bulletin 4860_wa barley variety guide_2015.pdf

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Department ofAgriculture and Food

2015Barley variety sowing guide

for Western Australia

Supporting your success

Bulletin 4860

Replaces Bulletin 4854

AcknowledgementsThe information contained in this Bulletin is based on the work conducted by many research scientists, technical officers and plant breeders.

The authors would like to thank the following groups of people from the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia:

Barley agronomy: Sue Cartledge and Rod Bowey

Biometrics: Andrew van Burgel

Herbicide tolerance: Vince Lambert

Plant pathology: Jason Bradley and Sean Kelly

Research support units: Esperance, Geraldton, Katanning, Merredin, Northam and Wongan Hills

Thank you to National Variety Trials (NVT), the NVT trial co-operators and breeding organisations for their cooperation in providing data.

Thank you to the Grain Industry of Western Australia (GIWA) Barley Council for allowing us to use excerpts from their industry report detailing malting barley variety receival recommendations for the 2015/16 harvest.

This publication presents data and information developed from research supported by the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Grains Research and Development Corporation.

Disclaimer

The state of Western Australia (WA), the Minister for Agriculture, the Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food and their respective officers, employees and agents:

a) do not endorse or recommend any individual specified product or any manufacturer of a specified product. Brand, trade and proprietary names have been used solely for the purpose of assisting users of this publication to identify products. Alternative manufacturers’ products may perform as well or better than those specifically referred to.

b) do not endorse the use of herbicides above the registered rate, off-label use of herbicides or off-label tank mixes. Crop tolerance and yield responses to herbicides are strongly influenced by seasonal conditions. Always adhere to label recommendations.

c) accept no liability whatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise from use or release of this information or any part of it.

Copyright © Western Australian Agriculture Authority, 2014

Tel: +61 (0)8 9368 3333 Email: [email protected] Website: agric.wa.gov.au

Access

Copies of this document may be available in alternative formats upon request.

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Bulletin 4860

Replaces Bulletin 4854 September 2014 ISSN: 1833 7366

2015Barley variety sowing guide

for Western AustraliaBy Blakely Paynter1, Andrea Hills1, Sanjiv Gupta2, Sarah Collins1, Harmohinder Dhammu1, Raj Malik1 and Georgia Trainor1

1Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA)2Murdoch University

ContentsIntroduction ............................................................................. 4

Market feedback ..................................................................... 5

Grain yield comparisons ........................................................ 11

Disease resistance ................................................................ 16

Agronomic attributes ............................................................. 22

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Introduction

This sowing variety guide is designed as a reference to help determine which barley variety to grow in your region. It provides market feedback, relative grain yield comparisons, disease ratings, agronomic information and herbicide tolerance ratings for all malting and food barley varieties segregated in WA and selected feed varieties (Tables 1–11; Figures 1–10).

returns for a grower is complex. In some instances, the price premium paid for malting will offset the yield difference between malting and food or feed varieties. In other situations, the substantially higher yield of food or feed varieties, or the low likelihood of a malting variety being segregated as malting or the higher costs of growing a malting barley, may justify the choice of a food or feed variety.

The decision whether to grow barley with a malt, food or feed classification depends on six main factors:

(1) the premium paid for different varieties when segregated

(2) the relative grain yield of malting, food and feed grade barley varieties

(3) differences in inputs costs due to their agronomy and disease characteristics

(4) the likelihood that grain of a malting variety will meet malt barley receival specifications

(5) the likelihood that grain of a food variety will meet food barley receival specifications

(6) the location of receival segregations for malt and food barley varieties.

Identifying which option will lead to the greatest

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Market feedback

Malting barley varietiesMalt barley varieties traditionally account for 80–90% of the area sown to barley (Figure 1). General information on market demand by industry sector, variety and port zone for each of the malting barley varieties that will potentially be segregated in WA at the 2015/16 harvest is presented in Tables 1 and 2. This information is presented on behalf of the GIWA Barley Council. It represents the expected demand from domestic and international customers of Western Australian barley.

Before planting any variety with a malting or food classification, market demand, pricing signals and the location of segregations should be considered in partnership with the agronomic management required and the risk associated with delivering malt/food grade barley. It is important that growers accurately tell CBH which malt or food variety/varieties they are growing (and how much area) when returning their grower estimate forms, as they assist CBH with the planning of segregations. Combined with the capacity to transport grain long distances or even store grain on-farm, the information presented in this bulletin can then be used to assist in determining

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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014f

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Baudin Buloke Gairdner

Hindmarsh

Vlamingh “New” malt “Old” malt

Feed

Figure 1. Popularity of barley varieties grown in WA over the last nine seasons. “New” malt includes Bass, Commander, Granger and Scope CL. “Old” malt includes Hamelin and Stirling. (source: figure based on grower estimates as provided to CBH for 2006–2013 and DAFWA predicted area for 2014).

which variety to plant. A full copy of the GIWA Western Australian Malting Barley Variety Receival Recommendations for the 2015/16 harvest can be found at giwa.org.au/barley-council.

In addition to the established malting varieties Baudin, Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh, segregation opportunities at the 2015/16 harvest will be considered for the newest malting varieties Bass, Commander, Granger and Scope CL. Receival segregations will not be offered in all port zones for all malting varieties, unless there is sufficient supply to warrant segregation. Pricing will be in-line with market demand.

Each malting barley variety grown in WA has unique and different malting attributes. As a consequence brewers purchase varieties subject to their availability, their price, the style of beer they produce and the level of adjunct (supplementary form of carbohydrate for fermentation) used in their brewing recipe.

Traders and exporters of WA barley and malt are keen to rationalise the number of varieties grown and segregated within WA. This sentiment is strongly echoed by growers as well. There are strong benefits for growing and segregating fewer

http://www.giwa.org.au/barley-council


Market feedback

Table 1 Expected market usage at the 2015/16 harvest and comments about each malting barley variety when grown in WA.(source: GIWA Barley Council)

Variety

Export as Market comments

grain malt shochu

indicative market size

> 50

0,00

0 t

300,

000

t

160,

000

t

Bass A 3 3

Bass is still undergoing international market development for export as grain and as malt. Bass has now been fully approved by SABMiller (currently second largest brewer in world). There is also positive feedback from some key grain customers in China. Overall market acceptance from malt customers is still low. Bass is not suitable for the manufacture of shochu in Japan. Target production zones in 2015 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.

Baudin A 3 3 3

Baudin is the ‘market leader’ and is still regarded as the premium quality malting barley. Very strong international market demand for export as both grain and malt. Accepted for shochu production in Japan. Until there is a suitable replacement expect Baudin to be priced at a premium to other malting varieties. Target production zones in 2015 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.

Buloke A 3 3

Buloke is still an important variety as Scope CL is not yet approved by our international customers. Buloke has established demand from international grain and malt markets. Not suitable for shochu. Do not mix Buloke grain with Scope CL grain or vice versa at seeding or at harvest. Declining acreage may limit segregation opportunities in 2015. Target production zones in 2015 are Kwinana and Albany port zones.

Commander A 3 3

There is demand for Commander from the domestic market to export as malt as a replacement / substitute for Gairdner and Vlamingh. Segregation opportunities will increase as production increases. Market price similar to established malting varieties. Target production zone in 2015 is Kwinana port zone.

Gairdner 3 3

There is still steady international market demand for Gairdner grain, although national volumes of Gairdner are declining. Gairdner is likely to be phased out in a year or two. Vigilance is required to ensure varietal purity remains at an internationally acceptable standard (ie. >95%). Target production zones in 2015 are Albany and Esperance port zones.

Granger A 3

Granger is in the very early stages of international market development. 2015 will be the first opportunity for international customers to assess the malting performance of this variety. Being assessed for export as grain. Not being assessed for export as malt or for shochu. Target production zones in 2015 are Albany and Esperance port zones.

Scope CL A 3 3

Scope CL is a new malting variety and while it has been accepted by most grain markets it has not yet been accepted by malt markets. Not suitable for shochu. The only imi-herbicide registered for use with Scope CL is Intervix®. Do not use other imi-herbicides on Scope CL as residues detected in the grain may jeopardise future international market access. Do not mix Scope CL grain with Buloke grain or vice versa at seeding or at harvest. Target production zones in 2015 are Geraldton, Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.

Vlamingh A 3 3

Vlamingh is still being used by the domestic market for export as malt as volumes of alternative varieties like Commander are not yet adequate to meet demand. Limited demand for Vlamingh for export as grain. Target production zone in 2015 is Kwinana port zone.


Market feedback

malting varieties, namely the ease of logistics and stronger demand from the trade who are currently unwilling to risk buying small, unsaleable parcels. We currently have eight malting varieties and one food variety being segregated in WA. We could have up to four additional malting varieties being segregated in WA by 2016. There is, therefore, still some re-focusing required to maximise the opportunities for growers and maximise the opportunities for the trade. Long term the industry is keen to rationalise the number of varieties segregated to two major malting varieties per port zone, with limited segregations on offer for some minor or niche malting varieties.

Growers should be aware that receival segregations will not be offered in all port zones for all malting varieties, even if there is an agronomic fit for a malting variety in the area. For some malting varieties only limited services will be offered in the CBH network. Growers who have a preference for a particular malting variety that is not received in their area will need to look at transporting the grain to sites where that variety is accepted if they are aiming to receive a premium for that grain. In any port zone, however, if there is sufficient volume grown, segregation opportunities will be considered. It is important to be aware that GIWA has no control or influence on the actual segregations available in any port zone.

Bass is an acceptable variety for export as grain and is being assessed for export as malt. Bass is undergoing its third year of international market development in 2014. Grain has been sent to China and other countries for evaluation. Grain has also been converted into malt in Australia. The approval by SABMiller (second largest brewer in the world with about 10% market share) and some key brewing customers in China is positive news. Access of Bass, however, to some south-east Asian beer markets may be limited as a consequence of its higher dimethyl sulphide (DMS) levels. To manage DMS levels Australian maltsters are indicating that the optimum malting schedule for Bass will differ from other established malting varieties currently in the market. Feedback, however, on the malt quality profile of Bass malt suggests that Bass could match Baudin as a premium quality variety for many (but maybe not all) of the markets currently serviced by Baudin. Target production zones are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.

Baudin is a preferred variety for export as grain, as malt and as a shochu barley. Baudin is regarded as the premium malting variety for the Chinese, south-east Asian and Japanese brewing markets. It is the ‘market leader’ for markets which have a high adjunct use in the brewing process. Both malt one and malt two grade Baudin are tradeable internationally. It is therefore the most sought after variety from customers

Table 2 Target production zones (likely segregation zones) in 2015 (source: GIWA Barley Council)

Port Zone Geraldton Kwinana Albany Esperance

(% total barley area) ~5% ~40% ~30% ~25%

Malting varieties

Bass A – 3 3 3

Baudin A – 3 3 3

Buloke A – 3 3 –

Commander A – limited – –

Gairdner – – 3 3

Granger A – – limited limited

Scope CL A 3 3 3 limited

Vlamingh A – limited – –

Food varieties

Hindmarsh A 3 3 3 3


Market feedback

purchasing Western Australian malting barley grain and malt. It is also a preferred variety in Japan for the manufacture of the distilled, white spirit shochu. Industry acknowledges that Baudin has a number of agronomic weaknesses, but as premium quality alternatives to Baudin are not yet established in the international market, Baudin still has a strong part to play in creating value for the barley industry in WA. This means that Baudin may trade at a premium over other malting varieties in the market place. Target production zones are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.

Buloke is an acceptable variety for export as grain and as malt. Buloke is still an important variety to the domestic malting industry and when exported as grain. Buloke complements Baudin in international brewing markets, although Baudin has a better overall malt quality profile. Buloke is a malting variety suited to markets where high levels of starch adjuncts are used, with international markets now familiar with its malt quality profile. Buloke may be phased out as a segregated variety in favour of Scope CL over coming seasons as the popularity of Scope CL increases. The Western Australian barley industry will not fully transition from Buloke to Scope CL until it is approved by all international grain and malt customers. Growers need to ensure that Buloke grain does not contaminate Scope CL malt barley stacks and Scope CL barley does not contaminate Buloke malt barley stacks. Target production zones are Kwinana and Albany port zones.

Commander is an acceptable variety for export as grain and as malt. Commander is slowly building its production base in WA, particularly in the Kwinana port zone. Segregation opportunities will increase as production increases, although the current volume is not yet sufficient to support wide scale segregations. There is strong end user demand. Commander is being priced at a premium over feed, similar to established malting varieties. Commander is a market alternative to Gairdner and Vlamingh. As the production of Commander in WA increases over coming seasons, grain exports to established markets in China and Japan will be considered. Commander is already recognised internationally when supplied from South Australia and Victoria.

The export of Commander malt and grain from WA will therefore complement the export of Commander malt and grain from eastern Australia. Target production zone is Kwinana port zone.

Gairdner is an acceptable variety for export as grain and as malt. International customers are familiar with the malt quality profile of Gairdner barley. Gairdner has a different malt quality profile to Baudin and is described as a medium fermentability malting variety. Gairdner has established international customers due to its consistent brewing performance with or without starch adjuncts. The popularity of Gairdner with growers is decreasing in both WA and eastern Australia as varieties with improved agronomic performance become available. As the national supply of Gairdner decreases international markets will increasingly need to evaluate the newer medium fermentability malting varieties entering the market place. Target production zones are Albany and Esperance port zones.

Granger is being assessed as a variety for export as grain. Granger is a new malting variety to the market being targeted at the medium and high rainfall areas of WA. There is an opportunity for Granger to undergo initial market development this year. International market feedback is unlikely before seeding, but some feedback is expected to be available in the middle of 2015. Even though Granger is being assessed for export as grain, there is no current demand for its export as malt from WA. 2015, like 2014, should be seen as a seed bulk-up year. It is suggested that growers grow Granger with intentions to deliver it into feed barley segregations until there are clearer segregation, pricing and market demand signals. Target production zones are Albany and Esperance port zones.

