1646Peace Treaty of 1646

Removed the Powhatans from their Removed the Powhatans from their original land.original land.

Formally separated Indian and Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!English settlement areas!

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe

What finally made the colony What finally made the colony prosperous??prosperous??

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver.. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Why did tobacco prices decline so Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?precipitously?

IndentureIndentured d

ServitudeServitude

IndentureIndentured d

ServitudeServitude

HeadrightHeadrightSystemSystem

Indentured Contract, 1746Indentured Contract, 1746

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude

Headright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage each person whose passage they paid.they paid.

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” [land, Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]£]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!their indentured contracts!

Richard Frethorne’sRichard Frethorne’s1623 Letter1623 Letter

Richard Frethorne’sRichard Frethorne’s1623 Letter1623 Letter

In-Class ActivityIn-Class Activity::1.1. Describe the life of the indentured Describe the life of the indentured

servant as presented in this letter.servant as presented in this letter.

2.2. What are some of the problems he What are some of the problems he and the other servants experienced?and the other servants experienced?

3.3. What are their biggest fears?What are their biggest fears?

4.4. What does a historian learn about What does a historian learn about life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:

Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.

Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.

Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses established in established in 16191619 & began to & began to assume the role of the House of assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England

Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was , H of B was able to initiate legislation.able to initiate legislation.

A Council appointed by royal A Council appointed by royal governorgovernor

Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.

Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.

High death rates ensured rapid High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.turnover of members.

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia

He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.

He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..

1624 1624 he revoked the charter of he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.the bankrupt VA Company.

Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!under the king’s direct control!

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 16191619..

Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.

Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1607 1630 1650 1670 1690

White

Black

WHY this large increase in black WHY this large increase in black popul.??popul.??

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

Goods Traded with AfricaGoods Traded with AfricaGoods Traded with AfricaGoods Traded with Africa

The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”

As the number of slaves As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial to put down perceived racial threat.threat.

Slavery transformed from Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial economic to economic and racial institution.institution.

Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between differences between slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.

By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured outnumbered white indentured servants.servants.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”

Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.

In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.

Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.the Chesapeake area.

Little access to land or women for Little access to land or women for marriage.marriage.

1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!disenfranchised most landless men!

Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

Led 1,000 Virginians Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley

Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close Berkeley’s close relations with relations with Indians.Indians.

Berkeley Berkeley monopolized the fur monopolized the fur trade with the trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.

Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernoGovernorr

William William BerkeleyBerkeley

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Rebels attacked Indians, whether Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.they were friendly or not to whites.

Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.

They burned the capital.They burned the capital.

Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.

Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.

Berkeley brutally crushed the Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

It exposed resentments between It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.coastal plantations.

Socio-economic class Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would and urban communities would continue throughout American continue throughout American history.history.

Upper class planters searched for Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel laborers less likely to rebel BLACK BLACK SLAVES!!SLAVES!!

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland

A royal charter wasA royal charter wasgranted to Georgegranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Calvert, Lord Baltimore,Baltimore,in 1632.in 1632.

A A proprietary proprietary colony colony created in 1634.created in 1634.

A healthier locationA healthier locationthan Jamestown.than Jamestown.

Tobacco would be the Tobacco would be the main crop.main crop.

His plan was to govern as an absentee His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.proprietor in a feudal relationship.

Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.relatives.

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)

Currency in Early Currency in Early MarylandMaryland

Currency in Early Currency in Early MarylandMaryland

Colonists only willing to come to MD if Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land.they received land.

Colonists who did come received Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area.Chesapeake area.

Catholic land barons surrounded by Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers.mostly Protestant small farmers.

Conflict between barons and farmers led Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17the end of the 17cc..

In the late 1600s, black slaves began to In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.be imported.

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

Baltimore permitted high degree of Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.Protestants.

High number of Protestants threatened High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.Catholics.

Maryland Toleration Act of 1649Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD.

Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.

Decreed death to those who denied the Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].

In one way, it was less tolerant than In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!before the law was passed!!

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649

The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649

...whatsoever person or persons shall from ...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this province or within any ports, comercing within this province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a Brownist or any other name or term in a reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such levied on the goods and chattels of every such offender and offenders...offender and offenders...

and if they could not pay, they were to be and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended "he, she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...." or grieved by such reproachful language...."

British Colonial British Colonial Settlements by 1660Settlements by 1660

British Colonial British Colonial Settlements by 1660Settlements by 1660