Local Government Approach to Financing

Watershed Protection

by:

Governor Alex P. Calingasan

Philippine Conference on Capturing Economic Benefits from Ecosystem Services

25 August 2011, ADB Manila

Why the Provincial Government

of Bukidnon adopted watershed

management approach?

-

Significance of Bukidnon River

Basin & Watersheds

1. Bukidnon Head Water Source of 6

Major Rivers in Mindanao:

Pulangui Tagoloan, Cagayan,

Maridugao, Davao Salug & Agusan-

Cugman that drains into 6 Provinces

2. Bukidnon is known for rich

depository of Biological Resources &

Conservation Hotspots.

3. Food Basket in Mindanao

•Pulangui River which traverses the province from

Kalabugao plain in the North and rains to the southwest of

Mindanao through the Cotabato Provinces. Its watershed

divides into two(2) clusters: Upper and Lower Pulangui. There

are nine(9) municipalities in the Upper Pulangui watershed

while Lower Pulangui is also spread in the nine(9)

municipalities.

•Tagoloan River that emanates from the East-central part in

the plateau areas around Malaybalay and drains Northward

toward Macajalar Bay in Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental Province.

I ts watershed extends into f ive(5 ) municipal i t ies .

•Cagayan River that comes from the mountains of Talakag

(Northwest of Bukidnon) and also drains northward into the

Macajalar Bay in Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental

Province. The watershed covers three(3) municipalities of the

Province.

•Maridugao River that flows from the mountains of Talakag

and drains Southward forming the natural boundary between

Bukidnon and Lanao del Sur Provinces. The watershed is

composed of five(5) municipalities.

•Davao-Salug River that cuts the Eastern fringes of the

province along the mountains of San Fernando and drains

south towards Davao Province. San Fernando and Quezon

municipalities make up its watershed.

•Agusan-Cugman River that originates from Kitanglad

mountains which cuts through the Municipality of Libona and

drains into Macajalar Bay Cagayan de Oro City, Province of

Misamis Oriental. The watershed covers two(2) municipalities

in Bukidnon.

MAJOR RIVER WATERSHEDS

IN BUKIDNON

Mt. Kitanglad

Range

Mt. Kalatungan

Range

Mt. Tago

Range

Mt.

Kimangkil

Pantaron

Mt. Range

Mt.

Tangkulang

Range

Bukidnon River Watersheds and Municipalities/ Cities Covered

Name of River

Watershed

Area in

Hectares

Municipalities/Cities

Covered

Upper Pulangui 296,153.17 Malitbog, Impasug-ong,

Malaybalay City,

Cabanglasan,

Lantapan, Valencia City,

San Fernando,

Maramag and Quezon

Lower Pulangui 154,956.34 Maramag, Quezon,

Pangantucan,

Kadingilan, Don Carlos,

Kitaotao, Dangcagan,

Damulog and Kibawe

Tagoloan 151,870.84 Malitbog, Manolo

Fortich, Sumilao,

Impasug-ong and

Malaybalay City

Cagayan 110,631.06 Talakag, Baungon and

Libona

Maridugao 57,362.27 Don Carlos,

Pangantucan,

Kalilangan, Kadingilan

and Talakag

Davao-Salug 36,445.31 San Fernando, Quezon

Agusan-Cugman 21,959.01 Libona and Manolo

Fortich

Upper

Pulangui

Lower

Pulangui

Tagoloan

Cagayan

Davao-

Salug

Maridugao

Agusan-

Cugman

TYPES OF WATERSHEDS:

4 River Basin

1 Large Watershed

2 Medium Watershed

17 Small Watershed

155 Micro Watershed

Upper Pulangui

Lower Pulangui

Tagoloan

Maridugao

Cagayan

Agusan-

Cugman

Davao-

Salug

Major

Watersheds

Total Area No. of City/

Mun.