Scope CL is an acceptable variety for export as grain and is being assessed for export as malt. Scope CL is being viewed by growers as an agronomic replacement for Buloke but with the added advantage of in-crop brome and barley grass control. As a consequence there has been a rapid adoption of Scope CL and a subsequent dis-adoption of Buloke. Growers need to be aware that even though Scope CL is derived from Buloke, it is still in the early stages


Market feedback

of its international market development. Current market demand does not match current supply. The Western Australian barley industry will not transition from Buloke to Scope CL until Scope CL is approved by our international customers. Growers should be aware of two key issues that could affect the future acceptance of Scope CL in international markets. One is the off-label use of imidazolinone herbicides and the second is varietal purity. In February 2014, Japan increased its surveillance protocols for all barley shipments from Australia for the next five years (source: GRDC GroundCover May-June 2014). This followed the detection in market surveillance samples of residues of imazapyr and imazapic above both the Japanese import tolerances and the Australian standards. Growers should follow the label when applying herbicides to Scope CL barley and should not apply any off label imidazolinone herbicides. The only imidazolinone herbicide registered for use with Scope CL barley is Intervix® (imazapyr/imazamox). Barley Australia has advised that co-binning of malt grade Scope CL and Buloke is not allowed. This is to ensure the market can be confident in terms of end use reliability and performance. CBH have similarly advised that they will not be co-binning malt grade Scope CL and malt grade Buloke in WA. It is important that growers do not ruin the integrity of Scope CL malt stacks by contaminating them with Buloke barley and vice-versa. Correct variety declaration is a legal requirement under the Plant Breeders Rights Act and mis-declaration is a breach of the Bulk Handlers Act. Genetic tests can distinguish between Scope CL and Buloke. To minimise the risk, CBH with the support of SeedNet (the licensing agent for both Buloke and Scope CL) are sampling deliveries of Buloke and Scope CL to monitor for contamination. Target production zones are Geraldton, Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.

Vlamingh is an acceptable variety when exported as malt. Vlamingh is an established malting variety with a small demand from the domestic market to export as malt. There is limited demand for Vlamingh for export as grain. Once sufficient volumes of Commander or another equivalent grade malt barley become available there will unlikely be any domestic market demand for Vlamingh barley in WA. Target production zone is Kwinana port zone.

Food barley varietiesHindmarsh is not a malting variety but is segregated as a food grade variety (BFOD1). Since the last GIWA Malting Barley Variety Receival Recommendations in August 2013, the area sown to the food variety Hindmarsh has increased significantly from 15% in 2012 to 30% in 2013 and could grow to a predicted 40–50% of the barley area in 2014 and maintain that production in 2015.

Hindmarsh has established itself as a marketable variety into the Chinese market as a mid-range malting barley. Hindmarsh can also be used in Japan to manufacture the distilled white spirit shochu. In recent years the Hindmarsh grain used in Japan has been sourced from eastern Australia. WA is now a new source for Hindmarsh grain exports for the Japanese shochu market. Barley shochu is a distilled beverage (typically 25% alcohol by volume) produced from the fermentation of pearled barley grain and is not made from malted barley.

The local maltsters in Perth would prefer that Hindmarsh did not replace plantings of Baudin, Buloke, Commander, Gairdner and Vlamingh in the Kwinana port zone and the northern parts of the Albany port zone. The local maltsters (who buy nearly one third of our malting barley crop annually) have no demand for Hindmarsh as it was not accredited as a malting variety by Barley Australia and is not accepted by their brewing customers. Hindmarsh underwent significant levels of commercial malting evaluation in Australia and during those tests its malt quality was regularly compromised by unacceptably high wort beta-glucan (β-glucan) and wort viscosity levels. Those factors can result in difficulties in the separation of the wort from the mash during the brewing process and create problems with beer filtration.

The price paid for segregated Hindmarsh will be subject to market demand, the feed barley price, the price of accredited malting varieties and the availability of accredited malting varieties. In years of tight supply, a premium over feed may be offered, but in years of abundant supply of good quality malting barley, there may be no difference in price between Hindmarsh and feed barley. Growers should expect that Hindmarsh


Market feedback

will be priced relative to feed varieties and not relative to malting varieties. Segregation (BFOD1) opportunities likely in all four port zones.

Barley varieties awaiting accreditationThe accreditation of malting and food barley varieties grown in Australia is overseen by Barley Australia (barleyaustralia.com.au). Barley Australia is a not-for-profit independent organisation representing members of Australia’s malting and brewing industry. For each new variety of barley bred in Australia, there are a rigorous series of evaluations and minimum standards the variety must pass in order to gain accreditation as a nationally recognised malting barley variety. Breeding companies submit varieties to Barley Australia with a case supporting their request for evaluation and accreditation for malting status. The actual accreditation process is managed by the Malting and Brewing Industry Barley Technical Committee (MBIBTC). The MBIBTC is a national industry body, comprised of a panel of malting and brewing experts, who assess each variety to establish if it will meet international and/or domestic market performance requirements. This involves commercially malting the barley and evaluating the processed malt, using approved analysis methodology from the international bodies the Institute of Brewing and Distilling and the European Brewing Convention.

When the MBIBTC is satisfied with the malting performance and malt quality under commercial conditions the barley variety is passed on to Pilot Brewing Australia for brewing evaluation. The results of the brewing trials are returned to the MBIBTC for review. A variety must pass stage one of the malting and brewing trials before it can pass to stage two of testing. At the end of stage two the MBIBTC make a recommendation to Barley Australia. Barley Australia then reviews the MBIBTC reports and indicates the national status of the variety evaluated: malt, food or feed.

There are currently a large number of varieties undergoing stage one or stage two of the Barley Australia malting and brewing accreditation process. Commercial accreditation is typically a 2–3 year process, but can be as long as five years. Details of this process and the advanced varieties under evaluation can be found on the Barley Australia website: barleyaustralia.com.au.

Of the varieties listed:

• Compass (tested as WI4593, breeder – University of Adelaide),

• Flinders (tested as WABAR2537, breeder – InterGrain),

• La Trobe (tested as IGB1101, breeder – InterGrain), and

• Skipper (tested as WI4446, breeder – University of Adelaide)

are likely to be the most relevant to WA Of the two other varieties listed, Barley Australia is waiting for further advice about SY Rattler, whilst Litmus grain has been detected as having a blue aleurone. Flinders, La Trobe and Skipper have all completed stage one and are undergoing stage two in 2014 with a decision on their status due by April 2015. Compass is currently in stage one testing in 2014 with malting accreditation scheduled for 2016. Compass will be available as a high yielding feed variety in 2015 with seed multiplication crops in WA in 2014.

Malt accreditation by Barley Australia of Flinders, La Trobe or Skipper in autumn 2015 is likely to result in accumulation opportunities for some growers for international market development from WA in 2015. If Flinders and/or La Trobe are accredited there will be seed available for sale in WA next year. There is currently no seed production of Skipper in WA. If accreditation does occur, 2015 should primarily be seen as a seed bulk-up year. As with any newly accredited variety, growers should sow them with the intention of delivering them as feed barley until there are clearer segregation, pricing and market demand signals.

http://www.barleyaustralia.com.au

http://barleyaustralia.com.au.


Grain yield comparisons

National Variety Trials (NVT) grain yield information is presented in Table 3. NVT provides Estimated Genetic Values (EGVs) of grain yield for commercial varieties. Estimates of the genetic value (yield) of individual varieties (on a state or region basis) are obtained from a statistical analysis of long term (five years) multi-environment trial (MET) data. These values represent the best available predictions for the specified Agzone (Figure 2) and are provided to facilitate reliable variety selection decisions. Agzones have been developed through statistical performance to group together environmental regions that give similar crop performance in WA.

In coming years the method in which NVT grain yield data will be presented will change, but as the new method has not yet been released this sowing guide contains the traditional method we have presented grain yield performance in the past, which is based on Agzones.

PerthBrookton

Merredin

Wongan Hills

Geraldton

Mullewa

Agzone 1

Agzone 4

Agzone 2

Agzone 5Agzone 3

Agzone 6

Corrigin

Katanning

Ravensthorpe

NewdegateSalmon Gums

Esperance

Albany Figure 2 Map showing Agzones in WA

In addition many varieties have been compared in a larger dataset by combining grain yield data collected from DAFWA-GRDC barley agronomy research (DAW00148, DAW00190 and DAW00224) with CVT and NVT data. Varieties are compared in a balanced analysis (all varieties present in all site x management trials or trial-years) through linear functional relationship modelling and presented relative to a control variety at different levels of potential yield (Figures 3–7).

The NVT MET analysis suggests the benchmark varieties for grain yield in WA are Compass, Hindmarsh, La Trobe, Lockyer and Oxford, depending on Agzone (Table 3). Compass, Hindmarsh (= La Trobe), Lockyer and Oxford differ from each other in their agronomy, genetics and phenology (Tables 4–10) clearly demonstrating there are many ways in which grain yield can be achieved. The relative yield of Compass, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Oxford however, differs as the site yield potential changes (Figures 3 and 4). As Compass (and Flinders) have only recently been included in NVT in WA, the analyses comparing varieties at different yield potential does not yet include Compass and Flinders.

In the less than three tonne per hectare 3t/ha environments (which is a large part of the state) Hindmarsh is the stand out variety. In those environments it is expected that the main competitors to Hindmarsh will be Compass (similar grain yield and being assessed for a malting and brewing end use), Fathom (due to



Table 4 Grain yield of Litmus relative to Hindmarsh at different levels of sub-soil pH (source: 2010–2013 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2012–13 NVT).

pHCa of sub-soil

Grain yield of Litmus (% Hindmarsh)

Per cent of sites at which Litmus was higher, same or lower yielding than Hindmarsh

higher same lower No. sites< 4.8 106 ± 4% 30% 47% 23% 304.8 - 6.5 95 ± 2% 7% 63% 30% 27> 6.5 86 ± 5% 0% 33% 67% 6All sites 100 ± 2% 18% 52% 30% 63

Table 3 Grain yield of barley varieties expressed as a percentage of Hindmarsh (NVT 2009–2013) Data presented where there are five or more observations. (source: NVT Online nvtonline.com.au)

Variety Agzone 1 Agzone 2 Agzone 3 Agzone 4 Agzone 5 Agzone 6

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

Malting varieties

Bass A 99 9 84 32 91 35 85 11 84 39 94 18

Baudin A 86 9 83 34 78 35 83 13 83 40 83 18

Buloke A 93 9 90 34 93 35 93 13 88 38 90 18

Commander A 96 9 87 33 89 35 88 13 86 34 93 17

Gairdner 81 5 86 31 84 35 84 12 85 33 83 18

Granger A – 3 94 19 95 19 – 3 89 16 100 8

Scope CL A 94 6 91 22 93 24 93 6 87 19 90 10

Vlamingh A 95 9 90 34 89 35 87 11 86 40 91 18

Food varieties

Hindmarsh A 100 7 100 26 100 28 100 9 100 21 100 4

Feed varieties

Dash A – – – – 95 8 – – 95 7 – 4

Fathom A – 4 93 19 97 19 99 5 96 16 98 8

Fleet A 102 9 92 33 95 35 95 13 93 34 93 17

Litmus A – – 95 10 81 8 – – 87 8 – 4

Lockyer A 103 9 97 29 97 35 94 9 96 34 101 17

Mundah 79 9 86 31 83 35 91 13 83 40 77 18

Oxford A 101 5 91 17 95 27 – 4 86 21 104 10

Roe A 95 9 95 34 91 35 95 13 91 35 90 14

Yagan – – – – – – – – – – – –

Awaiting classification

Compass A – – 101 10 100 10 – – 96 8 – 4

Flinders A 100 4 96 19 96 19 92 5 93 15 102 8

La Trobe A – 3 99 15 101 14 – 4 100 12 102 6

Hindmarsh yield (t/ha)

3.02 7 2.94 26 4.12 28 2.41 9 2.99 21 3.50 12



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Figure 3 Relative grain yield of the malting variety Buloke (r2 = 0.93) and feed varieties Fathom (r2 = 0.93), Fleet (r2 = 0.92), Lockyer (r2 = 0.90), Mundah (r2 = 0.87) and Roe (r2 = 0.95) at different grain yields achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh. (source: data from 2011 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2010–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 67 trial-years of data.)

Figure 4 Relative grain yield of the malting variety Buloke (r2 = 0.96) and feed varieties Fleet (r2 = 0.95), Lockyer (r2 = 0.95), Oxford (r2 = 0.89) and Roe (r2 = 0.95) at different grain yields achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh. (source: data from 2009–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2008–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 117 trial-years of data.)



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Figure 6 Relative grain yield of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.93), Baudin (r2 = 0.91), Buloke (r2 = 0.89), Commander (r2 = 0.93), Granger (r2 = 0.92) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.92) at different grain yields achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh. (source: data from 2010–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 211 trial-years of data.)

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Gairdner

Vlamingh

Figure 5 Relative grain yield of the malting varieties Buloke (r2 = 0.90), Gairdner (r2 = 0.90) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.93) at different grain yields achieved by the malting variety Baudin. (source: data from 2004, 2006–13 DAFWA barley agronomy, 2004–08 CVT and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 425 trial-years of data.)



its longer coleoptile), La Trobe (similar grain yield and being assessed for a malting and brewing end use), Litmus (due to its acid soil tolerance) and Scope CL (due to its resistance to the Clearfield® herbicide Intervix®). Malting varieties require a more favourable premium in the less than 3t/ha environments to be competitive with Hindmarsh. Mundah is still popular with growers but outclassed by Hindmarsh in most situations.

