BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS II

PR OJ EC T 1: S KEL ET AL C ONS T R UC T ION (B US S HEL T ER )

Gr oup Member s

Name S tudent ID

Adam P andor 0 32274 3

C hif undo S apuwa 0 327378

R aveendar S ingh 0 3224 90

S umedha S ingh 0 3275 5 5

Wansa Alic e 0 324 98 4

T utor : Mr . Mohamed R izal Mohamed

B L D6 0 70 3

CONTENTS

1. DESIGN DERIVATIVE(A) INTRODUCTION(B) Func t ions (C) FORMS(D) DESIGN ANALYSIS(E) DESIGN DEVELOPMENT(F) PRECEDENT STUDIES(G) DESIGN CONSIDERATION

2. CONSTRUCTION

(A) ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS (B) COMPONENTS (C) MATERIAL ANALYSIS (D) FOUNDATION, SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND

ROOF. (E) CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS (F) LOADS, FORCES AND JOINTS(G) WATER RESISTANCE(H) CONCLUSION

3.. REFERENCES2

1. DES IGN DER IVAT IVE

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(A)INT R ODUC T ION

T he objec tive of P r ojec t 1: S k eletal C onstr uc tion is to help us under stand the

str uc tur al c omponents and their par tic ular r eac tion under load and pr essur e.

We have c hosen a c uboidal shape f or our bus shelter , as it is bas ic and stable.

We ar e us ing timber c onstr uc tion and joints to c onstr uc t our shelter . Also, to

pr ovide some suppor t to the f oundation and the r oof some other mater ials

suc h as c onc r ete ar e used to enhanc e the str ength of the str uc tur e.

B y us ing timber and some s imple joints , the tempor ar y bus shelter c an be

eas ily dismantled when r equir ed.

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(B ) F UNC T ION

Designed to withstand the har sh weather c onditions in Malays ia, i.e. the sunny and r ainy days .

T o pr ovide shelter f or passenger s while they ar e waiting f or their tr anspor t.

T o ac c ommodate 5 -6 people at a time.

(C) FORMS

T he over all c onc ept and mass of the des ign is based on two bas ic f or ms

i.e. C uboid and P entagon. T he half hexagon is plac ed on top of a c uboidal

f or m.

T he c omplete des ign look s lik e a light f or m due to the usage of timber

f or mwor k and also as it 's r equir ed to be a tempor ar y bus shelter , but

dur able.

T he des ign is highly f unc tional and c onventional to ac t as a bus shelter

f or a gr oup of people.

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a. F or m of the T empor ar y shelter .

b. Mater ial to be used, and whether its suitable f or a tempor ar y s tr uc tur e or not.

(D) DES IGN ANAL YS IS

(E) DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

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Initially we planned on us ing a semi-pitc hed and semi-s lanted r oof , with br ac es to

suppor t the f r ont of the r oof .

We c ollec tively c ame up with this des ign af ter look ing at the pr ec edent s tudies .

B ut, we soon r ealised it was going to be a dif f ic ult job to c onstr uc t the

str uc tur e.

Henc e, instead of us ing c omplex f or ms, we dec ided to c hoose a s imple c uboid

and hexagon to be the bas ic f or ms of our des ign.

F r om the elevations , the bush shelter seems lik e it has the f or m of a tr apezium.

We have c hosen timber as the mater ial. T he str uc tur e won’t have to depend on

too many additional mater ials meaning the str uc tur e would solely depend on

loc k ing and inter loc k ing joints .

(F) PRECEDENT STUDIES

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We admir ed the str uc tur e and how wood has been used f or sk eletal s tr uc tur e along with c onc r ete f or suppor t to pr event water f r om spoiling the base and f oundation.

T he s lanted over hanging r oof is to dir ec t the r ainwater towar ds the bac k of the seats and away f r om the bus stop.

T he high r oof pr ovides good ventilation and the br ac es pr ovide suppor t to the r oof over the benc h.

T his bus s tand it built in a bustling c ity. T he s imple f or m and des ign and glass panels help user s view the c oming bus .