Covered

Upper Pulangui 296,153.17 9

Lower Pulangui 154,956.34 9

Tagoloan 151,870.84 5

Cagayan 110,631.06 3

Maridugao

River

57,362.27 5

Davao -Salug 36,445.31 2

Agusan-

Cugman

21,959.01 2

Benefits of Bukidnon Watershed

Management Environmental Services:Forest Protecting

Biodiversity( Forest and wetland

ecosystems0 that can be found in protected

areas in Mt. Kalatungan & Mt. Kitanglad

and other Mountains Mt. Tangkulan, Mt.

Saldab, Mt. Tago Range, and the Pantaron

Mt. Ranges) Soil Conservation, Water

conservation, flood mitigation, carbon

sequestration, oxygen generation and micro

climate amelioration.

Social Services: Preservation of Tourism

(Eco-cultural and Landscape preservation),

Recreation (hike trekking, mountain climbing

and water sports), Historical (protection of

historical monuments and archeological

sites), Cultural (Protection of areas of

cultural importance e.g sacred groves, burial

places, indigenous cultures, beliefs and

knowledges, Health (Control of water Borne

diseases and prevention of malnutrition) and

Social Welfares (livelihood security, social

equity/poverty alleviation, reduction of risk

of loss of life due to natural disasters,

disaster relief avoidance , prevention of rural

and urban migration.

Economic Services: Water Supply for 1.3 Million

people,16 Agro-industries(Multinational Corp.) & 32,382

hectares irrigated lands,145,434 annual and perennial

croplands, 191 poultry’s & piggeries & hydro-electric

power generations of NAPOCOR (generates 255MW

30% of the power demand in Mindanao), Bobonawan

Power Company and First Gen Power Corporation.

IMPLICATION S OF WATERSHED

DEGRADATION TO ADJACENT PROVINCES

Bukidnon has a significant landscape and identified as a critical

watershed because it is a head water sources of six major rivers in

Mindanao. Buikidnon rivers such as; Pulangui, Tagoloan, Cagayan,

Maridugao, Agusan Cugman and Davao Salug rivers supplies water for

domestic, irrigation, Agro Industrial, Commercial and Hydroloelectric power

generations, not only in Bukidnon, but for our adjacent provinces, like

Cotabato, Davao, Misamis Orietnal, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur and

Lanao del Norte. Bukidnon river watershed provides hydrological support to

conserve biodiversiity within Agusan and Liquasan marsh which is also

recognized as biological hotspots.

Continuous flow of water is dependent on the condition of the forest. With

the continuing deteriorationand degradation of forest ecosystem within

Bukidnon River Watershed there will be corresponding effects on the

social, economic and ecological mainstays in adjacent provinces which

would affect the Philippine economy.

STRATEGIES & APPROACHES Local Institutional Strengthening Operationalization and Strengtehning of the

Bukidnon Watershed Protection and Development Council.

Formulation of Watershed Management & Protection Framework Plan ( Provincial, City/Municipal & Barangay)

Capacity Building

Intensive Information Campaigns/Advocacy

Data-based Establishment & Management

Fund Sourcing

Strengthening Linkages to Resource Providers for Integrated Watershed Management

Policy and Legislation Amendment of Bukidnon Environment Code

Formulation of IRR for the Bukidnon Environment Code

Study on Provincial/City/Municipal Revenue Code for Proposed Integration of Payment of Environmental Services (PES) on Local Policies

Compilation & Study of ENR Local (Provincial, City/Municipa& Barangay Ordinancesl, National & International Laws and Regulations for Improvement of Local ENR Code

Technology (Upstream and Downstream Dev’t.)

Research & Development (Carbon Stocks Assessment, Hydrological Appraisal, Biodiversity Appraisal, )

Reforestation/Afforestatin (Climate Change Adaptation)

Agro-forestry

Bio- Engineering

Riparian Development

Watershed Rehabilitation

Rain Water Harvesting

Bukidnon Major Watersheds

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY BUILDING & PLANNING PROGRAM OF

LGUs ( Provincial , Municipal & Barangay) 1995-up to date

Manupali River Watershed & 9 Sub-

river( Tributaries) Watersheds

Local Ecological Knowledge

Scientific Ecological Knowledge

Approach in watershed Data based Collection, Interpretation and Analysis

Public Ecological Knowledge

Figure. 1. Integration of three Sources of Knowledge

System ( Local, Public and Scientific Domains for

Sustainable NRM & Dev’t.

