Nur Suhaili Ramli

University of York, UK

Defining ConceptsEntrepreneurship

Key factor in economic developmentNot understood as part of specific social classNot restricted to any certain occupational

backgroundPositive characteristicsOrganized and manage business undertakingRisk for the sake of profitOpportunity, makes plan, start business

Entrepreneurs

Identify needs that newcomer community has not had satisfied

Low profit marginLong working hoursChain migrationNiche businessProcess of globalizationImportant role in disseminating innovative

new products and processes

Immigrant entrepreneurs

Various obstacles that prevent to find a jobLack of capital

No access to formal financial sourcesRotating Credit Association

Long work hours spentCo ethnic employees (solidarity)Ethnic market niche (e.g. ethnic products)Middle-age male immigrantsEndogamous marriage (provide help in

business)

Necessity immigrant entrepreneurs

Start business to take advantage of business opportunity

Highly educated Hold a host-country university degree

Part of culture in the businessContribution to the economyProficient in EnglishIndustries of mainstream entrepreneurs of the host

countryHire host country employeesMiddle-age male immigrantsBetter access to start-up capitalIntegrated in their host country

Opportunity immigrant entrepreneurs

Determination and commitmentPremigration entrepreneurial mentalityEthnic networkEthnic market nicheRisk managementManagerial skillsInnovative ideasGovernment pro-immigrant business

programs

Survival factors

Most important factor by Schumpeter. He defines “ such changes in economic life as are not forced upon it from without but arise by its own initiative, from within.” (Schumpeter, 1961).

Entrepreneurs in economic development

Opportunities in foreign marketLack of business aid source in home country (

e.g. bias)Looking better business survivalOpportunity immigrant entrepreneursInternational networking and marketFrustrationMotivation

Malaysian immigrant entrepreneurs

United States 42.8 millionsRussia 12.3 millionsGermany 10.8 millionsSaudi Arabia 7.3 millionsCanada 7.2 millionsUnited Kingdom 7 .0 millionsSpain 6.9 millionsFrance 6.7 millionsAustralia 5.5 millionsIndia 5.4 millions

Countries of destination

India 19.3%Poland 14%China 10.0%Pakistan 6.0%Romania 4.9%United States 4.8%Germany 4.1%Ireland 3.7%

Countries of origin

Definite jobHigh skilled workers been relocated

Looking for workEither with tertiary education or no education

Family (Accompanied the entrepreneurs)Student (Formal tertiary study)No reason statedOthers (working holidays, asylum)

Reasons for immigration

Passenger survey 2007Development Prospects Group, UNDP 2009The Economist Pocket World in Figures 2013

EditionThe success factors of necessity immigrant

entrepreneurs: in search of a Model by Elie Chrysostome, 2010.

Entrepreneurs because they are immigrants or immigrants because they are entrepreneurs? A critical examination of the relationship between the newcomers and the establishment by Prescott C. Ensign and Nicholas P.Robinson, 2011

References