In the more than 3t/ha environments, Hindmarsh is not the automatic choice, there are many varieties with a similar or higher yield potential (Figures 5–7). Competitors include the malting varieties Bass, Buloke, Commander, Granger and Scope CL; and the feed varieties Lockyer and Oxford. Many of those varieties have improved disease resistance relative to Hindmarsh and many are better suited to late April and early May sowing than Hindmarsh (Tables 5 to 9). Other new varieties to consider include Compass, Flinders and La Trobe.

-600

-400

-200

+0

+200

+400

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Yiel

d (k

g/ha

) rel

ativ

e to

Bul

oke

Grain yield – Buloke – (kg/ha)

Bass

Baudin

Hindmarsh

Scope CL

Vlamingh

Figure 7 Relative grain yield of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.96), Baudin (r2 = 0.93), Scope (r2 = 0.96) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.94) and the food variety Hindmarsh (r2 = 0.91) at different grain yields achieved by the malting variety Buloke. (source: data from 2009–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 178 trial-years of data.)


Disease resistance

Disease, virus and nematode resistance data is presented in Tables 5, 6 and 7.

Seedling and adult resistanceLeaf disease ratings in this guide now include seedling and adult plant resistance ratings for the foliar leaf diseases net type net blotch (NTNB), spot type net blotch (STNB), powdery mildew and barley leaf rust (Tables 5 and 6). Seedling ratings are applicable at early growth stages (2–3 leaf stage) and are important for making decisions on seed fungicide treatments and/or to know the likely response of a variety if there is early disease pressure. Seedling ratings are also important when assigning varieties to paddocks. Varieties susceptible to stubble borne diseases like scald, NTNB and STNB are at a high risk of early infection if sown onto one or two year old barley stubble. Adult plant ratings are applicable at later plant growth stages (after flag leaf emergence), but in some varieties and for some diseases the adult ratings may be applicable as early as stem elongation. Variation in the seedling and adult rating of a variety is most likely due to the presence or absence of adult plant resistance genes.

Disease surveillanceGrowers and consultants observing barley varieties rated as MRMS, MR or R to scald, NTNB, STNB, powdery mildew or barley leaf rust carrying significantly greater levels of disease than expected should collect infected material for pathotype identification.

Samples of powdery mildew infected leaf material should be forwarded to the Centre for Crop and Disease Management at Curtin University. Unlike other leaf diseases, powdery mildew infected leaves need to be placed into agar to maintain a live culture for pathotyping. To arrange sample collection contact either Richard Oliver via e-mail on [email protected] and phone +61 (0)8 9266 7872 or Simon Ellwood via email on [email protected] and phone +61 (0)8 9266 9138.

Infected scald, NTNB, STNB and barley leaf rust leaf material must be sent in paper envelopes marked with location, variety, disease and date collected. Fold the leaf in half so the infected area

is on the inside. Please do not wrap leaf material in plastic or send in plastic lined envelopes.

Scald, NTNB and STNB infected leaf material should be sent to the Department of Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 4, Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983 and marked attention Sanjiv Gupta or Jason Bradley. For more information contact Sanjiv Gupta ([email protected]) and phone +61 (0)8 9368 3622 or Jason Bradley ([email protected]) and phone +61 (0)8 9368 3982.

Barley leaf rust samples should be sent directly to the ACRCP Annual Cereal Rust Survey, Plant Breeding Institute, Private Bag 4011, Narellan NSW 2567. For more information contact Professor Robert Park ([email protected]) and +61 (0)2 9351 8806.

ScaldScald is potentially very damaging in barley as an infection can kill leaves prematurely and reduce seed weight. A severe early infection can reduce head number and grain number. Yield losses of up to 45% are possible with associated quality defects. Fortunately many of the varieties we have been growing in recent years have had some resistance against scald and levels of infection have been low. Some of the new varieties (ie. Granger and Litmus) are susceptible to scald and as the area sown to varieties with a susceptible rating increases the prevalence of scald will increase, especially as we drive seeding dates earlier. Growers need to be using appropriate rotation and disease management strategies to limit scald.

The only variety whose adult plant resistance score has decreased since the last sowing guide is Gairdner (MRMS to MS).

Net type net blotchIn addition to seedling and adult plant ratings, the resistance of barley to two distinct isolates of NTNB prevalent in WA is presented, Beecher virulent (95NB100) and Beecher avirulent (97NB1). Varieties can differ in their response to NTNB depending on which isolate is present in the paddock. The reaction of Bass, Fleet and Flinders as seedlings will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present.








The reaction of Bass, Compass, Granger, La Trobe, Lockyer and Yagan as adults will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present. The Beecher avirulent (non-attacking) isolate is prevalent throughout the state, whereas the Beecher virulent (attacking) isolate is more common north of the Great Eastern Highway.

Bass (MRMS to MS), Fathom (MRMS to MSS) and Granger (MR to MRMS) varieties’s adult plant resistance score to Beecher avirulent NTNB has decreased since the last sowing guide.

Spot type net blotchMost barley varieties are susceptible to STNB as an adult. Fathom (MRMS) has the best adult resistance to STNB of the current varieties. Some of the varieties susceptible as an adult have some tolerance as a seedling. This reduces the likelihood of early infection carrying through to the adult stage when they are susceptible. Varieties susceptible at the adult stage but with some resistance at the seedling stage (seedling resistance in brackets) include Bass (MRMS), Baudin (MRMS), Compass (MRMS), Buloke (MRMS), Flinders (MRMS), Scope CL (MS), Vlamingh (MRMS) and Yagan (MRMS).

Adult plant resistance score of varieties to STNB has not changed since last sowing guide.

Powdery mildewMutation of the CYP51 gene in powdery mildew has resulted in the compromised efficacy of many DMI fungicides in controlling powdery mildew at label rates. Higher value DMI fungicides and new actives, such as strobilurins and spiroxamine, are now being used. Reducing the area of production of varieties rated as S or VS to powdery mildew (ie. Baudin, Gairdner and Vlamingh) is a key step in reducing our reliance on fungicides. Despite the availability of several more resistant options this reduction is taking time as many of the susceptible varieties have a high market demand and in some cases the premiums offered offset some of the cost of controlling powdery mildew. New malting options becoming available will assist with the removal of susceptible varieties, but they are not yet approved by our international customers of malt and grain.

It is also important to be aware there is laboratory based evidence indicating that some of the genes that provide resistance to powdery mildew in some of our barley varieties may be compromised. Popularly grown or new varieties in WA with intermediate resistance or above (MRMS, MR and R) to powdery mildew can be categorised into eight broad groups based on the postulated or known effective genes that control their resistance to powdery mildew.

Only those varieties carrying the mlo gene like Granger have durable resistance to powdery mildew. The rest are more vulnerable to mutations of the powdery mildew fungus, but the diversity in resistance genes and the presence of multiple genes in some varieties means that not all varieties will be rendered susceptible at the same time if mutations occur or the known mutations become more widespread.

The eight broad groups separated on known or postulated effective genes (in brackets) include the following varieties:

Group 1 (MlGa) – Fathom, Fleet

Group 2 (MlLa) – Hindmarsh, La Trobe, Lockyer

Group 3 (MlGa, MlLa) – Commander

Group 4 (Mla7, MlLa, U) – Buloke, Scope CL

Group 5 (Mla7, MlLa, Mlk1) – Dash

Group 6 (Ml(Ch), Mlra) – Yagan

Group 7 (Ml(St)) – Oxford

Group 8 (mlo) – Granger

Field screening of varieties with different genes, however, has not yet found any significant regional variation in the field resistance of varieties to powdery mildew. Adult plant resistance score of varieties to powdery mildew has not changed since the last sowing guide.

Barley leaf rustA new pathotype of barley leaf rust (5457 P-) was detected in September 2013 across multiple locations across the south coast (South Stirlings to Esperance). This new pathotype is a single-step mutational derivative of our existing pathotype, 5453 P-, with added virulence for Rph3. Bass and Compass carry the Rph3 gene as their main source of resistance to barley leaf rust and they are expected to show a susceptible reaction at both the seedling and adult plant stage when pathotype 5457 P- is present.


Disease resistance

Granger and Oxford carry an adult plant resistance gene Rph20 in addition to the Rph3 gene. When pathotype 5457 P- is present, they are expected to be more susceptible to leaf rust as a seedling until their adult resistance gene becomes effective. The reaction of Granger and Oxford is expected to be like Dash at the seedling stage (MS). Dash only carries the adult plant resistance gene Rph20 for leaf rust. The adult plant resistance gene in Fleet conferring it an intermediate reaction is unknown.

Barley and cereal yellow dwarfBoth barley yellow dwarf (BYD) and cereal yellow dwarf (CYD) occur in WA. As the screening for varietal resistance occurs in the field the resistance score reflects the rating to both being present, although BYD is more frequent than CYD at a ratio of approximately 2:1. BYD can reduce grain yield by up to 80% with seedling infection and up to 20% with later infection. Barley plants primarily become infected from infected oat (Rhopalosiphum padi) and/or corn leaf (Rhopalosiphum maidis) aphids. Varietal resistance reduces the impact of the virus on plant growth but does not reduce the impact of aphid feeding on plant growth. Varietal resistance to BYD and CYD therefore does not reduce the need to spray for aphids to prevent yield loss from feeding damage once they reach threshold levels in the crop (50% of tillers with 15 or more aphids).

Root lesion nematodeRoot lesion nematode (RLN, Pratylenchus spp) occurs in more than 65% of Western Australian cropping paddocks. P. neglectus is the most frequent RLN, occurring in at least 76% of infested paddocks surveyed in 2013. P. teres, unique to WA, is the next most common at around 26% of infected paddocks surveyed in 2013. Cereal yield losses due to RLN are in the order of 10–30%, but can be higher, particularly where P. teres occurs. The actual yield loss due to RLN in different barley varieties is not yet quantified, but the impact of different varieties on nematode populations is (Table 7). Table 7 includes both P. neglectus and P. teres resistance scores. This information can be used to design rotations that will lower nematode populations as resistant varieties retard nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.

Cereal cyst nematodeCereal cyst nematode (CCN) is present in cropping regions around Geraldton and in the Avon Valley around Northam, but it can occur in any area. Unlike RLN, barley varieties are tolerant to CCN, so yield loss is limited even when infection does occur. The planting of CCN resistant varieties retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.


Disease resistance

1Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.2Pathotype or isolate: source of disease used to in evaluating the disease reaction of the different barley varieties. The source used for evaluating varietal resistance represents the most common pathotype present in WA. On farm reactions of varieties may therefore differ if the pathotype/s present differ to the pathotype used in testing. 3Growth stage: the seedling resistance score (new) reflects resistance at the 2–3 leaf stage (data not relevant after four leaf stage). The adult resistance score (used in previous sowing guides) reflects resistance after flag leaf emergence. Varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage are at a greater risk of early infection. Appropriate cultural (ie. rotation) and/or chemical (ie. fungicide) disease management strategies should be considered to minimise the risk when planting those varieties.4Net type net blotch: there are two major isolates (95NB100 and 97NB1) of NTNB present in WA. The Beecher avirulent (95NB100) isolate is the dominant isolate, but north of the Great Eastern Highway the Beecher virulent (95NB100) and avirulent (97NB1) isolate are present in similar proportions. The reaction of Bass, Fleet and Flinders as seedlings will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present.5Powdery mildew: varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage (Baudin, Gairdner, Mundah and Vlamingh) should be treated with a seed dressing active against powdery mildew to prevent early infection during the tillering stage.6Barley leaf rust: a new pathotype (5457 P-) was detected in September 2013 virulent on the Rph3 gene. Varieties marked with a / (Bass and Compass) carry the Rph3 gene and will show a susceptible reaction at both the seedling and adult plant stage when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Varieties marked with a # (Granger and Oxford) carry an adult plant resistance gene Rph20 in addition to the Rph3 gene. When pathotype 5457 P- is present, they are expected to be more susceptible to leaf rust as a seedling until their adult resistance gene become effective.

Table 5 Seedling (2 to 3 leaf stage) leaf disease resistance profiles when grown in WABold font indicates resistance levels are intermediate or above. (source: Sanjiv Gupta)

Disease1 Scald Net type net blotch4

Net type net blotch4

Spot type net blotch

Powdery mildew5 Barley leaf rust6

Pathotype2 Medina Beecher virulent (95NB100)

Beecher avirulent (97NB1) South Perth South Perth 5453 P-

Growth Stage3 Seedling Seedling Seedling Seedling Seedling SeedlingMalting varietiesBass A – MR S MRMS MS R/SBaudin A – S S MRMS VS SVSBuloke A – MRMS MRMS MRMS MR SCommander A – S S S MRMS SGairdner – MRMS MRMS S VS SGranger A – S MSp S R R#Scope CL A – MR MRMS MS R SVlamingh A – MR MR MRMS S SFood varietiesHindmarsh A – MRMS MRMS S MRMS SFeed varietiesDash A – MRMS MRMS S R MSpFathom A – S S MR MRMS SFleet A – MSp MRMS MR MRMS SLitmus A – S Sp S MSS SLockyer A – MR MR S MRMS SMundah – S MS S S SOxford A – R MR S R R#Roe A – S MS S MS SYagan – MRMS MRMS MRMS R SAwaiting classificationCompass A – MSp S MRMS MS MRMSp/ SFlinders A – MRMS S MRMS R SLa Trobe A – MRMS MRMS S MRMS MS


Disease resistance

1Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.2Pathotype or isolate: source of disease used to in evaluating the disease reaction of the different barley varieties. The source used for evaluating varietal resistance represents the most common pathotype present in WA. On farm reactions of varieties may therefore differ if the pathotype/s present differ to the pathotype used in testing. 3Growth stage: the adult resistance score (used in previous sowing guides) reflects resistance after flag leaf emergence. Varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage are at a greater risk of early infection. Appropriate cultural (ie. rotation) and/or chemical (ie. fungicide) disease management strategies should be considered to minimise the risk when planting those varieties.4Net type net blotch: there are two major isolates (95NB100 and 97NB1) of NTNB present in Western Australia. The Beecher avirulent (95NB100) isolate is the dominant isolate, but north of the Great Eastern Highway the Beecher virulent (95NB100) and avirulent (97NB1) isolate are present in similar proportions. The reaction of Bass, Compass, Granger, La Trobe, Lockyer and Yagan as adults will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present.5Powdery mildew: varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage (Baudin, Gairdner, Mundah and Vlamingh) should be treated with a seed dressing active against powdery mildew to prevent early infection during the tillering stage.6Barley leaf rust: a new pathotype (5457 P-) was detected in September 2013 virulent on the Rph3 gene. Varieties marked with a / (Bass and Compass) carry the Rph3 gene and will show a susceptible reaction at both the seedling and adult plant stage when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Varieties marked with a # (Granger and Oxford) carry an adult plant resistance gene Rph20 in addition to the Rph3 gene. When pathotype 5457 P- is present, they are expected to be more susceptible to leaf rust as a seedling until their adult resistance gene become effective.

