By: By:

Jordan KidderJordan Kidder&&

Zack MeadZack Mead

Period Period 66

Conversion FactorsConversion FactorsConversion factor- the process of taking a measurement and converting it into a different measurement unit either smaller or larger (ex: 1 meter =

100 centimeters)

# unit

# UNITOR # UNIT

# unit

How to ApplyHow to Apply

Convert 1,050 km to cm

To start you should know that 1 meter = 10^0.

Therefore, 1 km = 10^3

And cm = 10^-2

Km cm10^3 10^-2

1050 km

1

X 10^3 cm

10^-2 km= 105,000,000 cm

Significant FiguresSignificant Figures• Significant figures- The digits in a measurement that carry meaning

contributing to its precision; the quality of equipment.

Absent (ocean)Present (ocean)

U.S.

1.00If decimal present, start from left and begin counting at the first non 0 digit and count every digit after

If decimal absent, start from right and begin counting at the first non 0 digit and count every digit after

3 sig figs

100

1 sig fig

Numbers that are absolute/counting numbers have an infinite number of significant figures. Ex: 2 apples = infinite sig figs

RoundingRounding• Rounding- a numerical value means replacing it by another value that is

approximately equal but has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation

In multiplication & division: the rules of rounding is to round to the least precise measurement through significant figures

1.00 X 4.35971

3 sig figs

6 sig figs

Since 2.0 has the least number of significant figures, we round the answer to 2 sig figs.

2.02 sig figs

= 2.179855

=2.2

In addition and subtraction: you round to the number with the least amount of digits past the decimal point.

6.9871 + 2.35 – 4 = 5

Scientific Method

• 5 steps1.Problem

2.Hypothesis (guess)3.Experiment4.Conclusion

5.Problem Solvedyes

no

- Trial and error to solve a problem

Applying the Scientific Method to Applying the Scientific Method to Everyday LifeEveryday Life

1. Problem: I am the 2nd string quarterback on my varsity football team and I want to be the starter.

2. Hypothesis: If I ask the coach to start, I will become the new starter

3. Experiment: I ask the coach if I can be the new starter.4. Conclusion: He laughs and declines my proposition

2. New hypothesis: If I learn the plays, I will become starter3. Experiment: Everyday after practice, I go home and spend hours

learning all of the plays until I know them all.4. Conclusion: I now know the plays, but so does the starter and I

remain backup.

no

No (cont. on next slide)

1. Problem: I am the 2nd string quarterback on my varsity football team and I want to be the starter.

2. Hypothesis: If I ask the coach to start, I will become the new starter

3. Experiment: I ask the coach if I can be the new starter.4. Conclusion: He laughs and declines my proposition

Example of Scientific Method cont.

2. Hypothesis: If I get rid of the starting quarterback, I will then (by default) become starter

3. Experiment: The starting qb’s dad happens to work for my dad, so I get my dad to transfer his dad to the Wisconsin branch, effective immediately. Thus, getting rid of the starter and his family

4. Conclusion: With the starter gone off to Wisconsin, I now become the starting quarterback (thanks dad!!)

5. Problem Solved (I become starter)

yes

Scientific Method: Theory or Law??

• Scientific theory- a set of observations that is widely accepted, but not necessarily proven to be true

• Scientific law- an absolute fact that cannot be disproven

The scientific method is a theory because while it is widely accepted in the scientific community, it is limited in that it cannot be proven to be 100 percent fact.

Independent vs. Dependent Variables

Independent Variables- A variable that you control in an experiment

Dependent Variables- A variable that is directly affected by the independent variable in an experiment

When creating a graph, the independent variable is labeled on the x-axis and the dependent variable is labeled on the y-axis

independent

depe

nden

t Independent is the constant in a graphExample:

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

1.3 2.9 4.1 4.9 6.2

Independent vs. Dependent

The title of a graph will always be labeled as the independent variable vs. the dependent variable

Mass (kg) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Length (cm) 4.5 9.0 12.5 13.5

Mass (kg)

Leng

th (c

m)

Mass is the independent variable because it’s a constant and when we apply 1.0 kg’s we then get 4.5 cm’s in response (dependent) and so on.

Graphing

Linear: y = mx

Y always represents the dependent variable and X represents the controlled/independent

Exponential: y = mx^2

Inverse: y = m/x

The relationship between variables is directly proportional