Intro to Engineering Midyear Review SheetThe Engineering Paradigm

1. Identify the design objective2. Define goals and identify constraints3. Research and gather information4. Create potential design solutions5. Analyze viability of design solutions6. Choose most appropriate solution7. Build or implement8. Test and evaluate9. Repeat all steps as necessary

Engineering TradeoffsMost things can be engineered cheaply, quickly, or correctly (High quality)These goals and constraints can be sacrificed or exchanged for one another

- Cheaply and quickly but not high quality- Cheaply and high quality but won’t be done quickly- Quickly and high quality but not cheaply

3D Modeling

o Technical Drawing: is the act and discipline of composing plans that visually communicate how something functions or is to be constructed.

Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering. To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols, perspectives, units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and page layout

o 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional surface of object (either inanimate or living) via specialized software.

Advantages of 3D Software modeling > 2d physical modeling Flexibility, ability to change angles or animate images with quicker

rendering of the changes; Ease of rendering, automatic calculation and rendering

photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating;

Accurate photorealism, less chance of human error in misplacing, overdoing, or forgetting to include a visual effect.

Environmental Engineering Environmental engineering is the integration of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate pollution sites.

o It involves waste water management and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental sustainability, and public health issues as well as knowledge of environmental engineering law. It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects.Ex: Any project that helps the environment= Watershed, Air pollution dispersion models, etc.

Sustainabilityprocess of designing or operating systems such that they use energy and resources sustainably, i.e., at a rate that does not compromise the natural environment, or the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Major factors: Time, Resources, Technology, Other constraints, communication, etc.

Consequences of lack of sustainability: Prevention from future generation and our generation from succeeding economically, environmentally, and culturally

Nutrient cyclesA nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter.

Nutrient cycles occur within ecosystems. Ecosystems are interconnected systems where matter and energy flows and is exchanged as organisms feed, digest, and migrate about.

Example of ecological cycles: Carbon, water, oxygen

Ecological FootprintsThe ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity to regenerate. Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth (or how many planet Earths) it would take to support humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle.

Footprint by country: The world-average ecological footprint in 2007 was 2.7 global hectares per person (Per capita). The average per country ranges from over 10 to under 1 hectares per person. There is also a high variation within countries, based on individual lifestyle and economic situation

Factors in determining ecological footprints: food consumption, transportation usage, energy usage and the amount of waste made and if its recycled

Water quality and availability

70% of the earth is water Watershed: an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers,

basins, or seas.o Global example: Continents, Mountain Ranges

Local example: Drainage systems, basins, etc. Turbidity: the measure of the clarity of water based on suspended particles (in NTU)

o Can be tested by turbidimeter: an instrument for measuring and comparing the turbidity of liquids by viewing light through them and determining how much light is cut off

Runoff and Erosion

Runoff: water flow that occurs when the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess water from rain, melted water, or other sources flows over the land.

o Causes: can be generated either by rainfall or by the melting of snow, or glaciers;When the soil is saturated and the depression storage filled, and rain continues to fall, the rainfall will immediately produce surface runoff.Human influence: pavements and buildings which are impervious surfaces

o Effects: Flooding, agricultural issues (Transportation of contaminants cause reduced crop productivity), Erosion and deposition (Deposition: Rocks are added to a land mass)

Erosion: The transportation and movement of rocks to a certain locationo Causes: Runoff, wind, climate change, industrialization, etc.

o Effects: Land degradation, Dust pollution, sedimentation of aquatic systems, etc. Retaining wall: Prevents the water from passing through the wall, which decreases runoff

and erosion. Site assessment: The observations of the functions and characteristics of a certain

ecological benefactor, which help better the system to prevent hazards from occurring

Ohm’s Law:V=IR

V= Voltage (May represent a source of energy) Measured in volts I = Current (Flow of electron) Measured in amps (A) R= Resistance (measure of how difficult it is to push the charges along) Measured in

ohms (Delta sign) V increases I increases