Table 6 Adult (after flag leaf emergence) leaf disease resistance profiles when grown in WABold font indicates resistance levels are intermediate or above. (source: Sanjiv Gupta)

Disease1 Scald Net type net blotch4

Net type net blotch4

Spot type net blotch

Powdery mildew5

Barley leaf rust6

Pathotype2 Medina Beecher virulent (95NB100)

Beecher avirulent (97NB1) South Perth South Perth 5453 P-

Growth Stage3 Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult AdultMalting varietiesBass A MRMS MRMS MSS S MS MR/SBaudin A MSS S S S VS SVSBuloke A MS MRMSp MRMS MS MR SCommander A MSS S S MSS MR SGairdner MS MRMS MRMS S S SGranger A S MS MRMS S R RMRScope CL A MS MRMSp MRMS S R SVlamingh A MR MRMS MRMS S S SFood varietiesHindmarsh A MRMS MS MS S MRMS SFeed varietiesDash A R MRMS MRMS S R RFathom A MR S MSS MRMS MRMS SFleet A MS MRMSp MR MS MRMS MRMSLitmus A SVS S S S MS SLockyer A MRMS MSp MRMS S MRMS SMundah S S MS S MSS SOxford A MS MRMSp MR S R RRoe A MSS S MSS S MS SYagan VS MSSp MRMS S MRMS SAwaiting classificationCompass A MS MRMSp MSS S MRp MRp/ SFlinders A MS MSp MS S R MRLa Trobe A MR MS MRMS S MRMS S


Disease resistance

1Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available. 2Growth stage: the resistance to barley and cereal yellow dwarf virus and the varietal impacts on nematode numbers does not differ between growth stages, it applies equally throughout the life of the plant.3Barley and cereal yellow dwarf: plants become infected from infected oat and corn leaf aphids. Varietal resistance reduces the impact of the virus on plant growth but does not reduce the impact of aphid feeding on plant growth. 4Root lesion nematode: barley varieties vary in the impact of root lesion nematode on their growth. A resistant variety retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.5Cereal cyst nematode: all barley varieties are tolerant of cereal cyst nematode but a resistant variety retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.

Table 7 Virus and nematode resistance profiles when grown in WABold font indicates resistance levels are intermediate or above. (source: virus - Sanjiv Gupta and nematodes - Sarah Collins)

Disease1 Barley and Cereal yellow dwarf3 Root lesion nematode4 Root lesion nematode4 Cereal cyst nematode5

Pathogen Pratylenchus neglectus Pratylenchus teres Heterodera avenae

Growth Stage2 Seedling & Adult Seedling & Adult Seedling & Adult Seeding & AdultMalting varietiesBass A MR MSSp MSp SBaudin A MR MS MSSp SBuloke A MRMS MR MRMSp SCommander A MRMSp MS MSp RGairdner MR MS MSp SGranger A MRMS MS MRMSp SScope CL A MRp MSSp MSp SVlamingh A MS MS MSp SFood varietiesHindmarsh A S MR MRp RFeed varietiesDash A MRMSp MRMS MRp RFathom A MRp – – RFleet A MRMS MRMS MRMSp RLitmus A Sp – – –Lockyer A S MR MRMSp –Mundah S MR MRp SOxford A MRMS MRMSp – SRoe A MS MR MRp –Yagan S MS MRp –Awaiting classificationCompass A MRMSp -– -– RFlinders A MR -– -– SLa Trobe A Sp MS MSp R


Agronomic attributes

Tables 8–10 and Figures 8–10 cover different agronomic attributes of each variety in this sowing guide.

Table 8 describes agronomic characteristics (ie. coleoptile length, straw strength and plant height), whilst Figures 8–10 compare the grain plumpness of different varieties. These grain plumpness figures have been developed by combining grain plumpness (% < 2.5 millimetres (mm)) data collected from DAFWA-GRDC barley agronomy research (DAW00148, DAW00190 and DAW00224) with CVT and NVT data. Varieties are then compared in a balanced analysis (all varieties present in all site x management trials or trial-years) through linear functional relationship modelling and presented relative to a control variety at different levels of grain plumpness.

The benchmark variety for grain plumpness is Vlamingh (Figures 8–10). All the newer malting varieties have a grain plumpness which is better than Baudin, Buloke and especially Gairdner. Of them the plumpest variety is Bass, which is equivalent to Vlamingh. Granger is slightly plumper than Commander depending on the level of screenings. Scope CL is slightly plumper than Buloke. None of those three are as plump as Bass or Vlamingh, but they are all very close to Hindmarsh. The food variety Hindmarsh is intermediate between Baudin and Vlamingh depending on the level of screenings. As Compass and Flinders have only recently been included in NVT in WA, the analyses comparing varieties at different levels of grain plumpness do not yet include those varieties.

It can be very difficult to distinguish between varieties once they are sown in the paddock. Table 9 attempts to provide some visual guides as to how one might use plant traits to separate varieties or to identify contaminated seed. Some of the questions you might ask include:

• What did the crop look like at 8–10 weeks after seeding (prostrate or erect)?

• Does it have red auricles at the base of the leaf blade where it wraps around the stem?

• Does the head have red awns?

• How long are the awns?

• Is the head near maturity fanned (tapered) or straight (parallel) in shape?

• When you look at the furrow at the germ end of the grain through a magnifying glass what length is the rachilla (white, rod-shaped organ) and how long are the hairs on the rachilla hairs?

For more advice on what differences to look for consult DAFWA Bulletin 4765 Maintaining variety purity in the Western Australian malting barley industry by Jeff Russell and Blakely Paynter. If visual cues are not enough then the grain will need to be tested at an accredited laboratory for varietal purity. The most common method used to determine varietal purity is based on mass spectrometry analysis of protein profiles in grains, but newer methods such as DNA microsatellites and DArT technology are also available and being used.

AGWEST Plant Laboratories (agric.wa.gov.au/PC_90014.html) offers a mass spectrometry test that compares the protein profile of a combined sample or of 30 individual seeds or of 150 individual seeds. Those tests range from $116–635 to conduct. Higher levels of accuracy can be obtained by analysing more seeds, but the price also increases as more seeds are done. They also offer a DNA microsatellite test for $275.

Saturn Biotech (esvc000049.wic048u.server-web.com/index.html) at Murdoch University also offers a mass spectrometry test that compares protein profiling. Tests range from $69 for the pooled test to $350 for the 150 individual seed test.

Grain Growers (graingrowers.com.au) test for varietal purity using DArT technology. The cost of the Grain Growers service is $148.50 per sample for fewer than 20 samples and $132 per sample for more than 20 samples.

Table 10 covers information about who bred the variety, who you go to see to buy seed, how much you will pay when you deliver the grain (end point royalties) and what the pedigree of the variety is.

http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_90014.html

http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_90014.html

http://www.esvc000049.wic048u.server-web.com/index.html

http://www.esvc000049.wic048u.server-web.com/index.html

http://www.graingrowers.com.au



Table 8 Agronomic characteristics of a range of barley varieties when grown in WA(source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik)

Agronomic traitColeoptile length1

Maturity with late May sowing2

Boron leaf symptoms

Straw strength

Head retention

Plant height at maturity3

Grain plumpness

Malting varietiesBass A Medium Medium Medium Very good Good Short GoodBaudin A Medium Late Medium Very good Very good Short FairBuloke A Short Medium Low Fair Poor Tall FairCommander A Medium Late Medium Fair Fair Medium Mod. goodGairdner Medium Late Medium Good Fair Medium Very poor Granger A Medium Medium – Good Good Medium Mod. goodScope CL A Short Medium – Fair Poor Tall FairVlamingh A Medium Medium High Good Good Tall Good Food varietiesHindmarsh A Short Early Medium Fair Mod. good Medium Mod. goodFeed varietiesDash A Short Late Medium Good Very good Short Very poorFathom A Long Medium Medium Fair Mod. good Tall GoodFleet A Long Medium Low Fair Fair Medium GoodLitmus A Short Early Medium Fair Fair Tall Mod. goodLockyer A Medium Late Medium Mod. good Very good Short Poor Mundah Medium Very early Medium Fair Fair Medium Very goodOxford Medium Late – Very good Very good Short Very poorRoe A Medium Early Medium Mod. good Mod. good Medium Very goodYagan Medium Very early Medium Fair Mod. good Medium Very goodAwaiting classificationCompass A Medium Medium – Fair – Medium GoodFlinders A Short Late Medium Very good Mod. good Short Mod. goodLa Trobe A Short Early Medium Mod. good Mod. good Medium Mod. good

1coleoptile length: short (40–60 mm), medium (60–80 mm) and long (80–100 mm).2maturity: very early (-15 to -4 days), early (-3 to +3 days), medium (+4 to +10 days) and late (+11 to +17 days) maturity (days to awn emergence) relative to Stirling when sown in late May. Maturity ranking with a late May sowing differs to the maturity ranking when sown in April or after mid-June.3straw length: very short (<45 centimetres (cm)), short (45–55 cm), medium (55–65 cm) and tall (65–75 cm) relative to Stirling and Buloke at sites where their straw (ground to base of ear) was between 65–75 cm long.



Table 9 Visual characteristics of a range of barley varieties when grown in WA

(source: DAFWA Bulletin 4765 and IP Australia Plant Breeders Rights database pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm)

CharacteristicEarly growth habit

Redness of flag leaf auricle

Redness of awns during grain fill

Awn length

Ear shapeRachilla length

Rachilla hair length

Malting varieties

Bass A Prostrate Present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Long

Baudin A Prostrate Strongly present Present Medium Parallel Short Long

Buloke A Semi-erect Weakly present Absent Medium Tapering Medium Long

Commander A Erect Absent Absent Very long Tapering Medium Short

Gairdner Prostrate Present Present Long Parallel Long Short

Granger A Prostrate Present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Long

Scope CL A Semi–erect Weakly present Absent Medium Tapering Medium Long

Vlamingh A Erect Absent Absent Medium Tapering Medium Short

Food varieties

Hindmarsh A Erect Present Present Medium Parallel Medium Short

Feed varieties

Dash A Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Tapering – Long

Fathom A Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Long

Fleet A Erect Absent Absent Very long Parallel Long Long

Litmus A Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Long

Lockyer A Prostrate Weakly present Present Long Parallel Medium Long

Mundah Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Short

Oxford Prostrate Present Present Long Parallel Medium Long

Roe A Erect Weakly present Weakly present Medium Parallel Medium Short

Yagan Erect Present Present – Tapering – Short


Compass A Erect Present Weakly present Long Tapering Short-medium Long

Flinders A Prostrate Present Present Medium Tapering Medium Long

La Trobe A Erect Strongly present Strongly present Medium Parallel Medium Short

http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm



Table 10 Breeding, seed trading and end point royalty status for barley varieties when grown in WA(source: breeding companies and Variety Central varietycentral.com.au)

Licence information

Variety owner or licensee

Year released

Farmer to farmer trading

Seed licensee

End Point Royalty2

PedigreeMalt

Food or Feed

Malting varieties

Bass A InterGrain 2012 Yes Free to trade $3.50 $3.50 WABAR2023/Alexis

Baudin A InterGrain 2003 Yes Free to trade $3.00 $1.00 Stirling/Franklin

Buloke A DPI (Vic) 2008 No1 SeedNet $2.00 $2.00 Franklin/VB9104//VB9104

Commander A University of Adelaide 2008 No1 SeedNet $3.80 $3.80 Keel/Sloop//Galaxy

Gairdner InterGrain 1997 Yes Free to trade – – Tas 83-537/Onslow

Granger A Nickersons 2013 No Heritage Seeds $2.95 $2.95 Braemar/Adonis

Scope CL A DPI (Vic) 2010 No SeedNet $3.50 $3.50 Franklin/VB9104//VB9104

Vlamingh A InterGrain 2006 Yes Free to trade $3.50 $1.50 WABAR570/TR118

Food varieties

Hindmarsh A DPI (Vic) 2006 No1 SeedNet $1.50 Dash/VB9409Feed varieties

Dash A Heritage Seeds 1995 No SeedNet $1.80 Chad/Joline//Cask

Fathom A University of Adelaide 2011 No SeedNet $2.00 JE013D-020/WI3806-1

Fleet A University of Adelaide 2006 No SeedNet $1.50 Mundah/Keel//Barque

Litmus A InterGrain 2013 No Syngenta $3.80 WB229/2*Baudin//WABAR2238

Lockyer A InterGrain 2007 Yes Free to trade $1.50 Tantangara/VB9104

Mundah InterGrain 1995 Yes Free to trade – Yagan/O’Connor

Oxford Nickersons 2010 No Heritage Seeds $2.50 Tavern/Chime

Roe A InterGrain 2007 Yes Free to trade $1.50 Doolup//Windich/Morex

Yagan InterGrain 1989 Yes Free to trade – unknown pedigree


Compass A University of Adelaide 2014 No SeedNet $3.80 County/Commander/Commander

