BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS II

PROJECT 1: SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION (BUS SHELTER)

Group Members

Name Student ID

Adam Pandor 0322743

Chifundo Sapuwa 0327378

Raveendar Singh 0322490

Sumedha Singh 0327555

Wansa Alice 0324984

Tutor: Mr. Mohamed Rizal Mohamed

BLD60703

CONTENTS

1. DESIGN DERIVATIVE (A) INTRODUCTION(B) Functions (C) FORMS(D) DESIGN ANALYSIS(E) DESIGN DEVELOPMENT(F) PRECEDENT STUDIES(G) DESIGN CONSIDERATION

2. CONSTRUCTION

(A) ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS (B) COMPONENTS (C) MATERIAL ANALYSIS (D) FOUNDATION, SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND ROOF. (E) CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS (F) LOADS, FORCES AND JOINTS(G) WATER RESISTANCE(H) CONCLUSION

3.. REFERENCES

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1. DESIGN DERIVATIVE

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(A) INTRODUCTION

The objective of Project 1: Skeletal Construction is to help us understand the

structural components and their particular reaction under load and pressure.

We have chosen a cuboidal shape for our bus shelter, as it is basic and stable.

We are using timber construction and joints to construct our shelter. Also, to

provide some support to the foundation and the roof some other materials

such as concrete are used to enhance the strength of the structure.

By using timber and some simple joints, the temporary bus shelter can be

easily dismantled when required.

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(B) FUNCTION

Designed to withstand the harsh weather conditions in Malaysia, i.e. the sunny and rainy days.

To provide shelter for passengers while they are waiting for their transport.

To accommodate 5-6 people at a time.

(C) FORMS

The overall concept and mass of the design is based on two basic forms

i.e. Cuboid and Pentagon. The half hexagon is placed on top of a cuboidal

form.

The complete design looks like a light form due to the usage of timber

formwork and also as it's required to be a temporary bus shelter, but

durable.

The design is highly functional and conventional to act as a bus shelter

for a group of people.

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a. Form of the Temporary shelter.

b. Material to be used, and whether its suitable for a temporary structure or not.

(D) DESIGN ANALYSIS

(E) DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

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Initially we planned on using a semi-pitched and semi-slanted roof, with braces to

support the front of the roof.

We collectively came up with this design after looking at the precedent studies.

But, we soon realised it was going to be a difficult job to construct the

structure.

Hence, instead of using complex forms, we decided to choose a simple cuboid

and hexagon to be the basic forms of our design.

From the elevations, the bush shelter seems like it has the form of a trapezium.

We have chosen timber as the material. The structure won’t have to depend on

too many additional materials meaning the structure would solely depend on

locking and interlocking joints.

(F) PRECEDENT STUDIES

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We admired the structure and how wood has been used for skeletal structure along with concrete for support to prevent water from spoiling the base and foundation.

The slanted overhanging roof is to direct the rainwater towards the back of the seats and away from the bus stop.

The high roof provides good ventilation and the braces provide support to the roof over the bench.

This bus stand it built in a bustling city. The simple form and design and glass panels help users view the coming bus.

Again, the slanted roof directs the water away, also the slanted roof provides proper sun shading.

The modern look of the bus stop is very simple yet beautiful.

(G) DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The components we looked into while design the temporary bus shelter is as follows:

I. Bus Shelter Occupancy.II. Sunlight PenetrationIII. Access to the Shelter.IV. Water resistance and Temporality. V. Wind blow and ventilation

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I. BUS SHELTER OCCUPANCY

The bus stop shall accommodate at least 5-6 people at once.

III. ACCESS

The bus shelter is designed in such a way that there is no obstruction while boarding the bus. There is a lot of space for the users to enter the bus shelter. This helps with the efficiency of the bus stop. As, when the obstructions are minimized there is a better viewing frame and reaching the bus is easier.

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II. SUNLIGHT PENETRATION

The bus stop is placed in an open area. Hence, shading is essential to create a comfortable waiting area for the passengers. Due to minimal sunlight coming in, the bus shelter is well light but at the same time its not too hot on the inside for the passengers.

IV. WATER RESISTANCE AND TEMPORALITYDue to the weight of the structure and the

strong foundation of the bus shelter, it can

withstand strong wind. The slanted roof extends

and creates overhangs on both sides of the bus

shelter hence directed the rain water to the

ground away from the seats as the slant of the

roof is towards the back of the shelter. This

keeps the user from getting wet.

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V. WIND BLOW AND VENTILATION

Its an open area with a roof for shading and

just the columns and braces providing support

to the structure. The open sides provide the

space with a good ventilation to improve the

comfort levels of the bus stop and the

passengers.

