bureaucrats for hire dic2004 jlr

7/30/2019 Bureaucrats for Hire Dic2004 JLR

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Bureaucrats for Hire:

The Profitable Consultancy Industry

Our country deserves an in-depth reflection

on the growing development consultancy industry.

The following effort is based on my observation,

from both outside and inside, of the abundant

fauna of consultants in todays Nicaragua,

though it probably wouldnt be accepted

as part of a consultancy study...

The consultancy industry in Nicaragua is worth mil-

lions a year. The money spent on salaries and other

remunerations for the studies and technical advice

emanating from these passing posts represented a sizable

percentage of the annual budget of many state institutions

in 2003: 45% in the Municipal Development Institute, 38%

in the Environment and Natural Resources Ministry and

27% in the Supreme Electoral Council. The situation is

similar among the NGOs, universities, media and churches

that are plugged into international aid in this era of transfu-

sion.

So many of us are living in the foreign aid bubble. Somany of us have some direct or indirect link into the long

consultancy market chain. The fieldwork of NGOs or minis-

tries must be evaluated by an adviserbest if he/she is Swed-

ish, Dutch or Danishwho will clean up the ideas expressed

by interviewed natives, add data provided by surveyors and

statisticians and, with other support from a sociologist,

present some notes to an analyst to whip into shape in some

illegible report whose cracks will be plastered over by an

JOS LUIS ROCHA

editor before being presented by a good communicator in

Power Point. Its the same old story day after day all over

Nicaragua.

Our permanent crisis offers

endless opportunities

Policy designers and editors, advisers and strategic planners,

translators and logical framework specialists, presenters in

suits and talk-givers in loose cotton shirts all sup from the

foreign aid cornucopia, which appears to be endless and un-

restricted. They all have a place, small or large, in the inter-

national cooperation pyramid. They all have their limited

or extensive role to play in this comedy of the merry wives

and happy husbands of consultancy. Many people in the world

work as consultants, but not all of them understand it.

Consultancies are responsible for the only element of

reverse migration in Nicaragua. Professionals return after

many years living in Germany, England and other industri-

alized countries because theres money to be made here.

14

envo

NICARAGUA


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SPEAKING OUT

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15

january 2005

In a country like Nicaragua, this

bureaucrat-for-hire system is like an

equation with three variables: Tom, a

first world government or cooperation

agency, hires Dick, that confident Jack-

of-all-trades consultant willing to try his

hand at any issue, to work for the

benefit of Harry, almost always a state

institution or an NGO

Whereas the 1972 earthquake represented a revolution of

opportunities for Somoza, todays ongoing crisis has turned

Nicaragua into a land of opportunities for bankers to profit

from the high interest rates on state bonds and private secu-rity companies to profit from the lack of police response in a

context of poverty and anomy that encourages crime. Other

beneficiaries include the judges who reap great dividends

for their lack of morals and the powerful Pellas family, which

only has to place a call to halt any audit threatening to reveal

a tax evasion case by one of the companies in its economic

group. At the end of the line are the consultants, continually

offered an infinite and never obsolete range of subjects on

which to advise and charge. Many suffer the current crisis,

but some fat cats feed off it.

Fleeting posts of a fly-by-night bureaucracyIn a country like Nicaragua, this bureaucrat-for-hire system

is like an equation with three variables; lets name them

Tom, Dick and Harry. Tom, a first world government or

cooperation agency, hires Dick, that confident Jack-of-all-

trades consultant willing to try his hand at any issue, to

work for the benefit of Harry, almost always a state institu-

tion or an NGO.

In this system, Dick is the dependent variable: the more

dramatic the countrys prostration the more consultants

there will be, because foreign cooperation will provide more

funds, state officials will be more ill-prepared and there will

be greater cronyism in the consultancy market.

The consultancy system has ushered in a new kind of

bureaucrat here and in other countries: the fly-by-night kind,

completely mobile and flexibly loyal. The fleeting posts in

this bureaucracy no longer impose any kind of specializa-

tion: todays sewer inspector is tomorrows museum adviser,

and to hell with anyone who cant see the link. Generally

speaking, consultants are formally and physically discon-

nected from both the institution that pays them and the one

they work for, a situation that rather than guaranteeing ideo-

logical independence, actually forges other kinds of connec-

tions: string pulling, theres no other choice inertia, pres-

tige, marketing... all of which are sometimes blessed by real

or fictitious application processes.