Finders A InterGrain 2014 No Syngenta $3.80 Baudin/Cooper

La Trobe A InterGrain 2013 Yes Syngenta $4.00 Dash/VB9409

1Growers registered with the SeedNet Authorised Grower Distribution Scheme can participate in farmer to farmer trading of Buloke, Commander and Hindmarsh.2End point royalties ($/t) are quoted excluding GST.

http://varietycentral.com.au



-20

-15

-10

-5

+0

+5

+10

0 10 20 30 40 50

Rel

ativ

e to

Bau

din

(% <

2.5

mm

)

Screenings – Baudin – (% < 2.5mm)

Buloke

Gairdner

Vlamingh

-10

-5

+0

+5

+10

+15

+20

+25

0 10 20 30 40 50

Rel

ativ

e to

Hin

dmar

sh (%

< 2

.5m

m)

Screenings – Hindmarsh – (% < 2.5mm)

Bass

Baudin

Buloke

Commander

Granger

Vlamingh

Figure 8 Relative screenings of the malting varieties Buloke (r2 = 0.85), Gairdner (r2 = 0.85) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.83) at different screenings achieved by the malting variety Baudin. (source: data from 2004, 2006–13 DAFWA barley agronomy, 2004–08 CVT and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 415 trial-years of data)

Figure 9 Relative screenings of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.76), Baudin (r2 = 0.81), Buloke (r2 = 0.82), Commander (r2 = 0.75), Granger (r2 = 0.75) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.73) at different screenings achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh. (source: data from 2010–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 211 trial-years of data)



-15

-10

-5

+0

+5

+10

0 10 20 30 40 50

Rela

tive

to B

ulok

e (%

< 2

.5m

m)

Screenings – Buloke – (% < 2.5mm)

Bass

Baudin

Hindmarsh

Scope CL

Vlamingh

Figure 10 Relative screenings of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.83), Baudin (r2 = 0.80), Scope (r2 = 0.93) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.78) and the food variety Hindmarsh (r2 = 0.80) at different screenings achieved by the malting variety Buloke. (source: data from 2009–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 178 trial-years of data)


Herbicide tolerance

Herbicide tolerance trials conducted over the last fifteen years in WA indicate that some barley varieties are more susceptible to damage from certain herbicides than others (Table 11). The variation in tolerance may be due to differences in morphological or physiological characters and/or internal ear development stages among the varieties. The level of tolerance amongst varieties varies with the rate of herbicide, the environmental conditions when the herbicide is applied, and the stage of the crop growth.

Seasonal variability makes it essential to test herbicide and variety interaction over several seasons and locations. The risk of crop damage from an herbicide should be balanced against the potential yield loss from both the weed competition and the number of weed seeds returning to the soil seed bank. Small yield reductions due to herbicide damage in sensitive varieties may not be easily detected at the paddock level, but over larger areas can be of great economic importance.

Since 2009, advanced breeding lines and commercial varieties have been tested for herbicide tolerance in small plot (1.6 metres (m) x 1.5m) screening trials at Katanning. In those screenings trials the following herbicides (which provide consistent damage to barley or are commonly used by Western Australian barley growers) are tested at higher than label rates:

• Axial® (pinoxadin),

• Achieve® (tralkoxydim),

• Affinity® + MCPA (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA),

• Ally® (metsulfuron),

• Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb),

• Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba),

• Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA),

• Hoegrass® (diclofop-methyl),

• Triflur® X (trifluralin),

• Triflur® 400 + Lexone® (trifluralin + metribuzin),

• Tigrex® (diflufenican + MCPA), and

• 2,4-D LVE 680 (2,4-D).

Any variety by herbicide combination that causes a significant yield reduction in the screening trial is then further tested in larger plot (10m x 1m) advanced trials. In the advanced trials, the varieties are assessed against label and higher than the label rates for at least two years to validate the results and to minimise seasonal influences on the herbicide tolerance responses. In 2013, the herbicide tolerance of barley varieties to the new herbicides Legacy® MA (diflufenican + MCPA) and Triathlon® (diflufenican + bromoxynil + MCPA) were tested for the first time in the advanced trial at Katanning.

Most barley varieties have shown some sensitivity to at least one herbicide in the herbicide tolerance trials, but no barley variety tested has yet to demonstrate consistent yield loss due to herbicide application. Of the varieties tested, Gairdner has shown sensitivity to a greater range of herbicides than any other variety. Baudin, Buloke, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Vlamingh have also shown sensitivity to two or more herbicides at label rates.

Several of the herbicides tested have caused a yield loss in two or more varieties. Growers should be cautious when using those products with new varieties. Sensitivity at label rates has been noted in at least two varieties for these products:

• Ally® (metsulfuron) at Z13-Z15,

• Axial® (pinoxadin) at Z12-Z14,

• Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) at Z13-Z15,

• Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) at Z12-Z15, and

• Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) at Z13-Z14.

A narrow safety margin was also noted when Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) was applied at above labels rates, but not at label rates, to three barley varieties. In general, when using pre-emergent herbicides like trifluralin, Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) and Diuron + Dual® Gold (diuron + s-metolachlor) ensure the sown seed is placed below the herbicide treated soil band; as the crop safety is mainly due to seed placement selectively. If sowing with knife points, and using higher label rates, ensure that treated soil does not get thrown, blown or washed into the furrows.


Herbicide tolerance

Phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) are commonly applied in barley as late post-emergence treatments and to reduce the seed set of wild radish, wild mustard, wild turnip and lupins. Application timing for phenoxy herbicides is more critical than for other herbicides. Barley is most sensitive to phenoxy herbicides at the double ridge stage of ear development (the point at which the ear first starts to form). It is critically important to correctly identify the correct crop development stage to avoid damaging the crop when spraying with phenoxy herbicides.

Application of phenoxy herbicides during the double ridge stage usually results in distorted or twisted heads later in the season when the heads emerge from the boot. This is normally accompanied by some missing grains in the head and these ear head abnormalities could lead to grain yield losses. Double ridge usually occurs when there is between 3–4 leaves on the mainstem in varieties like La Trobe, Scope CL and Stirling and between 4–5 leaves on the mainstem in varieties like Bass, Baudin, Compass, Flinders, Gairdner and Granger.

The best time to apply a phenoxy herbicide is to wait until at least one leaf after the double ridge

stage and before booting. Application of phenoxy herbicides between flag leaf emergence and the soft dough stage on any barley variety can cause serious yield losses due to effects on pollen development.

It is important to remember that herbicides are only one of the tools in which we can manage weeds. Herbicides are only a useful tool when part of an integrated weed management plan (IWM). An IWM plan should include an element from each of the following five tactics:

• Tactic 1 – deplete weed seed in the target area soil seed bank

• Tactic 2 – kill weeds (seedlings) in the target area

• Tactic 3 – stop weed seed set

• Tactic 4 – prevent viable weed seeds from being added to the soil seed bank

• Tactic 5 – prevent introduction of viable weed seed from external sources.

When using herbicides to control weeds it is important to rotate between different mode-of-action groups to reduce weed numbers, stop replenishment of the seed bank and minimise the risk of developing herbicide resistant weeds.


Tabl

e 11

Her

bici

de to

lera

nce

(199

9–13

) of s

ome

of th

e ba

rley

varie

ties

whe

n gr

own

in W

A

(sou

rce:

Har

moh

inde

r Dha

mm

u)

ü N

o yi

eld

loss

No

sign

ifica

nt y

ield

redu

ctio

n at

labe

l rec

omm

ende

d ra

te. P

aren

thes

es h

ighl

ight

the

num

ber o

f tria

ls c

ondu

cted

.

Nar

row

saf

ety

mar

gin

Sign

ifica

nt y

ield

redu

ctio

n at

hig

her t

han

labe

l rec

omm

ende

d ra

te, b

ut n

ot a

t rec

omm

ende

d la

bel r

ate.

Par

enth

eses

hig

hlig

ht th

e nu

mbe

r of t

rials

whe

re a

sig

nific

ant y

ield

redu

ctio

n oc

curre

d ou

t of t

he to

tal n

umbe

r of t

rials

con

duct

ed.

Yiel

d lo

ss in

1 tr

ial

Perc

enta

ge y

ield

redu

ctio

n at

reco

mm

ende

d la

bel r

ate

in 1

tria

l. Pa

rent

hese

s hi

ghlig

ht th

e nu

mbe

r of t

rials

whe

re a

sig

nific

ant

yiel

d re

duct

ion

occu

rred

out o

f the

tota

l num

ber o

f tria

ls c

ondu

cted

.

Yiel

d lo

ss in

2 o

r mor

e tr

ials

Perc

enta

ge y

ield

redu

ctio

n at

reco

mm

ende

d la

bel r

ate

in 2

or m

ore

trial

s. P

aren

thes

es h

ighl

ight

the

num

ber o

f tria

ls w

here

a

sign

ifica

nt y

ield

redu

ctio

n oc

curre

d ou

t of t

he to

tal n

umbe

r of t

rials

con

duct

ed.

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

Avad

ex®

BW

2L

(tri-a

llate

)IB

S–

ü (4

)–

––

–ü

(2)

––

––

ü (1

)–

–ü

(2)

Boxe

r® G

old

2.5L

(s-m

etol

achl

or +

pro

sulfo

carb

)IB

SN

(1/3

)N

(1/3

)N

(1/2

)ü

(1)

––

––

ü (2

)–

ü (3

)–

ü (1

)ü

(3)ü

(2)

Boxe

r® G

old

2.5L

+ L

exon

e® 1

50g

(s-m

etol

achl

or +

pro

sulfo

carb

) + (m

etrib

uzin

)IB

S–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

Dua

l® G

old

0.5

L(s

-met

olac

hlor

)IB

S–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

Diu

ron

1L+

Dua

l® G

old

0.5L

(diu

ron

+ s-

met

olac

hlor

)IB

S–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

Logr

an®

35g

(tria

sulfu

ron)

IBS

–ü

(1)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

–ü

(1)

––

–

Stom

p®33

0 1.

8L(p

endi

met

halin

)IB

S–

ü (5

)ü

(1)

––

–ü

(2)

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)ü

(1)

–ü

(3)ü

(4)

Herbicide tolerance


Herbicide toleranceTa

ble

11 H

erbi

cide

tole

ranc

e (1

999–

13) o

f som

e of

the

barle

y va

rietie

s w

hen

grow

n in

WA

(con

t.)(s

ourc

e: H

arm

ohin

der D

ham

mu)

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

Tref

lan®

1L

(trifl

ural

in)

IBS

–ü

(4)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

–ü

(1)

––

ü (2

)

Trifl

ur®

X 3

L(tr

iflur

alin

)IB

Sü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(2)ü

(1)ü

(2)

––

–ü

(2)

–ü

(2)

–ü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(1)

Trifl

ur®

X 1

L +

Lexo

ne®

150

g(tr

iflur

alin

+ m

etrib

uzin

)IB

S–

ü (4

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(4)

Yiel

d® 2

50 E

C 2

L(o

ryza

lin +

trifl

ural

in)

IBS

–ü

(1)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

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(1)

––

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Diu

ron

1L +

Dua

l® G

old

0.25

L(d

iuro

n +

s-m

etol

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or)

PSPE

–ü

(3)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

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(1)

––

ü (2

)

Diu

ron

1L +

Dua

l® G

old

0.5L

(diu

ron

+ s-

met

olac

hlor

)PS

PE–

ü (2

)–

––

––

––

––

––

––

Axia

l® 3

00m

L(p

inox

adin

)Z1

2-Z1

4–

ü (1

)17

(1

/1)

–ü

(2)

––

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(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)20

(1

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Velo

city

® 0

.67L

(bro

mox

ynil

+ py

rasu

lfoto

le)

Z12-

Z15ü

(1)ü

(4)

16

(1/4

)14

(1

/2)

––

ü (2

)–

N (1

/4)

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(2)

Achi

eve®

380

g(tr

alko

xydi

m)

Z13-

Z15

–ü

(5)ü

(2)ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

ü (3

)ü

(1)

21

(1/1

)ü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(1)ü

(3)

Achi

eve®

380

g +

Tigr

ex®

0.8

L(tr

alko

xydi

m) +

(difl

ufen

ican

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)ü

(2)

–ü

(1)

––

––

ü (1

)–

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Affin

ity®

50g

+ M

CPA

0.5

L(c

arfe

ntra

zone

-eth

yl +

MC

PA)

Z13-

Z15ü

(1)ü

(6)ü

(2)ü

(1)

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(1/1

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)–

ü (3

)–

ü (1

)ü

(3)ü

(4)

Affin

ity F

orce

® 1

00m

L +

MC

PA 0

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(car

fent

razo

ne-e

thyl

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (1

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(1)

––

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(1)

–ü

(1)ü

(1)

––

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ü (1

)

Ally

® 5

g(m

etsu

lfuro

n)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (4

)–

––

–13

(1

/2)

––

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(2)ü

(1)

–ü

(2)

20

(1/4

)Al

ly®

7g

(met

sulfu

ron)

Z13-

Z15ü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(2)ü

(1)

N (1

/2)

––

–ü

(3)ü

(1)ü

(1)

–ü

(1)ü

(1)

–

Barre

l® /

Broa

dsid

e® 1

L(b

rom

oxyn

il +

MC

PA +

dic

amba

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (4

)–

–ü

(1)

N (1

/2)

12

(1/2

)ü

(1)

––

–ü

(1)ü

(1)