Again, the s lanted r oof dir ec ts the water away, also the s lanted r oof pr ovides pr oper sun shading.

T he moder n look of the bus stop is ver y s imple yet beautif ul.

(G) DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

T he c omponents we look ed into while des ign the tempor ar y bus shelter is as f ollows :

I. B us S helter Oc c upanc y.II. S unlight P enetr ationIII. Ac c ess to the S helter .IV. Water r es is tanc e and T empor ality. V. Wind blow and ventilation

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I. B US S HEL T ER OC C UPANC Y

T he bus stop shall ac c ommodate at least 5 -6 people at onc e.

III. AC C ES S

T he bus shelter is des igned in suc h a way that ther e is no obstr uc tion while boar ding the bus . T her e is a lot of spac e f or the user s to enter the bus shelter . T his helps with the ef f ic ienc y of the bus stop. As , when the obstr uc tions ar e minimized ther e is a better viewing f r ame and r eac hing the bus is eas ier .

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II. S UNL IGHT PENET R AT ION

T he bus stop is plac ed in an open ar ea. Henc e, shading is essential to c r eate a c omf or table waiting ar ea f or the passenger s . Due to minimal sunlight c oming in, the bus shelter is well light but at the same time its not too hot on the ins ide f or the passenger s .

IV. WATER RESISTANCE AND TEMPORAL ITYDue to the weight of the str uc tur e and the

str ong f oundation of the bus shelter , it c an

withstand str ong wind. T he s lanted r oof extends

and c r eates over hangs on both s ides of the bus

shelter henc e dir ec ted the r ain water to the

gr ound away f r om the seats as the s lant of the

r oof is towar ds the bac k of the shelter . T his

k eeps the user f r om getting wet.

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V. WIND B L OW AND VENT IL AT ION

Its an open ar ea with a r oof f or shading and

just the c olumns and br ac es pr oviding suppor t

to the str uc tur e. T he open s ides pr ovide the

spac e with a good ventilation to impr ove the

c omf or t levels of the bus stop and the

passenger s .

2. CONSTRUCTION

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(A)OR T HOGR APHIC DR AWINGS

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F R ONT EL EVAT ION

B AC K EL EVAT ION

S IDE EL EVAT ION

(B) COMPONENTS

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C olumn

T imber r oof ing

C onc r ete f oundation

T imber dec k ing

B r ac es

R oof beam

(C) MATERIAL ANALYSIS

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WOODEN S EAT S -

T imber is ver y dur able and c an last f or a ver y

long time.

It’s easy to c lean and little or no maintenanc e is

needed.

It’s sof t and c omf or table c ompar ed to other

har dwood benc hes .

T IMB ER R OOF -

It’s the str ongest mater ial and is dur able. It c an be tr anspor ted and installed eas ily as we have used joints . It c an withstand low

and high temper atur es . It c an withstand f or c e and is vir tually unbr eak able.

T IMB ER DEC KING-

It’s ver y dur able and c omf or table. It ’s

aesthetic ally elegant and natur al. It doesn’t r eally

absor b heat and doesn’t r espond to sunlight. T he

ar ea is never too hot or too c old.

Depending on the type of timber used it

r equir es little or no maintenanc e.

(D) FOUNDATION, SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND ROOF.

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T IMB ER F R AME: It’s to withstand the live and

dead load of and in the str uc tur e. It s tabilizes

the whole bus shelter s tr uc tur e

F L OOR ING:

T he c hoic e of mater ial f or f loor boar ds and

f loor ing is timber . T her e ar e boxes c ut out f r om

the s ides to be able to s lot in the c olumns so that

they c an r eac h the f oundation. T he plank s ar e laid

f lat on the timber f loor f r ame.

T he seat is c onnec ted to the two r ear c olumns

thr ough a suppor t. B enc hes type of seating is

used to ac c ommodate mor e people

(D) FOUNDATION, SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND ROOF.

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R OOF :

It’s a F lat r oof at the over hang and it’s s lanted at the

bac k . T his des ign c ar ef ully c ons ider s all the c omf or ts

of the passenger s . It pr ovides pr oper shading under

the sun and also pr otec ts the passenger s f r om r ain.