Address

Communication Gap

between three types

of Knowledge on

Watershed Functions

and found

appropriate

Negotiations for

Payment or Rewards

of environmental

Services

Impact Pathways

Land Cover Situation in Bukidnon River

Watersheds

Bukidnon Land Cover 25%

1%

31%

21%

3%

1%0%

1%16%

1%

Natural Forest Plantation Wooded LandOther Land Perenial Cropland Annual CroplandBuilt-up Areas River/Lakes Agri-IndustrialNo Data

Benefits of Bukidnon Watershed

Management Environmental Services:Forest Protecting

Biodiversity( Forest and wetland

ecosystems0 that can be found in protected

areas in Mt. Kalatungan & Mt. Kitanglad

and other Mountains Mt. Tangkulan, Mt.

Saldab, Mt. Tago Range, and the Pantaron

Mt. Ranges) Soil Conservation, Water

conservation, flood mitigation, carbon

sequestration, oxygen generation and micro

climate amelioration.

Social Services: Preservation of Tourism

(Eco-cultural and Landscape preservation),

Recreation (hike trekking, mountain climbing

and water sports), Historical (protection of

historical monuments and archeological

sites), Cultural (Protection of areas of

cultural importance e.g sacred groves, burial

places, indigenous cultures, beliefs and

knowledges, Health (Control of water Borne

diseases and prevention of malnutrition) and

Social Welfares (livelihood security, social

equity/poverty alleviation, reduction of risk

of loss of life due to natural disasters,

disaster relief avoidance , prevention of rural

and urban migration.

Economic Services: Water Supply for 1.3 Million

people,16 Agro-industries(Multinational Corp.) & 32,382

hectares irrigated lands,145,434 annual and perennial

croplands, 191 poultry’s & piggeries & hydro-electric

power generations of NAPOCOR (generates 255MW

30% of the power demand in Mindanao), Bobonawan

Power Company and First Gen Power Corporation.

Local,Public & Modellers Ecological

Knowledge on Watershed Issues

Rapid increase of population and slash and

burn have caused rapid denudation in the

upland areas, particularly in the last two

decades. 2005 spot revealed that Bukidnon’s

forest cover is only 25% situated in the

headwater mountain slopes resulted also with a

corresponding decline in genetic species and

ecosystem within and downstream watershed.

Rapid rainfall runoff and severe soil erosion

became increasingly evident as flash flood,

landslides and siltation in the rainy season

alternated with worsening droughts and

destructive fires in the dry season when

inadequate river flows failed to sustain irrigation

and hydro-electric power generation.

Competing water use increases (agricultural

and industrial)

Water quality changes based on community

based water monitoring

Extent of rural poverty in the uplands continued

to increase and the ability of upland farm families

to generate even subsistence livelihoods from

the deteriorating resource base continue to

decline.

Programs, Projects of the Province of Bukidnon to

Protect the Bukidnon River Watersheds

1. The province facilitated the issuance of Memorandum Order 270, in1985, Creating the Bukidnon Watershed Protection and Development Council,signed by then President Fidel V. Ramos in order to protect the remainingforests within Bukidnon river watersheds;2) Enacted and enforced logging moratorium since 1986.3) Conducted comprehensive data based to determine the macro to microriver watersheds as basis for clustering LGUs (Provincial, city/ Municipal up toBarangay level. For watershed management purposes (1995- 2001)4) Mandated LGUs (provincial, all municipal and barangay) to preparewatershed management plan as framework in environmental and naturalresources management with continuous watershed capability developmentsupport of the Provincial Government.5) Facilitated forums and summit to integrate various environmental andnatural resources management initiatives.4) Implemented reforestation, small scale tree farms and tree growing.5. Enacted the Bukidnon Environment Code;5) Enacted a resolution to support the declaration of Mt. Ktanglad RangeNature Park and Mt. Kalatungan Range Nature Park as Protected areas.