–ü

(2)



ble

11 H

erbi

cide

tole

ranc

e (1

999–

13) o

f som

e of

the

barle

y va

rietie

s w

hen

grow

n in

WA

(con

t.)(s

ourc

e: H

arm

ohin

der D

ham

mu)

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

Buct

ril®

MA

1L(b

rom

oxyn

il +

MC

PA)

Z13-

Z14

–ü

(3)

––

––

––

––

––

––

ü (2

)

Buct

ril®

MA

1.4L

(bro

mox

ynil

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (2

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(2)

Che

etah

® G

old

1L(d

iclo

fop

+ se

thox

ydim

+ fe

noxa

prop

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

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Dec

isio

n® 1

L(d

iclo

fop

+ se

thox

ydim

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (3

)–

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(2)

Diu

ron

0.35

L +

MC

PA 0

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(diu

ron

+ M

CPA

) Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (1

)–

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/1)

–16

(1

/2)ü

(1)

9 (1/1

)8 (1

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(1)

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ron

0.4L

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CPA

0.5

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n +

MC

PA)

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17

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D)

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Z14

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)

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5g

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CPA

LVE

0.5

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CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

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720

mL

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Z14

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)

Gle

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3g

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lfuro

n +

MC

PA)

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Z14

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s® 3

75 1

L(d

iclo

fop-

met

hyl)

Z13-

Z14

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Hoe

gras

s® 3

75 1

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(dic

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(1/3

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(6)ü

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ble

11 H

erbi

cide

tole

ranc

e (1

999–

13) o

f som

e of

the

barle

y va

rietie

s w

hen

grow

n in

WA

(con

t.)(s

ourc

e: H

arm

ohin

der D

ham

mu)

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

Hoe

gras

s® 2

00m

l + A

chie

ve®

200

g(d

iclo

fop-

met

hyl +

tral

koxy

dim

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (4

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(4)

Jagu

ar®

1L

(bro

mox

ynil

+ di

flufe

nica

n)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (4

)ü

(1)

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)ü

(1)

–ü

(3)ü

(4)

Lega

cy®

MA

(difl

ufen

ican

+ M

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11 H

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Bass A

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Buloke A

Commander A

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Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

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Barley variety descriptions

Growers are moving away from growing Baudin, Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh (Figure 1) into Hindmarsh and increasingly to Bass and Scope CL. Other options growers are considering include the malting varieties Commander and Granger and the feed varieties Dash, Fathom, Litmus, Lockyer and Oxford. Future options include Compass, Flinders and La Trobe. Each of the established, new and future varieties has agronomic (yield, quality, disease, agronomy) strengths and weaknesses that need to be carefully weighed against demand signals from the market (Tables 1 and 2), pricing of malting varieties, pricing of the food variety Hindmarsh and the location of receival sites.

There is greater market demand for some varieties in some port zones and lesser demand in other port zones. That demand will influence the choice of variety that is sown regionally. No one variety matches all the different farming systems in which barley is grown or the brewing and shochu markets we service. Use the market and agronomic information presented in Tables 1–11 and Figures 3–10 to assist with decisions on what variety to grow. To make it easier to review the attributes of each barley variety, varietal descriptions in this year’s technical bulletin have changed from text summaries to a tabulated format. Varieties with a malting or food classification are described first, then the feed varieties followed by those varieties still awaiting a classification from Barley Australia.

In less than 3t/ha environments the best alternatives to Hindmarsh include:

1) Compass. Compass will be new to the market in 2015 and available for sowing as a feed barley. An outcome from Barley Australia’s malting and brewing accreditation trials is expected in 2016. Compass has a similar grain yield to Hindmarsh across all Agzones. Whilst a direct comparison against Hindmarsh at different levels of yield has not been undertaken, it is expected that Compass will be competitive with Hindmarsh in lower yielding environments. Based on limited data the grain quality of Compass looks good, being equal to or better than Hindmarsh. For the stubble borne diseases, Compass and Hindmarsh are similar but

different depending on what disease and what growth stage.

2) Fathom. Fathom is very similar to Hindmarsh in the less than 3t/ha environments (Figure 3) and is a better alternative than Mundah and Roe. Fathom should be considered where a longer coleoptile is advantageous (ie. deep seeding into moisture) (Table 8). Fathom is also later to flower than Hindmarsh and may be better suited to earlier sowing opportunities. Fathom’s advantage of having the best available adult resistance to STNB is offset by it being susceptible to both pathotypes of NTNB (Tables 5 and 6). Growers need to be aware of which net blotch their stubble is carrying, based on whether STNB or NTNB was present in the previous barley crop, to determine if Fathom will be useful in the rotation. Weed competition data from eastern Australia suggests that Fathom is more competitive against oats than Hindmarsh.

3) La Trobe. La Trobe (tested as IGB1101) is from the same cross as Hindmarsh. It is almost identical in its agronomic performance and agronomic traits to Hindmarsh in WA (Tables 3, 5–10). La Trobe is undergoing stage two of the Barley Australia accreditation process in 2014. In 2014 a limited volume of seed was released, focusing on the Kwinana port zone. The bulk of the La Trobe grown in 2014 will be used for seed for the 2015 season. Small volumes of La Trobe will be accumulated in the Kwinana port zone at the 2014/15 harvest. If accreditation does occur, 2015 should primarily be seen as a seed bulk-up year. As with any newly accredited malting variety, growers should sow them with the intention of delivering them as feed barley until there are clearer segregation, pricing and market demand signals.

4) Litmus. Litmus is the best available barley for sowing on soils with an acidic profile. Why? Litmus carries the Alt1 gene which allows its roots to excrete citrate reducing the toxicity of Al in the soil. On acidic soils this results in increased grain yield relative Ta

ble

11 H

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cide

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999–

13) o

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the

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grow

n in

WA

(con

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arm

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mu)

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

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min

e 50

0 1L

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ster

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Year

of t

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d tr

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2009-11, 2013

2001-02, 2003 (2), 2008-12

2008-12

2009, 2012-13

2012-13

2012-13

1999-00, 2010-11

2013

2008-13

2013

2006-08

1999

2009, 2012

2006-08

2003 (2), 2006-07, 2010-11

B

AB

BB

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BC

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CB

BA

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nam

es in

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pare

nthe

sis

are

the

chem

ical

nam

es. I

BS =

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rpor

ated

by

seed

ing

or a

pplie

d be

fore

see

ding

, PSP

E =

post

see

ding

pre

-em

erge

nt. A

= A

vond

ale

(loam

y du

plex

, pH

5.0

), B

= Ka

tann

ing

(san

dy d

uple

x or

gra

velly

dup

lex

or s

andy

loam

, pH

4.5

-5.3

) and

C =

New

dega

te (s

andy

dup

lex,

pH

4.1

).

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e: H

ighe

r tha

n th

e la

bel h

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cide

rate

s to

wor

k ou

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p sa

fety

mar

gins

(N) w

ere

used

in s

ome

trial

s an

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prod

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onl

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to traditional barley varieties (Table 4) and a similar yield to wheat varieties like Calingiri and Wyalkatchem. Unfortunately Litmus grains can display a blue aleurone, as detected in Henley, which affects its ability to be delivered against current GTA and GIWA barley receival standards. For the 2014/15 harvest CBH will accept Litmus at selected feed barley stacks in all port zones, with no penalty if blue aleurone levels exceed the receival limit of one in 100 grains. After the 2014/15 harvest there is no intention for Litmus to be received by CBH in the Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones. In the Geraldton port zone, however, InterGrain and Syngenta are working with international parties to develop options to continue the production and receival of Litmus in the Geraldton Port Zone in 2015 onwards. Litmus growers should talk the breeder for the latest update on the future of Litmus as a commercial variety.

5) Scope CL. Whilst Scope CL is slightly lower yielding than Hindmarsh in the less than 3t/ha environments (Figure 7), growers will sow it instead of Hindmarsh where brome and barley grass are a problem, where they have used a Clearfield® herbicide in the previous crop or over summer or if they want to sow early into a non-Clearfield® wheat stubble. Growers should follow the label when applying herbicides to Scope CL barley and should not apply any off label imidazolinone herbicides. The only imidazolinone herbicide registered for use with Scope CL barley is Intervix® (imazapyr/imazamox). Scope CL is later to flower than Hindmarsh and may be better suited to earlier sowing opportunities. As with Buloke, timely harvesting is required to minimise the risk of head loss at maturity.

In more than 3t/ha environments, the best feed barley alternatives to Hindmarsh include:

1) Compass. Whilst Compass is undergoing accreditation to assess its suitability for malting and brewing (outcome due in 2016), Compass will be available for sowing as a feed barley in 2015. NVT MET analysis suggests that Compass is equal to Hindmarsh for grain yield in

WA, but in eastern Australia Compass is generally higher yielding than Hindmarsh. In higher rainfall environments Compass and Hindmarsh have a similar level of resistance to powdery mildew and are both susceptible to barley leaf rust when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Straw strength may be an issue in high yielding environments.

2) Dash. Dash is higher yielding above 4t/ha and has a better overall disease resistance package than Hindmarsh including scald, adult resistance to NTNB, barley leaf rust and barley yellow dwarf (Tables 5–7). Dash flowers two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing.

3) Lockyer. Lockyer is higher yielding than Hindmarsh above 4t/ha (Figures 3 and 4), but not as good as Dash or Oxford in very high yielding situations. Lockyer is however more stable than Dash and Lockyer with delayed sowing. The leaf disease resistance of Lockyer is comparable with Hindmarsh, except Lockyer is better where Beecher avirulent NTNB is present (Tables 5 and 6). Lockyer flowers two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing.

4) Oxford. Oxford is best suited to environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha (Figure 4). Oxford has a very high yield potential when sown early (late April and early May), but its potential drops rapidly as seeding is delayed into late May and even later. Oxford flowers nearly two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing. In high disease risk environments, Oxford is superior to Hindmarsh for straw strength and head retention, NTNB, powdery mildew, barley leaf rust and barley yellow dwarf virus (Tables 5–8).

In more than 3t/ha environments the malting barley alternatives to Hindmarsh include:

1) Bass. Bass is generally lower yielding than Hindmarsh (Table 3, Figures 6 and 7). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Bass is likely to equal or the better profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3.4t/ha. Both varieties have a similar disease



resistance profile (with Hindmarsh better for powdery mildew), except Bass will have a higher probability of receival as Malt1 than Hindmarsh for receival as BFOD1 due its plumper grain (Figures 9 and 10) and slightly brighter kernels. Bass is now at risk of barley leaf rust.

2) Buloke. Buloke is generally lower yielding than Hindmarsh (Table 3, Figures 6 and 7). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Buloke is likely to equal or better the profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3t/ha. Buloke’s grain has a lower probability of being received as Malt1 (due to more screenings, Figures 9 and 10, and a lower (hL) hectolitre weight) than Hindmarsh being received as BFOD1. It also has poorer straw strength and is at a much higher risk of head loss. Buloke has better resistance to NTNB and STNB than Hindmarsh but is not as good for scald (Tables 5 and 6).

3) Commander. Commander’s main weakness in the above 3t/ha environments is straw strength, even though it can out yield Hindmarsh in the above 5t/ha environments (Figure 6). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Commander is likely to equal or the better profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3t/ha. Commander is close to but not quite as plump as Hindmarsh (Figure 9). Disease resistance is comparable with Hindmarsh,

but Commander is poorer for scald and net type net blotch. Like Hindmarsh, barley leaf rust is a risk to manage.

4) Granger. Granger is very competitive with Hindmarsh in high rainfall areas (Figure 7) and has the highest yield potential of the current malting varieties. Its advantage over Hindmarsh includes durable powdery mildew resistance (due to mlo gene), adult plant resistance to barley leaf rust (due to Rph20 gene), improved resistance to Beecher avirulent NTNB and improved barley yellow dwarf resistance, although it is more susceptible to scald (Tables 5–7). Grain plumpness of Granger is an improvement over Baudin and Buloke, but not as good as Bass or Vlamingh (Figure 9). Grain plumpness is similar to Hindmarsh. Granger has a good hectolitre weight, but grain brightness may be an issue in some seasons.

5) Scope CL. Scope CL performs almost identically to Buloke (Tables 5–9 and Figures 7 and 10). Aside from the herbicide advantages of Scope CL relative to Hindmarsh, it has better resistance to NTNB and powdery mildew, but it is poorer for straw strength and head retention than Hindmarsh (Tables 5, 6 and 8). Relative to Buloke, Scope is slightly plumper (Figure 10) and tolerant of the Clearfield® herbicide Intervix®. As with Buloke head loss may be an issue in some seasons.



Baudin AMalting variety

Comments Baudin is a semi-dwarf malting barley that is preferred for export as grain, as malt and as a shochu barley. Baudin is regarded as the premium malting variety for the Chinese, south-east Asian and Japanese brewing markets. Despite strong market demand, production of Baudin is declining. Firstly, because it is no longer yield competitive with the newer malting and food varieties. Secondly, because it is very susceptible to powdery mildew and barley leaf rust and susceptible to scald and all forms of net blotch. When growing Baudin an integrated disease management plan needs to be implemented. Grain plumpness of Baudin is similar to Buloke but inferior to Bass and Vlamingh.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 92% 86%Agzone 2 92% 83%Agzone 3 84% 78%Agzone 4 90% 83%Agzone 5 94% 83%Agzone 6 92% 83%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSSNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S SSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew VS VSLeaf rust SVS SVSBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) MS MS RLN (P. teres) MSSp MSSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +10 to +12 +3 to +5late May +10 to +12 +2 to +4early July +4 to +5 -3 to -1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Very good Head retention Very good Herbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Paragon® (picolinafen + MCPA) and Tigrex® (diflufenican + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree Stirling/FranklinBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.50 - malt/$1.00 - feed

Bass AMalting variety

Comments Bass is a semi-dwarf malting barley acceptable for export as grain and is being assessed for export as malt. Reaches awn peep 10–12 days earlier than Baudin with late April planting and 4–6 days earlier when sown in late May. Competitive with Buloke for grain yield, higher yielding than Baudin and as good as Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 5t/ha. Better resistance to scald and powdery mildew than Baudin. It is susceptible to barley leaf rust when the new pathotype 5457 P- is present, but resistant if pathotype 5453 P- is present. Bass is expected to have a higher probability of malting than Baudin as its grain plumpness and hectolitre weight is superior (being similar to Vlamingh).Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 106% 99%Agzone 2 94% 84%Agzone 3 98% 91%Agzone 4 91% 85%Agzone 5 96% 84%Agzone 6 105% 94%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRMSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSSSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew MS MSLeaf rust R/S MR/SBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) MSSp MSSpRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -1 to +1 -8 to -6late May +6 to +8 -2 to 0early July +8 to +10 0 to +2Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Very goodHead retention GoodHerbicide tolerance Has shown no sensitivity to label rates of a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicide tolerance trials conducted in WA.