Postmodern bureaucrats working from home

This system breaks with the traditional bureaucratic model.

In conventional bureaucracies, according to sociologist Max

Weber, the group of stable public officials, the work instru-

ments and the filed documents corresponding to any par-

ticular jurisdictional domain were located in one office. In

the current bureaucrat-for-hire model, these are all dispersed

and theres often minimal contact among them. Theres no

office where the scribes are concentrated, or linkage between

them and their files. There are as many offices and archives as

the number of consultants contracted by a given institution.

The consultants temporary link with the institution is

measured in the commitment to a block of days into which

the task must fit rather than to a task that takes as many

days as required. Each contracted assignment needs to be

adjusted to standards and objectives, which are set out in

terse terms of reference. In addition, consultants must fol-

low certain tacit rules for managing their image in society

and others on which their future in that market relies. But

they are not rules of loyalty to an institution in return for a

secure existence. The consultant sacrifices the future secu-

rity that a stable job offers to the attraction of greater in-

come today.

Modern civil service had separated the office from the

officials private home, with bureaucracy generally consid-

ering official activity to be independent of private life. In

postmodernity, however, bureaucrats often work out of their

home, with work life and private life sharing the same physi-

cal space. The consultants personal funds and equipment

are always at the disposition of their labor obligations. Pri-

vate and public assets, correspondence and even friendships

are tightly interwoven. And just as private belongings and

spaces fuse with those of business service and public utility,

so the consultants public time and private time tend to

become an indiscernible amalgam. All this means that con-

sultants have opted for a way of life much more than an

occupation.


3/7

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16

envo

NICARAGUA

The instrumentalizing of human

relations is a vice into which many

consultants slip, apparently unaware of

how much hypocrisy reduces the

quality of life

From Fernndez de Oviedo to disasterologists

Consultants are not new to Nicaragua, although in past eras

there were fewer of them, they were generallycheles [light

complected foreigners] and they tended to be a lot moreefficient than the current crop. Perhaps the first was Gonzalo

Fernndez de Oviedoachele, of coursewho came in 1527

as an overseer for the Spanish Crown, long before the Span-

ish International Development Agency started up. He was

followed by others who were less literarily endowed. Al-

though they never formed a critical mass, they eventually

did begin to flow more profusely. Nicaraguas inter-oceanic

canal potential had lot to do with this. First world govern-

ments sent dozens of engineers to the Ro San Juan to assess

the viability of exploiting this river that connects Lake Nica-

ragua to the Caribbean Sea.

One of the most illustrious consultants was W.W.

Cumerland, contracted to study the Nicaraguan economy inthe twenties. There has also been no shortage of consultants

on the perennial problems with the countrys electoral law.

As historian Knut Walter explained, In 1921, Dr. Harold

Dodds, a university social sciences professor, was contracted

by the Nicaraguan governmentunder strong pressure from

Washingtonto analyze the electoral law in force at the time

and propose necessary reforms to guarantee its impartiality.

In April 1923, the Nicaraguan Congress approved a new elec-

toral code, whose contents were adjusted to Dodds propos-

als, with a few minimal modifications. That electoral re-

form represented the formal institutionalization of the two-

party system in Nicaragua. Consultancies were beginning to

bear fruit.

The 19th and 20th centuries saw visits from many po-

litical scientists, economists, engineers and naturalists. One

notable difference between those consultants and the cur-

rent lot is that the recent ones rarely produce even semi-

digestible texts. In contrast, Karl Bovalius and Paul Levy

had sharp analytical pens and could lucidly describe pictur-

esque details. Another difference is that the former consult-

ants tended to have more mundane professions: biologist,

engineer, lawyer. Some of the new batch try to create spe-

cializations that verge on the ridiculous. After HurricaneMitch, the United Nations Development Program contracted

a consultant whose card announced that she was a

disasterologist. We can only hope that rather than pre-

dicting disasters, she did at least know how to mitigate them.

And though it may seem worthy of Garca Mrquez, Nicara-

gua has even played host to an angelogist and a master in

divinity. How long before local universities start producing

corruptologists and Orteg-ologists?

