by melissa jakubowski pulmonary disease treatment concerning copd
TRANSCRIPT
AGENDA
Introduce the journal article Review of preliminary backgroundDiscuss the details of the studyEvaluation of the studyDiscuss how the implications of the study translate into practice
Questions
JOURNAL ARTICLE
• Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving ventilatory support
THIS STUDY ASSESSED:
•The effect ofsystemic corticosteroids on ICU patients who were mechanically ventilated (invasive or noninvasive) due to COPD exacerbations
IMPORTANCE
• Previous randomized trials assessing the effect of systemic corticosteroid therapy on COPD exacerbations have excluded patients with respiratory failure who required mechanical ventilation or ICU admission• Critically ill patients in the ICU are more
prone to develop complications potentially associated with corticosteroid therapy
COPD AND CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY
• COPD: airways damaged interfering with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
• Function: reduce lung and bronchial tube inflammation related to tissue damage and improve respiratory function
SHORT-TERM SIDE EFFECTS
• Increased appetite• Fluid retention•Weight gain• Increased blood pressure•Hyperglycemia
SYSTEMIC STEROIDS, CORTICOSTEROIDS
• Prednisone• Prednisolone• Methylprednisolone• Betamethasone • Beclamethasone• Dexamethasone• Flurocortisone• Hydrocortisone• Triamcinolone
SCREENING FOR SUBJECTS
• Screening: 354 patients from 8 hospitals in 4 countries from July 2005 – July 2009• Criteria: hospitalization because of
exacerbation of COPD requiring ventilatory support in the ICU• Controls: diagnosis of “exacerbation of
COPD” was explicitly defined; patients with conditions that would alter integrity of study were excluded
ETHICS•Approved by the ethics committee at each hospital•Written informed consent obtained from patients or their surrogates
STUDY POPULATION
354 patients screened for
eligibility
46 Patients with conventional mechanical ventilation
37 Patients with noninvasive mechanical ventilation
271 (76%) patients excluded
165 Steroid treatment42 Pneumonia
23 Refused consent34 Other
BASELINE CHARACTERISTICSCharacteristic Placebo Group
(n=40)Corticosteroid Group (n=43)
P Value
Age (year) 67.6 69.1 0.52
Men (%) 34 32 0.23
SAPS II 36.3 36.3 0.99
Comorbid condition (%)• DM 22 35
0.07
Reason for acute exacerbation of COPD (%)
0.72
Initial ventilatory support (%)
0.60
Blood gases 0.72
Blood glucose (mg/dL)
158.7 193.3 0.02
STUDY DESIGN• Within 24 hours after ICU admission,
patients randomly assigned to either corticosteroid group or placebo group
46 Patients with conventional mechanical
ventilation
25 Patients assigned to
receive corticosteroids
21 Patients assigned to
receive placebo
19 Patients assigned to
receive placebo
18 Patients assigned to
receive corticosteroids
37 Patients with noninvasive mechanical
ventilation
LENGTH OF ADMINISTRATION: 10 DAYS
Treatment Group
• Methylprednisolone
Placebo Group
• Normal saline solution
ADMINISTRATION REGIMEN
Days 1-3
• 0.5 mg/kg every 6 hours
Day 4-6
• 0.5 mg/kg every 12 hours
Days 7-10
• 0.5 mg/kg per day
OUTCOME MEASURES
• Duration of mechanical ventilation, d• Length of ICU stay, d• Length of hospital stay, d• In-ICU mortality, %• Failure of NIMV, % • Reintubation within 48 hours of planned extubation and received CMV either initially or after failure of NIMV, %
FREQUENCY OF ADVERSE EVENTS
•Superinfection•Gastrointestinal bleeding•Arterial hypertension•Hyperglycemia•Ventilator-associated pneumonia•Delirium• ICU-acquired paresis
OTHER DAILY MEASUREMENTS
•ABG analysis•C-reactive protein•Maximal blood glucose level•Daily dose of insulin•PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure): only in patients who were intubated
RESULTS: OUTCOME MEASURESOutcome Placebo Group Corticosteroid
GroupP Value
Duration of mechanical ventilation, d
4 3 0.04
Length of ICU stay, d
7 6 0.09
Length of hospital stay, d
15 13 0.30
In-ICU mortality, %
10 12 0.81
Failure of NIMV, %
37 0 0.004
Reintubation within 48h, %
19 14 0.71
REDUCTION IN THE INCIDENCE OF NIV FAILURE
Corticosteroid Group Placebo Group0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
NIV
Fa
ilu
re,
%
FREQUENCY OF ADVERSE EVENTS
Event Placebo Group Corticosteroid Group
P Value
Superinfection 6 5 0.65
GI bleeding 2 2 0.60
Arterial HTN 4 2 0.42
Hyperglycemia 10 20 0.04
Vent-associated pneumonia
3 4 0.77
Delirium 3 1 0.35
ICU-acquired paresis
0 0 …
PROS VS. CONS
Pros• Modest reduction in
the duration of mechanical ventilation• Increased success of
NIMV• Trend towards shorter
ICU stay
Cons• Hyperglycemia
EVALUATION OF THE STUDY: PROS
• 1st study to confirm the benefits of systemic corticosteroid therapy for ICU patients receiving MV for COPD exacerbation• Validates its usage in clinical practice today•Double-blinded experiment• Source of funding
PROS (CONTINUED)
• Funded by University of Vall d’Hebron Hospital, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (LEC)• LEC mission statement: “to contribute to
lessen the impact of cardiovascular diseases on survival capacity and quality of life of the general population by elucidating the mechanisms of disease and proposing new treatments”
EVALUATION OF THE STUDY: CONS
• Results will not have an impact on current clinical treatment practice guidelines• Sample size was small (83)• Length of study (5 years)•Does not mention the effect of the drug on eating behavior
RESOURCE• Alia I, de la Cal MA, Esteban A, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving ventilatory support. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(21):1939-1946. Accessed April 13, 2012.
ADDITIONAL THOUGHTS
•What about corticosteroid long-term side-effects?•Optimal dose and length of treatment?•How do the findings translate into practice?