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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT11/5/20141Some Facts The most comprehensive study on solid waste generation in Indian cities is "Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India", published in 2005 by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI).11/5/20142

Greater Kolkata generates 12,060 tons per day (TPD) and is the highest generator with a per capita generation of 660 grams/day. Port Blair, the capital city of Andaman and Nicobar Islands generates 760 grams of waste per person per day, the highest among Indian cities. Waste generation rate in Indian cities ranges between 200 - 870 grams/day, depending upon the regions lifestyle and the size of the city. The per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3% per year in India (7). WASTE GENERATION (TONNES PER DAY)

Highest Greater Kolkata 11520

Lowest Greater Bangalore 3344

Highest(State) Maharashtra 23647

Lowest(State) Arunanchal Pradesh - 1911/5/20143I.WHAT IS SOLID WASTEAny garbage or refuse (Municipal Solid Waste).

Sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility. Other discarded material. Solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities.

Trash or garbage is called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, batteries

http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/basifact.htm#solidwaste 11/5/20144II.Some terms we need to knowREFUSE:Solid or semisolid waste matter produced in the normal course of human activities. Generated from street sweepings, markets, stable litter, industrial refuse, commercial refuse, etc.

RUBBISH:Solid wastes originating in houses, commercial establishments, industries, excluding garbage and ash.

GARBAGE:Animal & vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking and serving of food.

ASH:Residue from burning of wood, coal, charcoal and other combustible materials used for cooking and heating purposes in houses, industries etc.11/5/20145III.Sources of solid wastesStreet refuse: This consists of empty packets and bottles, empty matches and cigarette boxes, fruit peels, tree leaves, street sweeping etc.

Market refuse: Empty packets, polythene bags, dry vegetables and fruits etc.

Stable litter: Paper, tins and bottles etc lying open.

Industrial refuse: This consists of solid waste from industries, factories and commercial business centers.

Domestic refuse: This consists of vegetable and animal waste matters, ashes, rubbish and debris etc. In most of the countries the per capita daily solid waste produced is between 0.25 to 2.5 Kg

11/5/20146IV.QUANTITY AND COMPOSITION OF WASTE The quantity and composition of waste depends on a number of factors and varies from place to place and season to season:

Ashes increase in winter, while these are less in summer.

Quantity of garbage depends on food available, food habits and standard of living.

Type of town : Residential, Commercial or Industrial.

11/5/20147V.Collection of solid wastesGalvanized steel dust bin with cover (for households) 0.05 to 0.1 cubic feet per capita per day.A bin with capacity of 1.5 cubic feet for a family of 5 members if collection is done every 3 days.2.Public bins.

11/5/201483. House-to-house collection

4. Mechanical transport

5. Dustless refuse collector

11/5/20149VI.Methods of solid waste disposal6.1INSANITARY METHODSHog feedingDumping6.2SANITARY METHODSSanitary landfill/ Controlled tipping

Composting

Incineration

Manure pits

5.Biogas plant11/5/2014106.1INSANITARY METHODS Advantages Refuse dumped in low lying areas.

Bacterial action over time, decreases volume of refuse which is gradually converted into humus.

DisadvantagesSmellUnsightly appearanceFree access to flies, rodents, hogs, dogs etc.Dispersal by windPollution of surface and ground water

11/5/2014116.2SANITARY METHODS1. Sanitary landfill / Controlled tipping

Laying of dry and condensed refuse in a trench or other prepared area with intervening earth coverings.

Anaerobic digestion of the refuse takes place. The process takes 4-6 months to complete.

11/5/201412Trench methodLevel groundTrenches 4-12 m wide, 2-3 m deepRefuse is compacted and then covered with excavated earth.

Ramp methodSloping terrain

Area methodLand depressions, disused quarries, pitsMay need soil from outside sources to cover the compacted refuse11/5/2014132. Composting

There are three methods of Composting:BANGALORE METHODMECHANICAL COMPOSTINGVERMI-COMPOSTING11/5/201414Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil or sludge.

Organic matter breaks down under bacterial action, producing compost used as manure.Most widely used in India.

Widely used by farmers as compost made out of cow dung and other agro waste.BANGALORE METHOD15 cm5 cm15 cm5 cm25 cmREFUSEREFUSENIGHTSOILREFUSEEarthNIGHTSOIL11/5/201415ADVANTAGES: Improvement in soil texture with increase in moisture holding capacity of the soil.

It is cheap and easy to adopt.DISADVANTAGES: Suitable only for dry waste.

Land required for open compost plants is relatively large.

Issues of methane emission, odour and flies from badly managed open compost plants remain.

Proper segregation of waste is required at the source.11/5/201416II.MECHANICAL COMPOSTING

11/5/201417III.VERMI COMPOSTING Vermi-compost is the natural organic manure produced from the excreta of earthworms fed on semi-decomposed organic waste.

It takes 2-3 months for decomposition to complete.

A few vermi composting plants generally of small size have been set up in some cities and towns in India, the largest plant being in Bangalore of about 100 MT/day capacity.

ADVANTAGES:i) Requires less mechanization.ii) Easy to operate.

DISADVANTAGES: i) Requires proper care to avoid toxic material from entering the soil.ii)Takes longer time compared to mechanical composting.11/5/2014183. Incineration This method, commonly used in developed countries is most suitable for high calorific value waste with a large component of paper, plastic, packaging material, pathological wastes, etc.

Suitable for areas where land is not available for sanitary landfillExample: Hospitals.

ADVANTAGES: Relatively hygienic, odourless and noiseless.Land requirements are minimal.Can be located within city limits, reducing transportation cost.

DISADVANTAGES:Expensive.No useful by-product.Air pollution .11/5/201419Incinerator in India:An incinerator capable of generating 3.75 MW power from 300 TPD MSW was installed at Timarpur, Delhi in the year 1987. The plant is unoperational now.11/5/201420

INCINERATOR PLANT4. Manure pits

Used in rural households.

Covered with earth after each days dumping.

Two pits.

Within 5-6 months decomposed refuse which is used as fertilizer11/5/2014215. Biogas plant

i. Biogas is produced by the anaerobic breakdown of solid waste /excreta.ii. Biogas (Methane, CO2, Hydrogen) can be used as a fuel for any heating purpose, such as cooking.11/5/201422

11/5/201423http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.html

http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/index.asp

http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/InformationSheets/WasteDisposal.htm

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/solidwaste/landfiller.html

http://www.sustainability-ed.org/pages/example2-2.htm

Some Useful Websites and linksTHANK YOU !11/5/201424