A way of life more than an occupation

The most obvious difference between the consultants of old

and those of today is that being a consultant has become away of life. The condition of being a consultant soaks into

many spheres of existence because it carries with it multiple

demands, such as attending any reception that gets orga-

nized, cultivating specific relations, hanging out at a par-

ticular bar, dining at a certain restaurant Commercial life

and family life become superimposed. Business is even bet-

ter if the spouse is achele and has ethnic-friendship-profes-

sional links with embassies, agencies and international NGOs.

The relations cultivated along the way can always be

useful. The consultant has to sow, water, fertilize, earth up

and fumigate such relations so theyll bear fruit in the fu-

ture. The instrumentalizing of human relations is a vice

into which many slip, apparently unaware of how much hy-

pocrisy reduces the quality of life.

Such exploitation is not the exclusive reserve of consult-

ants, of course, but some have taken it to extremes of corrup-

tion with certain counterparts when they find themselves in

positions of power. Four years ago, an official from the now

rightly questioned Augusto Csar Sandino Foundation no-

ticed that a top Oxfam America official who occasionally su-

pervised operations in Nicaragua when he came from El Sal-

vador on specific missions was fast-tracking friendly rela-

tions with him. Once he had prepared the ground, the offi-

cial made his move: Ill hire you as a consultant for the next

Oxfam studies and well split the earnings 50/50.

Dry, repetitive and insipid texts

The consultants lifestyle demands disguises and poses. Fran-

cisco Umbral rightly said that thinking also has its tailor-

ing. And where there is little thinking, there has to be a

great deal of tailoring. Consultants must look presentable,

lordly and glamorous. They must be magnificent exponents


4/7

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17

january 2005

of the make an appearance syndrome, hawking themselves

at every opportunity. My best friend gave anthropology classes

every Saturday and one of her students was a big fish in the

consultancy world, as he felt the need to demonstrate in afootnote at the end of every exam. His work was a constant

excuse for his absences. As youth gang members wisely put

it, he wanted to pass the course on pure impression. But

the most impressive thing of all was his absolute inability to

write a single line without massacring the rules of grammar

and running roughshod over spelling.

Evidently, gestures and language are more important

than grammar and spelling, even more important than cloth-

ing. Those who devote themselves to the consultancy indus-

try have to become polyglots fluent in ECLA language, FAO

jargon, politicking slang and dozens of NGO dialects, includ-

ing the lavish use of the @ sign to replace the masculine o

or feminine a at the end of gender-specific words in Span-ish to suggest a trendy gender-neutral ending) They have

to know how to troll for fish in all waters, seduce with lan-

guage, employ hallowed concepts and show off their mastery

of the key terms, knowing which are valid in certain areas

but not in others.

My work as a researcher, which I now do more as a con-

sultant, has forced me to take note of the conventions and

keep my literary urges under control. I generally come up

against clients who want everything repeated a thousand

times. I have to write in the most dry and inoffensive way

possible, moderating and desiccating phrases, shriveling and

crumpling them up. The text has to be meticulously gone

over to extirpate rash adjectives and names that should re-

main anonymous and to employ a vocabulary restricted to

about a hundred words that, like a Lego set, constitute the

only bricks in the verbal architecture of consultancy reports.

In the effort to castrate the texts, it becomes almost

essential to use an abundance of the kind of impersonal re-

flexive verbs that we liberally employ in Nicaragua when we

want to avoid mentioning the guilty party, particularly if its

us. So just as in everyday colloquial speech we say it fell

instead of I dropped it or it broke rather than I broke

it, consultancy reports use it is intended rather than

here we intend... This is perhaps Nicaraguan colonial

languages most notable contribution to the professional

development cooperation idiom.

A consultancy report should be dry and turgid to give

the impression of being serious. All the better if it is situ-

ated at the opposite extreme to the pleasure of text de-

scribed and analyzed by Roland Barthes. This particular

sphere employs a stiflingly leaden and reiterative prose. Four

concepts are endlessly repeated in a limitless succession of

combinations and permeations, because in the happy uni-

verse of the consultants, as in HuxleysBrave New World, a

phrase repeated again and again finally becomes truth. The

basic work mechanism is cut and paste. Repeating the same

topics in the same tone with identical concepts somehow

makes consultants look more competent.

its not in the blood,

You have to work at it

Consultants, particularly those who have achieved certain

renown, have developed gradually. Rookies who throw them-

selves into the ring with no real credentials find it hard to

triumph. Being a good consultant isnt in the blood, you

have to work at it. Since Ive gotten a close-up view of this

system Ive been wondering about the formation of these

eminences always sought out by journalists for interviews

when a subject they are supposedly experts on hits the lime-

light, or are repeatedly contracted by the institutions them-

selves. Although the answer would involve a whole new study

and reflection, there are certain indications of where they

came from and how they were formed.

