by carolyn sivco, hailey lapa, preslee nolte, stephanie azevedo, and meghan castellano
TRANSCRIPT
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By Carolyn Sivco, Hailey Lapa, Preslee Nolte, Stephanie Azevedo, and Meghan Castellano
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3 Major Divisions of the Brain
CerebellumMedulla OblongataCerebrum
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CerebellumCoordination of voluntary, equilibrium, and
muscle tone.Integrates and passes both sensory and
motor information to/from the brain.Maintains posture, and balance.Regulates skeletal movements and muscles in
order to have smooth/coordinated movementsNecessary for learning new motor skills
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CerebellumNeurons of the cerebellar cortex are
distributed into three layers.Molecular Layer: most external, crest shape,
and elaborates information. Intermediate Layer: made up of Purkinje
cells which carry information relative to the movements of the body to the outside of the cerebellum
The Granular Layer: most inner layer, granular and Golgi cells-filter incoming information.
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Damage to CerebellumInjury can cause slowed and/or uncoordinated
movementsThe inability to judge distance and when to stop
(dysmetria) The inability to perform rapid alternating
movements (adiadochokinesia)movement tremors (intention tremors)staggering, wide based walking (ataxic gait)tendency toward fallingweak muscles (hypotonia)slurred speech (ataxic dysarthria)abnormal eye movements (nystagmus)
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Cerebral palsyLack of oxygen to the brain tissue.Can occur during birth by trauma and lack of
blood flow to the brainIt is more common in twins and premature
laborsAbnormal movements (twisting, jerking, or
writhing) of the hands, feet, arms, or legs while awake, which gets worse during periods of stress
TremorsUnsteady gaitLoss of coordinationFloppy muscles
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Fun FactsFrom birth age until age 2, the cerebellum
grows faster than the rate of the brain.Is almost like a mini brain. “Memories of
work” – gradually learned movements. “Data bank” – daily movements.
Rapid impulses produced by cerebral cortex can elaborate data in less then 1/10 of a second.
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Medulla OblongataStructure:
Located at the bottom of the brainstemConnects the brain and the spinal cordOnly 3 cm long
Controls and regulates numerous visceral organs
Allows nerve signals to move from the brain to the spinal cordThe vagus nerve
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Medulla OblongataRegulates and controls:
BreathingBlood pressure Heartbeat
Contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and swallowing
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Damage to the MedullaSupportive equipment may be needed to keep
the body working
Head injuries and a variety of drugs and medications can cause this damage (ex. opiates and alcohol)
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CerebrumLocated in the front/top of the brainstemLargest and most developed division in the brain.The cerebral cortex
Receives and processes visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and olfactory information.
Composed of 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
Speech and language
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Limbic SystemComposed of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and
amygdala.The primary functions:
EmotionsMemories
The hypothalamus = mainly concerned with homeostasis.
The hippocampus = short and long term memoriesThe amygdala = the feeling of stimulating anger.
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Cerebrum Pictures
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Pictures (cont)
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Temporal LobeLocated beneath the frontal and parietal
lobes on each side of the brainjust above one’s ears
Functions:Emotional responsesHearingMemorySpeechReading
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Temporal Lobe EpilepsyReoccurring seizures that affect temporal lobe
functionsCauses
Head injury or an infection that affects the brain, such as meningitis.
GeneticsBlood vessel malformations
Simple Partial Seizures – consciousness is not affected
Complex Partial Seizures – consciousness is affectedMedications and surgery can be used to treat
this disease
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Occipital LobeSmallest part of the brain; located at the
back of the skullProcesses visual informationRecognition of shapes and colorsOccipital Lobe Epilepsy
Unusual seizures, hallucinations, uncontrollable eye movements, fast eye-blinking, eye pain
Caused by genetics, tumors, vascular malfunctions, trauma, or brain injuries
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Parietal LobeLocated behind the frontal lobes and above
the temporal lobesFunctions:
Information Processing Pain and Touch Sensation Speech Visual Perception
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Frontal LobeLocated at the front of the cerebrum
Extremely vulnerable to injuryFunctions:
Reasoning & planningParts of speechMovementEmotions
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Neuron in Impulse TransmissionDendrites or senders trigger the neuron.Sodium Ions come through the plasma
membrane, while potassium ions leave the cell.An electrical impulse is formed
the cyton receives the impulse and sends it to the axons.