T he s lanted r oof dir ec ts the r ainwater away f r om

the benc hes and towar ds the bac k .

R OOF B EAM:

It c r eates a platf or m f or r oof c onstr uc tion.

(D) FOUNDATION, SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND ROOF.

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C OL UMNS : It 's the main sour c e of suppor t to

c onnec t the f oundation and the r oof .

B R AC ES : It suppor ts the s lanted r oof .

It ac ts as the sec ondar y suppor t

system f or the bus stand.

F OUNDAT ION:

P ad f ooting f oundation is used in this s tr uc tur e.

Gener ally pad f oundations ar e shallow

f oundations and henc e, c an be used f or

tempor ar y c onstr uc tion.. It ’s a f or m of spr ead

f oundation that suppor ts the c olumns and

f r amed str uc tur es .

(E) CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS

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(E) CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS

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(F) LOADS, FORCES AND JOINTS

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PRIMARY BASIC STRUCTURE-

In the st r uc tur e the main load is car r ied by the f our columns,

which is then t r ansf er r ed towar ds the t imber f loor ing which

suppor ts the main st r uc tur e. Conc r ete blocks ar e added at

t he bot tom of the t imber f r ame to enhance the stabilit y of

t he st r uc tur e to withstand the load of t he st r uc tur e.

SECONDARY STRUCTURE-

Br aces ar e added to pr ovide mor e stur diness and suppor t t o the

st r uc tur e. It r einf or ces the st r uc tur e and pr ovides diagonal

suppor t . It helps make the bus shelter stur dier and mor e likely to

withstand later al f or ces. Addit ion of these br aces pr ovides

maximizes the weight of t he load of a st r uc tur e f or suppor t

(F) LOADS, FORCES AND JOINTS

1. Mor tise and T enon J oints

It’s the str ongest woodwor k ing joint. T wo piec es of wood

ar e held at 90 degr ees and the end of one piec e is

inser ted into a c ut out hole in the sec ond piec e of wood.

Mor tise is the c avity c ut into the piec e of wood to

r ec eive the tenon. T enon is the pr ojec ting end of the

wooden piec e that’s to be inser ted in the mor tise. T he

tenon end of the joint is usually taller than its width by a

thic k ness of ⅓ of the thic k ness of the piec e of wood. 21

J OINT S

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(F) LOADS, FORCES AND JOINTS

2. L ap Wood J oint

Half lap joints ar e c r eated by c utting half or mor e (as

r equir ed) of the thic k ness of eac h piec e of wood and then

gluing them together .

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3. F inger J oint

T his joint is c r eated by plac ing two piec es of wood at a

r ight angle to eac h other . At the end of eac h piec e of wood,

a ser ies of pins ar e c ut to inter loc k with the tails of the

other wooden piec e mak ing a joint. T his J oint is f ixed by glue.

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(H) CONCLUSION

This pr ojec t gave us a r eal lif e exper ience of const r uc t ion using appr opr iate dimensions and r eal mater ials. Thr oughout this const r uc t ion pr ojec t we under stood how the st r uc tur e withstands the dead load of t he const r uc t ion, how to selec t suitable joints and mater ials too. In conc lusion, this pr ojec t taught us the details of how const r uc t ion wor ks.

(G) WATER RESISTANCE

The water r esistance of the st r uc tur e is achieved by using paint and var nish. The r oof is painted so that it does not absor b the r ainwater and helps it dr ain of f t o the back.

VARNISHING THE ROOF AND FLOOR.

PAINTING THE ROOF AND FLOORING.

3. REFERENCES

http:/ / www.mmc ite.c om/ en/ pr oduc ts# !bus-shelter s/ geomer e

https :/ / i.pinimg.c om/ or iginals/ a7/ bc / d7/ a7bc d75 dc aa3f 1bb75 c 5 3f 0 f c d6 d0 70 b.jpg

http:/ / www.mor ganasphalte.c o.uk / news/ the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of -polyc ar bonate-r oof ing/

http:/ / www.c annyliving.c om/ timber _ dec k ing.htm

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