Variety information Pedigree WABAR2023/AlexisBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.50



Buloke AMalting variety

Comments Buloke is a tall malting barley acceptable for export as grain and as malt. Buloke is no longer the highest yielding malting variety. The new malting varieties Commander, Granger and Scope CL are equal to or higher yielding than Buloke. Buloke’s probability of malting is similar to Baudin (due to similarities in their grain plumpness) but lower than Bass and Vlamingh. Its hectolitre weight is between that of Baudin and Vlamingh, but its grain is 0.5–1.5 Minolta ‘L*’ units darker than Baudin grain. Despite having a similar grain width, Buloke grains are 2–6 milligrams (mg) heavier than Baudin grains. Lodging and head loss are two risks before harvest.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Baudin % HindmarshAgzone 1 109% 93%Agzone 2 108% 90%Agzone 3 119% 93%Agzone 4 111% 93%Agzone 5 106% 88%Agzone 6 108% 90%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB MRMS MSPowdery mildew MR MRLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Baudinlate April +7 to +9 -5 to -3late May +7 to +9 -4 to -2early July +7 to +9 +1 to +3Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead retention PoorHerbicide tolerance May be sensitive to a label rate application of Axial® (pinoxadin) sprayed at Z12-Z14; Diuron + MCPA amine (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z14-Z15; and Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) sprayed at Z12-15. Variety information Pedigree Franklin/VB9104//VB9104Breeder or licensee DPI (Vic)Access to seed SeedNet Authorised GrowersEPR ($/t, excl GST) $2.00

Commander AMalting variety

Comments Commander is a tall malting barley that is acceptable for export as grain and as malt. There is demand for Commander from the domestic market to export as malt as a replacement / substitute for Gairdner and Vlamingh. Commander is equal to or higher yielding than Buloke, except in Agzone 4 and superior to Buloke in environments with a yield potential above 3.5t/ha. Straw strength may be an issue in high yielding environments. Commander is expected to have a slightly higher probability of malting than Baudin as its grain is slightly plumper, but with a slightly lower hectolitre weight. Commander has good resistance to powdery mildew, but is at risk of scald, NTNB, STNB and barley leaf rust.Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 103% 96%Agzone 2 97% 87%Agzone 3 95% 89%Agzone 4 95% 88%Agzone 5 97% 86%Agzone 6 104% 93%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSSNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S SSTNB S MSSPowdery mildew MRMS MRLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRMSp MRMSpRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +8 to +10 0 to +2late May +11 to +13 +3 to +4early July +5 to +7 -3 to -1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead retention FairHerbicide tolerance

Has only been tested against a small number of herbicides in WA. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) sprayed at Z12-15.

Variety information Pedigree Keel/Sloop//GalaxyBreeder or licensee University of AdelaideAccess to seed SeedNet Authorised GrowersEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.80



Gairdner Malting variety

Comments Gairdner is a semi-dwarf malting variety acceptable for export as grain and as malt. Production of Gairdner is on the decline to varieties with superior grain yield, disease resistance and grain quality. Gairdner has the lowest probability of meeting malt barley receival specifications due to its narrow grain shape. It is susceptible to STNB, powdery mildew (very susceptible as a seedling) and barley leaf rust. When growing Gairdner an integrated disease management plan needs to be implemented. Like Buloke there is a risk of head loss before harvest.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 87% 81%Agzone 2 95% 86%Agzone 3 90% 84%Agzone 4 90% 84%Agzone 5 97% 85%Agzone 6 93% 83%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew VS SLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +7 to +9 0 to +2late May +12 to +14 +3 to +5early July +12 to +14 +4 to +6Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength GoodHead retention FairHerbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Affinity® + MCPA amine (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA), Ally® (metsulfuron), Barrel® or Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba), Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) and Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14.Variety information Pedigree Tas 83-537/OnslowBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) No EPR payable

Granger AMalting variety

Comments Granger is a semi-dwarf malting variety being assessed for export as grain but not as malt. Granger, like Commander, is equal to or superior than Buloke for grain yield, especially in environments with a yield potential above 3.5t/ha. Granger is superior yielding to Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4.5t/ha. Granger’s probability of malting is expected to be superior to Baudin, having better grain plumpness and hectolitre weight, but not as good as Vlamingh. Excellent resistance to powdery mildew (mlo resistance) and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant resistance, Rph20). To reduce scald and STNB risk, avoid sowing Granger into paddocks where one or two year old barley stubble is present.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 105% 94%Agzone 3 102% 95%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 101% 89%Agzone 6 112% 100%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – SNTNB (Beecher virulent) S MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MSp MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust R# RMRBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +4 to +6 -3 to -1late May +8 to +10 -1 to +1early July +10 to +12 +1 to +3Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength GoodHead retention GoodHerbicide tolerance Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in WA.

Variety information Pedigree Braemar/AdonisBreeder or licensee NickersonsAccess to seed Heritage SeedsEPR ($/t, excl GST) $2.95



Scope CL A

Malting varietyComments Scope CL is a tall malting variety being assessed for export as grain and as malt. Scope CL is derived from Buloke through mutation and its agronomic response (grain yield, disease, grain quality, phenology, lodging, head loss and agronomic traits) is almost identical to Buloke. Scope CL is tolerant of the imidazolinone chemistry herbicide Intervix®, allowing Scope CL to be sown in rotations with other Clearfield® crops, where brome and barley grass are a problem or when sowing into non-Clearfield® wheat stubbles. Whilst there are agronomic similarities between Scope CL and Buloke, Barley Australia and CBH have advised that there will be no co-binning of malt grade Scope CL and Buloke.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 100% 94%Agzone 2 101% 91%Agzone 3 100% 93%Agzone 4 101% 93%Agzone 5 99% 87%Agzone 6 100% 90%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB MS SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRp MRpRLN (P. neglectus) MSSp MSSpRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +7 to +9 0 to +2late May +7 to +9 -1 to +1early July +7 to +9 -1 to +1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead retention PoorHerbicide tolerance Data from herbicide tolerance trials in WA is not yet available.

Variety information Pedigree Franklin/VB9104//VB9104Breeder or licensee DPI (Vic)Access to seed SeedNetEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.50

Vlamingh A

Malting varietyComments Vlamingh is a tall malting barley that is acceptable when exported as malt, but with limited demand for export as grain. Vlamingh will continue to be received as a malting variety until the supply of Commander or equivalent varieties meet market demand. Vlamingh has a similar grain yield to Buloke in all Agzones, but has a higher probability of malting than both Baudin and Buloke due to its superior grain plumpness and very good hectolitre weight. It is susceptible to STNB, powdery mildew and barley leaf rust, but has good resistance to scald and NTNB. Has better straw strength than Buloke and Commander and a low risk of head loss.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 102% 95%Agzone 2 100% 90%Agzone 3 96% 89%Agzone 4 94% 87%Agzone 5 98% 86%Agzone 6 102% 91%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRMSSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew S SLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MS MSRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +7 to +9 -1 to +1late May +6 to +8 -2 to 0early July +6 to +8 -1 to +1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height Tall Straw strength GoodHead retention Good Herbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Ally® (metsulfuron) and Axial® (pinoxadin) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree WABAR570/TR118Breeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.50 - malt/$1.50 - feed



Hindmarsh A

Food varietyComments Hindmarsh is semi-dwarf food variety that is segregated and exported to mid-range malt markets in China and exported to Japan for shochu production. Alongside Fathom, Lockyer and Oxford, Hindmarsh is one of highest yielding varieties in WA. It is higher yielding than all malting varieties in environments with a yield potential below 3t/ha. Hindmarsh’s probability of being received as BFOD1 is expected to be superior to that of Baudin for malt, having better grain plumpness and hectolitre weight, but not as good as Vlamingh for malting. Grain brightness may be an issue in coastal regions. Has good resistance to powdery mildew but is susceptible to STNB and barley leaf rust.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % BaudinAgzone 1 107% 116%Agzone 2 111% 120%Agzone 3 107% 128%Agzone 4 108% 120%Agzone 5 114% 121%Agzone 6 111% 121%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MRMSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MSSTNB S SPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -4 to -2 -12 to -10late May 0 to +2 -8 to -6early July +1 to +3 -7 to -5Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead retention Moderately goodHerbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Diruon + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) and Legacy® (diflufenican + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14 and Triathlon® (diflufenican + bromoxynil + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z15.

Variety information Pedigree Dash/VB9409Breeder or licensee DPI (Vic)Access to seed SeedNet Authorised GrowersEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.50



Dash A

Feed varietyComments High yielding, semi-dwarf feed variety highly resistant to scald, powdery mildew and barley leaf rust best suited to Agzones 3 and 6. Has good resistance to NTNB but is susceptible to STNB. Dash is higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha. An erectoidies variety that can produce small grain. Dash can be expected to show a small percentage of red awned and taller off types. It has a short coleoptile and caution is urged with deep seeding. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes and cereal cyst nematodes are a problem.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 – –Agzone 3 102% 95%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 108% 95%Agzone 6 – –Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – RNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust MSp RBYD and CYD MRMSp MRMSpRLN (P. neglectus) MRMS MRMSRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +9 to +11 +2 to +4late May +11 to +13 +2 to +4early July +12 to +14 +6 to +7Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height ShortStraw strength GoodHead retention Very goodHerbicide tolerance Showed no sensitivity to a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicides tolerance trials during 2009 in WA.

Variety information Pedigree Chad/Joline//CaskBreeder or licensee Heritage SeedsAccess to seed SeedNetEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.80

Fathom AFeed variety

Comments New (tested as WI4483) longer coleoptile, tall feed barley. Similar grain yield to Hindmarsh in NVT trials, but slightly below in a side-by-side analysis of NVT + DAFWA barley agronomy trials. Fathom has the highest level of resistance to STNB of current varieties but is susceptible to NTNB. Has good resistance to scald and powdery mildew but is susceptible to barley leaf rust. Fathom is mixed for its head colour, having green and waxy green heads. When needing to sow into moisture at depth Fathom is better suited than Hindmarsh as it has a longer coleoptile than Hindmarsh. Weed competition data from eastern Australia suggests it is more competitive against oats than Hindmarsh.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 104% 93%Agzone 3 104% 97%Agzone 4 107% 99%Agzone 5 110% 96%Agzone 6 109% 98%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSSSTNB MR MRMSPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRp MRpRLN (P. neglectus) – –RLN (P. teres) – –CCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +6 to +8 -2 to 0late May +3 to +5 -5 to -3early July +3 to +5 -6 to -4Agronomic traits Coleoptile length LongPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead retention Moderately goodHerbicide tolerance Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in WA. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree JE013D-020/WI3806-1Breeder or licensee University of AdelaideAccess to seed SeedNetEPR ($/t, excl GST) $2.00



Fleet A

Feed varietyComments CCN resistant feed variety with good overall disease resistance and a maturity similar to Buloke and Vlamingh. Grain yield is between Buloke and Hindmarsh and generally below Fathom and Lockyer. The hectolitre weight of Fleet is 2–3 kilograms per hectolitre (hL) lighter than Hindmarsh and Lockyer and up to 1kg/hL lighter than Mundah. It is susceptible to lodging and head loss with early planting. Fleet has a long coleoptile (so can be planted deep) and is suited to both sandy and clayey soils. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes and cereal cyst nematodes are a problem.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 109% 102%Agzone 2 102% 92%Agzone 3 102% 95%Agzone 4 102% 95%Agzone 5 106% 93%Agzone 6 104% 93%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MSp MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRSTNB MR MSPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S MRMSBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MRMS MRMSRLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +3 to +5 -4 to -2late May +5 to +7 -3 to -1early July +3 to +5 -5 to -3Agronomic traits Coleoptile length LongPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead retention FairHerbicide tolerance Has only been evaluated against Barrel® / Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba) sprayed at Z13-Z14 and showed no sensitivity at label rates. The impact of other herbicides is unknown.

Variety information Pedigree Mundah/Keel//BarqueBreeder or licensee University of AdelaideAccess to seed SeedNetEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.50

Litmus A

Feed varietyComments New (tested as WABAR2625) medium height feed barley with improved tolerance to low soil pH and high soil Al. Carries Alt1 gene which allows its roots to excrete citrate reducing the toxicity of Al in the soil, resulting in increased grain yield relative to traditional barley varieties on acidic soils. Litmus provides growers with an option to diversify their wheat phase on acidic soils, but does not ameliorate the soil. Lime is required to ameliorate soil with a low pH. Higher yielding than Hindmarsh on soils with a sub-soil pH below 4.8. The future of Litmus beyond the 2014/15 harvest is uncertain due to the presence of blue aleurone in its grain. Litmus growers should talk to the breeder, InterGrain, for the latest update.Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 106% 95%Agzone 3 87% 81%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 99% 87%Agzone 6 – –Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – SVSNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) Sp SSTNB S SPowdery mildew MSS MSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD Sp SpRLN (P. neglectus) – –RLN (P. teres) – –CCN – –Flowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -7 to -5 -13 to -11late May 0 to +2 -9 to -7early July 0 to +2 -8 to -6Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead retention FairHerbicide tolerance Data from herbicide tolerance trials in WAis not yet available.