One type consists of those manufactured in US universi-

ties, be they nationals or foreigners. They are the preferred

choice of state institutions and some multilateral organiza-

tions because they have the right academic and ideological

curriculum. Another type is made up of the crafty old foxes

dedicated to a certain area, who fossilized into a field where

nobody else was at the time and now couldnt muscle in.

Competitors do emerge these days, but tradition and inertia

is an immovable comparative advantage.

Then there are those who were molded in the eighties:

Those who devote themselves to the

consultancy industry have to become

polyglots fluent in ECLA language, FAO

jargon, politicking slang and dozens of

NGO dialects, to seduce with

language, employ hallowed concepts

and show off their mastery of the key

terms, knowing which are valid in

certain areas but not in others


5/7

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18

envo

NICARAGUA

top officials from the Sandinista government, including cer-

tain revolutionarycomandantes, both male and female. Firstthey were radicals who wanted to turn the world on its head.

Then they became platonic Marxists, if that, and soon flush-

ing down the toilet all the Konstantinov they had lapped up

in the seventies or eighties, either directly or through Martha

Harnecker. They went from Marxist fundamentalism to tech-

nocratic fundamentalism, crossing over from revolution to a

happy adaptation to the given conditions, sometimes vacil-

lating, emotionally ambivalent toward the FSLN, but al-

ways with resigned pragmatism or underhanded opportunism.

Privileged freelancers feed off misery

All of these different groups contain both talented intellec-

tuals and mediocre professionals, with the wheat and the

chaff mixed together. Unfortunately, they have all opted for

a fictitious freedom, a quick buck and individual adventure

instead of feeding themselves to the famished national

institutionality. Many institutions could use their dispersed

energies, but a university will never pay its lecturers, a rural

municipal government its officials or a media company its

journalists what the UNDP, the IDB, DANIDA, SIDA or the

SDC pay their consultants. And these people share an over-

whelming, almost unanimous desire to improve their own

personal economic situation.

Setting up a consultancy company is the in-trade for-

mula for closing ranks against competitors. This is the temp-

tation for many new professionals who launch themselves

into the stormy waters of the labor market. But it rarely

gels in this country. The memory of a group of friends who

started up one such company is still fresh in my mind. They

were alland still arewell positioned in foreign coopera-

tion: one spoke German, another had been an FAO consult-

ant for over a decade and yet another had worked in a num-

ber of organizations. But despite their enviable social capi-

tal, they were at each others throats in less than a year.

Consultants prefer to go freelance and seek temporary alli-

ances. At the end of the day, other consultants are rivalsafter the same funds rather than colleagues with whom to

share ideas, exchange information and plot a better Nicaragua.

Their main rival, however, is necessarily their main ally.

The historical confrontation between the interests of profes-

sionals and those of workers and peasants has occupied the

attention of generations of sociologists, but has never before

reached such colossal levels of cynicism. Never before have

professionals so parasitically lived off the poor. We have

become a new aristocracy feeding off the misery we research,

quantify, diagnose, analyze and dissect, with a prosperity

that is in some cases directly proportional to the poverty of

our fellow citizens.

Cut and paste, paste and cut...

no time to think

This subterranean conflict of interests would not be so harm-

ful if the bureaucrats-for-hire system guaranteed quality and

continuity in the consultants products. On the contrary, it

favors mediocrity and repetition. Consultants are offered

up to US$10,000 a month, which in practice can be whittled

down to 15 working days or less because consultants are

often involved in several jobs at the same time. In this record

time, the contracted consultant has to honor terms of refer-

ence that look like a grocery list, everything about every-

thing, requiring the consultant to know more than the ex-

perts who have worked full time on the subject under study.

Theres no time to get to know the place being studied; no

time even to think.