A chemical transmitter (acetylcholine) is released into the synapse the chemical transmitter then keeps the process
going by activating the nerves.
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Pictures
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Types of head Injuries Concussion
injury to the brain pass out for a short time vision blurs and trouble balancing.
Contusion bruise of the brain bleeding causing swelling.
Skull Fracture when the skull cracks sometimes edges of the broken bones can cut into the
brain causes bleeding and swelling
Hematoma bleeding in the brain that clots and then forms a
bump.
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Brain Abscesses Collection of immune cells, pus, and other
material in the brain. Caused when bacteria or fungi infects part of the
brain. Swelling and inflammation usually develops in response
A membrane forms around the infected area and creates a brain abscess.Brain swells and puts pressure on soft brain tissue =
NOT GOOD The infected material may cause blockage of the blood
vessels in the brain. Life threatening
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Brain Abscesses cont’d What are the symptoms of brain abscesses?
aching neck, shoulders, or backchange in mental status or confusionfever and chillsHeadache and vision changesVomitingloss of muscle function
How do you treat this?Antibiotics
fight off the bacteria that caused the infectionSurgery may be needed depending on the severity of
the infection.
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Diseases of the Brain and Nervous SystemHuntington’s diseaseEpilepsyAlzheimer’s DiseaseTrigeminal Neuralgia
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Huntington’s Disease Genetically programmed degeneration of brain
cells Symptoms:
depression, mood swings, irritability, and trouble doing simple tasks like driving.
Degeneration causes uncontrollable movements, emotional disturbance, and loss of intellectual
abilities. Medication to control HD Side effects include:
fatigue, restlessness, and hyperexcitibility.
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Epilepsy “to Seize” common neurological disorder recurrent seizures. abnormal or excessive neuronal activity in the brain. can sometimes be controlled (but not cured) by
medication Commissurotomy can reduce the severity of the
seizures. corpus callosum, which connects the two hemispheres of
the brain, gets cut. Stimuli are transferred For epilepsy massive amounts of neurons are
transferred if the connection is cut the neurons will stay in one
hemisphere, which reduces the severity of the seizure.
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Alzheimer’s Disease Most common form of dementia Loss of ability in thinking , remembering, and
reasoning. Damage to brain begins 10 to 20 years before any
problems are evident. Plaques form and healthy neurons begin to work less
efficiently. Third stage is the loss of connections between
neurons in the brain because they lose their ability to function and communicate.
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Trigeminal NeuralgiaNerve disorder of the fifth cranial nerve
(trigeminal)Sudden shock-like facial pains
Normally only affects one side of the face, sometimes found on both sides.
Called "suicide disease“ and/or most excruciatingly painful human condition.
Atypical Trigeminal NeuralgiaCommon age for TN is around 50
has also been found in infants and teens.
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Trigeminal Neuralgia
Treatment:anti-convulsant drugs, such as Tegretol
or Neurontin. neurosurgical proceduresmedical therapies such as acupuncture,
chiropractic adjustment, self-hypnosis or meditation.
Rare disease - affects less than 200,000 people US.
The exact cause of TN is not fully understood.
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Trigeminal Neuralgia
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Marijuana (pot)
The temporal lobe weakens short term memory and even blocks info
from becoming long term memory. The prefontal lobe
controls our emotions and higher thinking. The hypothalamus
controls hunger stimulus. people get the “munchies” after they use pot
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Inhalants
Effect the brain immediately after using. Fatty tissues that protect the nerve cells in
the brain get destroyed by the vapors. neural transmissions slow down or even stop.
Effects of the inhalants include: diminished ability to learn, remember, and
solve problems.
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THE END <3