Programs, Projects of the Province of Bukidnon to

Protect the Bukidnon River Watersheds (Continuation)

6. Applied TULSEA Negotiation Support Tools for PES Negotiations (Carbonstock measurement, hydrological measurement, Landscape appraisal, LandTenure Appraisal, market appraisal & biodiversity appraisal).

7. implemented the province wide greening program and Rewards of

Ecosystem Services (RES) through providing financial assistance to

diverse stakeholders who adopted Tree Growing in order to address

forest degradation and deforestation and food security withinBukidnon River watersheds.

Perceptions on current hydrological situation in Manupali (LEK

and PEK results)

Causes Effects Actions

LEK (farmers)

-Decreasing forest cover

-Expansion of banana and

pineapple plantations

-Rivers utilized for local

water system

-Decreasing water supply

(e.g. drying up of rivers)

-Degrading water quality

-Flooding

-Siltation in irrigation

canals

-Protect forest

-Plant trees

-Efficient use of water

PEK(public

and

policy-

makers)

-Population growth

-Expansion of banana

plantations

-Decreasing forest cover

-Intensive agricultural

production

-Improper waste disposal

-Increasing water demand

-Unsustainable farming

systems

-Decreasing water supply

(e.g. drying up of rivers)

-Degrading water quality

-Siltation in irrigation

canals

-Sedimentation in reservoir

-High treatment costs

-Poor rice production

-Massive

environmental

awareness

-Implement

environmental policies

-Plant trees

-Water recycling

-Provide incentives

-Regulate banana and

agricultural expansion

Hydrologist’s/Modeller’s Ecological KnowledgeMean monthly water

yield

Water quality Landslide risk

Buffering of water flow relative to

rainfall event using empirical records

Use of the model – GenRiver

Land cover/Land use, River network,

Rainfall, Soil type & depth, River

flow data, Existing reservoirs &

operating rules

Plausible land use change scenarios

Analysis of drivers for scenarios

Fig 5.1. Steps in the RHA modeller’s ecological knowledge analysis

Fig. 5.4. Daily rainfall data used to simulate the river flows of Alanib (TOP-LEFT), Maagnao (TOP-

RIGHT) and Kulasihan (BOTTOM) Rivers.

No. Dynamics of water Alanib sub-watershed Kulasihan sub-watershed

Computed

(mm)

Simulated

(mm)

Computed

(mm )

Simulated

(mm)

1 Precipitation 2272.36 2260.34 2300.67 2222.09

2 Evapotranspiration 760.42 (34) 1058.50 (44)

3 Other losses 654.94 (29) 401.61 (17)

4 River flow 844.98 (37) 980.35 (41)

Run-off 496.12 516.49 (23) 535.20 536.90 (23)

Soil quick flow ≥0.00 31.00 (1)

Baseflow 328.49 (15) ≥0.00

Surface quick flow 412.45 (17)

Average water balance of Alanib and Kulasihan sub-watersheds during a 12-yearGenRiver simulation (MEK results)

Based on the RHA results, the overall assessment of

the environmental conditions in the focused sub-

catchments specifically the Alanib and Kulasihan Rivers

implies that land use/cover change of the landscape

coupled with the increasing water demands by different

group of users seems to significantly influence the

changes in stream flow patterns, and water level or supply

as supported by MEK, LEK and PEK.

Institutional Challenges:

Strengthen multi-sectoral approach to watershed planning &

management & Partnerships.

Continuing IEC program in watershed resource management.

Creation of ENRO ( City & Municipal level).

Establishment of LGU Watershed Management Trust Fund.

Establishment of Management Information System.

Implementation of Comprehensive Training Programme

Local Policy & Legislation Challenges:

Enforcement of Rules & Regulations for Watershed Protection.

Formulation of economic policy instruments

(Integration of Payment of Environmental Services)

Technological Challenges for Interventions:

Appropriate technologies which are simple, conservation effective,

low cost, maintenance & productive