Variety information Pedigree WB229/2*Baudin//WABAR2238Breeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed SyngentaEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.80



Lockyer A

Feed varietyComments Longer seasoned, semi-dwarf, high yielding feed variety. Lockyer has a grain yield comparable to Hindmarsh in all Agzones except Agzones 4 and 5. Can be higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha. Relative to the long seasoned feed varieties Dash and Oxford, Lockyer is able to maintain its grain yield as seeding is delayed into June and July. Has poor resistance to barley leaf rust relative to Dash and Oxford.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 110% 103%Agzone 2 107% 97%Agzone 3 104% 97%Agzone 4 102% 94%Agzone 5 109% 96%Agzone 6 112% 101%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRMSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSpCCN – –Flowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +11 to +13 +3 to +5late May +12 to +14 +3 to +5early July +7 to +9 -1 to +1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Moderately goodHead retention Very goodHerbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Achieve® (tralkoxydim), Eclipse® + MCPA LVE (metosulam + MCPA) and Hoegrass® (diclofop-methyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14; and to 2,4-D Amine 625 sprayed at Z15-Z16.

Variety information Pedigree Tantangara/VB9104Breeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.50

MundahFeed variety

Comments It is suited to later sowing systems where early season weed control is necessary. Mundah can suffer from severe head loss. Suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes, but not cereal cyst nematodes are a problem. Lower yielding than most newer feed varieties including Fathom, Hindmarsh, Litmus, Lockyer and Roe.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 84% 79%Agzone 2 96% 86%Agzone 3 89% 83%Agzone 4 99% 91%Agzone 5 95% 83%Agzone 6 86% 77%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – SNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MSSTNB S SPowdery mildew S MSSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -8 to -6 -16 to -14late May -6 to -4 -15 to -13early July +1 to +3 -6 to -4Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height Medium Straw strength Fair Head retention Fair Herbicide tolerance May be sensitive to a label rate application of Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree Yagan/O’ConnorBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) No EPR payable



Oxford A

Feed varietyComments Long seasoned, semi-dwarf, feed barley suited to Agzones 3 and 6. Oxford is best suited to late April or early May planting and its yield potential falls rapidly as seeding is delayed. Oxford is higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha, particularly when sown early. Excellent resistance to NTNB, powdery mildew (non-mlo resistance) and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant resistance, Rph20). Growers need to be wary of STNB and therefore avoid sowing Oxford into paddocks where one or two year old barley stubble is present. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes are a problem.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 108% 101%Agzone 2 101% 91%Agzone 3 102% 95%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 98% 86%Agzone 6 116% 104%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) R MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRSTNB S SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust R# RBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MRMSp MRMSpRLN (P. teres) – –CCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +7 to +9 0 to +2late May +13 to +15 +5 to +7early July +11 to +13 +3 to +5Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Very goodHead retention Very goodHerbicide tolerance Has shown no sensitivity to a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicide tolerance trials.

Variety information Pedigree Tavern/ChimeBreeder or licensee NickersonsAccess to seed Heritage SeedsEPR ($/t, excl GST) $2.50

Roe A

Feed varietyComments Medium height, early spring feed barley. Reaches awn peep 4–6 days later than Mundah and at a similar time to Hindmarsh and Stirling with late May sowing. Roe is higher yielding than Mundah, equivalent to Fleet, but lower yielding than Hindmarsh. Suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes are a problem.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 102% 95%Agzone 2 105% 95%Agzone 3 98% 91%Agzone 4 103% 95%Agzone 5 103% 91%Agzone 6 101% 90%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSSNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MSSSTNB S SPowdery mildew MS MSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MS MSRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN – –Flowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -1 to -3 -10 to -8late May +1 to +3 -8 to -6early July 0 to +2 -7 to -5Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength Moderately goodHead retention Moderately goodHerbicide tolerance Has shown no sensitivity to a range of different herbicides when evaluated in herbicide tolerance trials.

Variety information Pedigree Doolup//Windich/MorexBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.50



YaganFeed variety

Comments Very early maturing variety that may be considered in weed management situations for late sowing or short seasons. As Yagan has not been sown in NVT trials since 2003 there is no current MET data available. Results from DAFWA barley agronomy time of sowing trials suggest that Fleet, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Roe are all higher yielding than Yagan. Hindmarsh and Roe also have improved hectolitre weight and grain brightness relative to Yagan.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 – –Agzone 3 – –Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 – –Agzone 6 – –Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – VSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew R MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN – -–Flowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -19 to -17 -28 to -26late May -15 to -13 -21 to -19early July -7 to -5 -14 to -12Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height Medium Straw strength FairHead retention Moderately goodHerbicide tolerance

May be sensitive to a label rate application of Eclipse® (metosulam + MCPA) and Glean® (chlorsulfuron) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree unknown pedigreeBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) No EPR payable



Flinders A

Awaiting classificationComments New (tested as WABAR2537) late spring, semi-dwarf barley derived from Baudin but with significantly improved resistance to powdery mildew and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant resistance, Rph20). Flinders has been bred by InterGrain. NVT testing suggests that Flinders is higher yielding than Bass, Baudin and Buloke. Flinders is currently in stage two of Barley Australia’s malt accreditation testing with a decision due by March 2015. InterGrain and the seed licensee, Syngenta, have indicated that if Flinders is accredited there will be seed available for sale in WA in 2015.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 107% 100%Agzone 2 107% 96%Agzone 3 103% 96%Agzone 4 99% 92%Agzone 5 106% 93%Agzone 6 113% 102%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust S MRBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) – –RLN (P. teres) – –CCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +3 to +5 -3 to - 1late May +10 to +12 +1 to +3early July +11 to +13 +2 to +4Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height Short Straw strength Very goodHead retention Moderately goodHerbicide tolerance Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in WA. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Achieve® (tralkoxydim) sprayed at Z13-Z15.

Variety information Pedigree Baudin/CooperBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed SyngentaEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.80

Compass A

Awaiting classificationComments New (tested as WI4593) medium spring, tall, CCN resistant barley derived from Commander, but with a higher yield potential. Compass has been bred by the University of Adelaide. NVT trials suggest that Compass has a similar grain yield to Hindmarsh. Compass has an intermediate resistance to powdery mildew, but is susceptible to barley leaf rust when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Compass is currently in stage one testing in 2014 with malting accreditation scheduled for 2016. Compass will be available as a high yielding feed variety in 2015. The seed licensee, SeedNet, has indicated there will be seed available for sale in WA in 2015.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 112% 101%Agzone 3 107% 100%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 110% 96%Agzone 6 111% 100%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MSp MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSSSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew MS MRpLeaf rust MRMSp/S MRp/SBYD and CYD MRMSp MRMSpRLN (P. neglectus) – –RLN (P. teres) – –CCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April – –late May – –early July – –Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height Medium Straw strength FairHead retention –Herbicide tolerance Data from herbicide tolerance trials in WA is not yet available.

Variety information

Pedigree County/Commander//Commander

Breeder or licensee University of AdelaideAccess to seed SeedNetEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.80



La Trobe A

Awaiting classificationComments New (tested as IGB1101) early spring, semi-dwarf, CCN resistant barley bred in Victoria but licensed to InterGrain. Almost identical to Hindmarsh in the paddock as derived from the same cross. La Trobe has been released as a feed barley pending the results of Barley Australia’s stage two testing in 2014. The decision is now due by March 2015. A limited volume of seed was released by the seed licensee Syngenta in 2014, focusing on the Kwinana port zone. The bulk of the La Trobe grown in 2014 will be used for seed for the 2015 season, although small volumes will be accumulated in the Kwinana port zone at the 2014/15 harvest for market development purposes if accredited.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 110% 99%Agzone 3 108% 101%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 113% 100%Agzone 6 113% 102%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust MS SBYD and CYD Sp SpRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -4 to -2 -12 to -10late May 0 to +2 -8 to -6early July +1 to +3 -7 to -5Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height MediumStraw strength Moderately goodHead retention Moderately goodHerbicide tolerance Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in WA. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree Dash/VB9409Breeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed SyngentaEPR ($/t, excl GST) $4.00


Notes

Bellata 2397 Coolah 2843 Merriwa 2329 Mullaley 2379 North Star 2408 SoMertoN 2340 SpriNg ridge 2343 taMworth 2340 welliNgtoN 2820 woNgarBoN 2831 Bullarah 2400 CooNaMBle 2829 gilgaNdra 2827 gooNuMBla 2870 NyNgaN 2825 parkeS 2870 traNgie 2823 tullooNa 2400 walgett 2832

ariah park 2665 Boorowa 2586 BroCkleSBy 2642 CaNowiNdra 2804 CootaMuNdra 2590 Cowra 2794 Cudal 2864 CuMNoCk 2867 galoNg 2585 gerogery 2642 greNfell 2810 hardeN 2587 heNty 2658 QuaNdialla 2721 teMora 2666 wagga wagga 2650 BalraNald 2715 BeCkoM 2665 Boree Creek 2652 ColeaMBally 2707 CoNdoBoliN 2877 loCkhart 2656 MayruNg 2710 Merriwagga 2652 oaklaNdS 2646 willBriggie 2680 Biloela 4715 Capella 4723 duariNga 4712 kilCuMMiN 4721

SpriNgSure 4722 BrookStead 4364 JoNdaryaN 4401 kiNgSthorpe 4400 MaCaliSter 4406 BuNguNya 4494 dulaCCa 4425 luNdavra 4390 MeaNdarra 4422 MuNgiNdi 2406 NiNdigully 4497 weStMar 4422 CoCkaleeChie 5631 CuMMiNS 5631 greeNpatCh 5607 Mt hope 5607 rudall 5642 uNgarra 5607 waNilla 5607

wharMiNda 5603 yeelaNNa 5632 CryStal Brook 5523 laura 5480 MiNtaro 5415 rivertoN 5412 SalterS SpriNgS 5401 SpaldiNg 5454 tarlee 5411 turretfield 5411 Cooke plaiNS 5261 geraNiuM 5301 laMeroo 5302 NaNgari 5333 palMer 5237 paruNa 5311 piNNaroo 5304 waikerie 5330 waNBi 5310 wuNkar 5311

BordertowN 5268 CoNMurra 5272 fraNCeS 5262 keith 5267 Moyhall 5271 MuNdulla 5270 Sherwood 5267 wolSeley 5269 darke peak 5642 elliStoN 5670 kiMBa 5641 loCk 5633 MiNNipa 5654 MitChellville 5602 NuNJikoMpita 5680 peNoNg 5690 piedNippie 5680 Streaky Bay 5680 tooligie 5607 warraMBoo 5650

arthurtoN 5572 BreNtwood 5575 Bute 5560 MaitlaNd 5573 MiNlatoN 5575 paSkeville 5552 port CliNtoN 5570 uraNia 5573 warooka 5577 willaMulka 5554 wokurNa 5520 CreSSy 7302 BirChip 3483 hopetouN 3396 MaNaNgataNg 3546 MerriNee 3496 Murrayville 3512 QuaMBatook 3540 raiNBow 3424 ultiMa 3544

walpeup 3507 BalliaNg 3340 CharltoN 3525 ColBiNaBBiN 3559 diggora 3561 eaStville 3463 MitiaMo 3573 dookie 3646 ruthergleN 3685 wuNghNu 3635 yarrawoNga 3730 haMiltoN 3300 StreathaM 3351 teeSdale 3328 BriM 3391 CoraCk 3480 horShaM 3400 kaNiva 3419 MiNyip 3392 tarraNyurk 3414

woNwoNdah 3401 BadgiNgarra 6521 CarNaMah 6517 eradu 6532 MiNgeNew 6522 Morawa 6623 NaBawa 6532 ogilvie 6535 walkaway 6528 BadgiNgarra 6521 Beverley 6304 BiNNu 6532 BuNtiNe 6613 CaliNgiri 6569 Coorow 6515 CorrigiN 6375 CuNderdiN 6407 eNeaBBa 6518 eradu 6532 gooMalliNg 6460

kataNNiNg 6317 kuliN 6365 MiliNg 6575 MiNgeNew 6522 NareMBeeN 6369 piNgelly 6308 wagiN 6315 wiCkepiN 6370 woNgaN hillS 6603 woNgaN hillS r.S. 6603 arthur river 6315 Coorow 6515 fraNklaNd 6396 gNowaNgerup 6335 keNdeNup 6323 koJoNup 6395 Mt. Barker 6324 Mullewa 6630 NarrogiN 6312

NyaBiNg 6341 piNgrup 6343 toodyay 6566 williaMS 6391 york 6302 arthur river 6315 BeNCuBBiN 6477 Cadoux 6466 dalwalliNu 6609 kataNNiNg 6317 kellerBerriN 6410 MerrediN 6415 MooriNe roCk 6425 MukiNBudiN 6479 Mullewa 6630 piNgelly 6308 pithara 6608 wyalkatCheM 6485 yuNa 6532

graSS patCh 6446 holt roCk 6355 hydeN 6359 JerraMuNgup 6337 lake graCe 6353 Mt. MaddeN 6356 SalMoN guMS 6445 SCaddaN 6447 witteNooM hillS 6447 woNgaN hillS 6603 eSperaNCe 6450 giBSoN 6448 MuNgliNup 6450 Newdegate 6355 hydeN 6359 MerrediN 6415 eSperaNCe 6450

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