If absolutely necessary, the consultant subcontracts low-

paid assistants with little experience to do the dirty work

(read field work) and even part of the other, cleaner work,

with an inevitable effect on the overall quality. But another

solution relies on a more providential factor: the system also

foments repetitionI would love to writeBosaws, the re-

serve of a thousand studiesso consultants cut and paste,

thus recycling their old studiesor even other peoplesto

get out of a tight spot. This rehashing is completely legiti-

mized by the system. In fact, many original pieces of work

are a recycling of stale phrases, a hodgepodge of patched

together idea snippets from the same ideological scheme.

And their friends in foreign cooperation allow this. Employ-

ers who are not their friends will never know everything

previously written about a subject or place because there is

no single national information clearing house containing the

thousands of consultancies that have been conducted.

We have become a new aristocracy

feeding off the misery we research,

quantify, diagnose, analyze and

dissect, with a prosperity that is in

some cases directly proportional to the

poverty of our fellow citizens


6/7

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19

january 2005

Unnecessary experience and cronyism

Cronyism is one of the Nicaraguan cultural institutions that

has most contaminated the consultancy market. Its part of

our contribution to the national configuration of theconsultancy model, not the only one or the most visible one,

but the one through which we have managed to contaminate

even foreigners. Or is it rather a universal feature that we

have merely updated in Nicaragua, as the audacious unmask-

ing of French corruption by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu would

suggest?

Around eight years ago, a haughty Swiss official met up

with a bright French consultant in a well-known Managua

bar. The Swiss official represented the official Swiss devel-

opment cooperation and the Frenchman was heading up a

group of researchers in a well-known Nicaraguan university.

Both enjoyed each others company at social gatherings, din-

ners and wine and cheese dos.Over drinks, they negotiated US$250,000 as the fee for

ten research studies on Nicaraguan finances: bank spreads,

savings in micro-finance companies, institutional consolida-

tion and other more or less vague issues. Even the clock-

work-precise Swiss and the very Cartesian French can go tropi-

cal and slide towards the delicious laxity of our laissez faire

and dolce far niente codes. Its not often mentioned that

cultural insertion has its price.

What was so light-headedly negotiated had almost hal-

lucinogenic results. A full year after the glittery stuff was

disbursed, Swiss cooperation received a collection of studies

of the most diverse quality and subject matter, including

reforestation, fair-trade coffee and agro-ecological zoning,

among other even more striking fare. The institute belong-

ing to the rather un-Pascalian Frenchman had interpreted

the agreement and assigned the money with gay abandon.

Although the Swiss official subsequently acted in the best

tradition of a Swiss army knife, the damage was done and

couldnt be put right.

In the consultancy market, the same people entrust

consultancies to the same people. Simulating bids is such a

well-worn mechanism that it offends no one anymore. Con-

sultants only have to be hip to the new issues in vogue to

transmogrify themselves or adapt their old refrains and spe-

cialties to them. Specialists on Nicaraguas Caribbean Coast

thus now offer the following catalogue: identity and gender

in Bilwi, migration in Kukra Hill, local governments of the

South Atlantic Autonomous Region, deforestation in Bocana

de Paiwas, ecotourism in Pearl Lagoon and the environment

in Bismuna, among many others.

As one consultant who worked with her husband told

me, We cover everything. And, as far as I can tell, she

wasnt exaggerating. Theres no need for experience in bu-

reaucrats-for-hire, no need to bring on board the right people

for a given issue. Its more profitable to create and cultivate

a network of social relations adequately distributed in key

positions. Specialization tends to be improvised, as in thecase of an economist friend of mine who soon became an

expert on masculinity and was contracted by a national NGO

for US$2,500. One of his colleagues and fellow graduates is

still looking for work after stubbornly insisting on being an

economist.

Ephemeral + anonymous + routine = low quality

So, does the bureaucrat-for-hire model represent a gain or a

loss? Thats the million-dollar question. Like all changes,

it has its pluses and minuses. Although not a lot seems

positive to me, one apparent virtue does spring to mind.

Although the principle of he who pays the piper calls thetune continues to enjoy unquestionable validity, the rela-

tionship between consultants and their employers is more

democratic and is not determined by the rigidly structured

hierarchy that characterizes traditional bureaucracy.