2. CONSTRUCTION

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(A) ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

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FRONT ELEVATION

BACK ELEVATION

SIDE ELEVATION

(B) COMPONENTS

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Column

Timber roofing

Concrete foundation

Timber decking

Braces

Roof beam

(C) MATERIAL ANALYSIS

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WOODEN SEATS-

Timber is very durable and can last for a very

long time.

It’s easy to clean and little or no maintenance is

needed.

It’s soft and comfortable compared to other

hardwood benches.

TIMBER ROOF-

It’s the strongest material and is durable. It can be transported and installed easily as we have used joints. It can withstand low

and high temperatures. It can withstand force and is virtually unbreakable.

TIMBER DECKING-

It’s very durable and comfortable. It’s

aesthetically elegant and natural. It doesn’t really

absorb heat and doesn’t respond to sunlight. The

area is never too hot or too cold.

Depending on the type of timber used it

requires little or no maintenance.

(D) FOUNDATION, SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND ROOF.

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TIMBER FRAME: It’s to withstand the live and

dead load of and in the structure. It stabilizes

the whole bus shelter structure

FLOORING:

The choice of material for floorboards and

flooring is timber. There are boxes cut out from

the sides to be able to slot in the columns so that

they can reach the foundation. The planks are laid

flat on the timber floor frame.

The seat is connected to the two rear columns

through a support. Benches type of seating is

used to accommodate more people

(D) FOUNDATION, SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND ROOF.

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ROOF:

It’s a Flat roof at the overhang and it’s slanted at the

back. This design carefully considers all the comforts

of the passengers. It provides proper shading under

the sun and also protects the passengers from rain.

The slanted roof directs the rainwater away from

the benches and towards the back.

ROOF BEAM:

It creates a platform for roof construction.

(D) FOUNDATION, SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND ROOF.

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COLUMNS: It's the main source of support to

connect the foundation and the roof.

BRACES: It supports the slanted roof.

It acts as the secondary support

system for the bus stand.

FOUNDATION:

Pad footing foundation is used in this structure.

Generally pad foundations are shallow

foundations and hence, can be used for

temporary construction.. It’s a form of spread

foundation that supports the columns and

framed structures.

(E) CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS

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(E) CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS

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(F) LOADS, FORCES AND JOINTS

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PRIMARY BASIC STRUCTURE-

In the structure the main load is carried by the four columns,

which is then transferred towards the timber flooring which

supports the main structure. Concrete blocks are added at

the bottom of the timber frame to enhance the stability of

the structure to withstand the load of the structure.

SECONDARY STRUCTURE-

Braces are added to provide more sturdiness and support to the

structure. It reinforces the structure and provides diagonal

support. It helps make the bus shelter sturdier and more likely to

withstand lateral forces. Addition of these braces provides

maximizes the weight of the load of a structure for support

(F) LOADS, FORCES AND JOINTS

1. Mortise and Tenon Joints

It’s the strongest woodworking joint. Two pieces of wood

are held at 90 degrees and the end of one piece is

inserted into a cut out hole in the second piece of wood.

Mortise is the cavity cut into the piece of wood to

receive the tenon. Tenon is the projecting end of the

wooden piece that’s to be inserted in the mortise. The

tenon end of the joint is usually taller than its width by a

thickness of ⅓ of the thickness of the piece of wood.

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JOINTS

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(F) LOADS, FORCES AND JOINTS

2. Lap Wood Joint

Half lap joints are created by cutting half or more (as

required) of the thickness of each piece of wood and then

gluing them together.

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3. Finger Joint

This joint is created by placing two pieces of wood at a

right angle to each other. At the end of each piece of wood,

a series of pins are cut to interlock with the tails of the

other wooden piece making a joint. This Joint is fixed by glue.

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(H) CONCLUSION

This project gave us a real life experience of construction using appropriate dimensions and real materials. Throughout this construction project we understood how the structure withstands the dead load of the construction, how to select suitable joints and materials too. In conclusion, this project taught us the details of how construction works.

(G) WATER RESISTANCE

The water resistance of the structure is achieved by using paint and varnish. The roof is painted so that it does not absorb the rainwater and helps it drain off to the back.

VARNISHING THE ROOF AND FLOOR.

PAINTING THE ROOF AND FLOORING.

3. REFERENCES

http://www.mmcite.com/en/products#!bus-shelters/geomere

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/a7/bc/d7/a7bcd75dcaa3f1bb75c53f0fcd6d070b.jpg

http://www.morganasphalte.co.uk/news/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-polycarbonate-roofing/

http://www.cannyliving.com/timber_decking.htm

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