But then, how, or to whom, can one appeal if the work is

not up to scratch? Is there no chance of rectifying it? This is

hard, because the consultants relationship to beneficiaries

tends to be very distant, ephemeral and weak. Sometimes

their work develops with very poor knowledge of the reality

they are writing about or, even worse, acting upon. The brief

period they are contracted for doesnt allow them to delve

deep, and they end up with no possibility of following up at

the end of the consultancy; both the post and the function

disappear when the contract expires.

The consultants anonymity reinforces these weaknesses

and creates others. As there are consultants for all occa-

sions, those who get their hands on some funds become con-

The brief period consultants are

contracted for doesnt allow them to

delve deep, and they end up with no

possibility of following up at the end ofthe consultancy; both the post and the

function disappear when the contract

expires


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20

envo

NICARAGUA

tractors. Thus monks and nuns, intellectuals, businesspeople

and state officials stop doing their work to become financial

managers because they believe that this position in the pyra-

mid is closer to the pinnacle and shines with dazzling intensity.

If there are many defects, there are also many possible

remedies. Foreign cooperation understands that the prob-

lem is not limited to the fraud, chicanery, crookedness and

other undesirable animals lurking among the consultancy

fauna. The system is intrinsically perverse and its perver-

sion is consubstantial.

As none of the consultants know when the next

consultancy will come along or how much it will pay, they

have to accept anything that comes their way, working flat

out and subcontracting professionals with limited experi-

ence to the detriment of the final products quality. If they

get a juicy offer, it seems silly to let it go. They face a lot of

pressure in the circles they travel in to maximize their in-

come, whether to match their employers consumption level,

send their kids to the best school, buy the latest computer,

organize parties to cultivate milkable relations, or simply,

and more wisely, sock something away for the lean times.

Such are the daily weaknesses that pave the way to big-time

corruption.

The fact that consultants are disconnected from institu-

tional time and spaces makes it difficult to guarantee their

full working capacity. Some are linked to institutions where

they have a fixed job and a regular salary, but they obtain

their greatest income from consultancies, which often eat

into the time they should be dedicating to their institution.

The main problem is that many institutions have no policy

for handling consultancies, or if they do its hardly compat-

ible with the aspirations of workers who want to be well

remunerated for their extra efforts. That weakness multi-

plies their susceptibility to outside offers and damages the

labor culture. Its preferable to reach an agreement to guar-antee quality.

The remedy: Some minimal actions

In the case of Nicaragua, a country with such weak

institutionalityimprovement of which is supposedly a goal

of international cooperationits outrageous that funds ear-

marked for consultancies arent used to strengthen the in-

stitutions themselves. If these consultants are so good, why

not invest in keeping them for long periods in municipal

governments suffering financial difficulties?

How can we invest in doing real research instead of that

devalued substitute represented by the prepackaged cut-and-paste analyses, the supposedly scientific investigations

spattered with androgynous @ endings and subculture

phraseology rendered meaningless by endless repetition?

Why not invest in permanent posts in key state sectors that

are compatible with a long-term vision and subject to par-

ticipatory evaluations?

The metamorphosis of the public servant into a profes-

sional service provider ethically changes the concept of works

motivation and execution. Although this change isnt neces-

sarily reflected in worse practices than before given that

what passes for public servants are often wolves in sheeps

clothing, it is worth defending the principle that foreign aid

should be put to the service of Nicaraguans as a whole and

not fought over by bureaucrats for hire.

Finally, there is an urgent need to create a clearinghouse

of consultancy reports so as not to continue paying for more

of the same. Everything has to have been explored by now in

the Bosaws reserve, right down to the last pebble, endan-

gered beetle and neighborhood scuffle since it has been the

subject of numerous studies, each of which ignores the con-

tents of others and therefore actually adds very little. It is

the responsibility of foreign cooperation to keep an archive

of all the reports and make them available to the public.

Many benefit from the current disorder, but many more are

harmed. These are just a few possible actions, although it is

admittedly a minimal contribution because the system will

need many reforms before people stop having to choose be-

tween losing work or losing their souls.

Jos Luis Rocha, as well as being a consultant, is a

researcher for Nitlapn-UCA and a member ofenvos

editorial committee.

If there are many defects, there are

also many possible remedies. In

Nicaragua, a country with such weak

institutionalityimprovement of which

is supposedly a goal of international

cooperationits outrageous that

funds earmarked for consultancies

arent used to strengthen the

institutions themselves

bureaucrats for hire dic2004 jlr

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