BSB JOP Project BSBEEPBlack Sea Buildings Energy Efficiency Plan “Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) of the Municipality of Kavala – Challenges, Achievements and Perspectives”

2nd Meeting, Yerevan, 2013

Georgios GAIDAJISDemocritus University of Thrace, School of Engineering,Department of Production Engineering & ManagementLaboratory of Environmental Management and Industrial Ecology (LEMIE)Xanthi, Greece

1. Covenant of Mayors - SEAP2. Baseline emission inventory - estimations3. Baseline emission inventory - results4. Key elements of SEAP5. Concluding remarks6. Challenges and perspectives

Structure of presentation

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A few words regarding CoM and SEAP

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1. Covenant of Mayors - SEAP

The Covenant of Mayors (CoM) is the mainstream European movement involving local and regional authorities, voluntarily committing to increasing energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources on their territories.

By their commitment, Covenant signatories aim to meet and exceed the European Union 20% CO2 reduction objective by 2020.

A few words regarding CoM and SEAP

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1. Covenant of Mayors - SEAP

A Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) is the key document in which the Covenant signatory outlines how it intends to reach its CO2 reduction target by 2020.

It defines the activities and measures set up to achieve the targets, together with time frames and assigned responsibilities..

3,249 Sustainable Energy Action Plans have been submitted until 1/12/2013.

1,650 have been accepted.

In Greece 49 SEAPs have been submitted and 13 have been accepted, including Municipality of Kavala!!!

Action Plan of Kavala in a nutshell

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1. Covenant of Mayors - SEAP

Overall CO2 emission reduction target: 20%Adhesion: 27/9/2010Formal approval: 31/12/2012

The SEAP of Kavala is an analytical (210 pages) report including various estimations, energy audits, survey, developed actions and many more!

http://www.simfonodimarxon.eu/actions/sustainable-energy-action-plans_en.html

Approved in less than a year!

First steps: Energy consumption estimation

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2. Baseline emission inventory - Estimations

The development of an analytical energy balance for MoK was necessary in order to proceed to the carbon footprint estimation.

Estimations were performed for the year 2011 (baseline year).

All energy sources were translated into respective MWh with the application of the conversion factors proposed by CoM guidelines.

Electrical Energy Consumption:- Municipal Buildings- Municipal Facilities- Municipal Lighting- Residential Buildings- Tertiary Buildings

Fuel Consumption: (Oil(heat), Gasoline, Diesel, Wood)- Municipal Buildings- Residential Buildings- Tertiary Buildings- Municipal Fleet- Public Transport- Private Transport

Parameters included into the energy consumption estimation.

First steps: Energy consumption estimation

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2. Baseline emission inventory - Estimations

Relevant data were acquired from various sources including energy audits performed by the authors, local authorities, online databases etc.

Building/Facilities Electricity, Oil(heat), WoodMunicipal buildings/facilities Energy audits, municipal authorities, PPC (public power corporation),

Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Company (DEYAK).

Residential/Tertiary buildings Data were estimated based on national annual consumptions (National Information System for Energy, 2013) and the number of households in Kavala.

Municipal public lighting Estimations from municipal technical services and field observations.

Transportation Diesel/Gasoline

Municipal fleet Municipal technical service department.

Public transport Local transportation cooperative i.e. KTEL and estimations based on total km traveled.

Private transport Egnatia Odos S.A., EL.STAT and estimations based on total km traveled.

Data collection sources.

First steps: Carbon footprint estimations

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2. Baseline emission inventory - Estimations

a) The IPCC Standard Emission Factors method in line with the IPCC principles.

b) The IPCC Life Cycle Emission Factors method.

c) the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with the application of relative software.

The first two methods are proposed by the European Commission for the municipalities who want to estimate their baseline CO2 emissions.

Three (3) methods were applied:

They translate the energy inventory into CO2 emissions with the application of relative emission factors

Energy sourceMethod a Method b

Standard emission factors (tCO2/MWhe)

LCA emission factors(tCO2-eq/MWhe)

Electrical energy 1.149 1.167Gasoline 0.249 0.299Diesel, Heating Oil 0.267 0.305Wood 0.282 0.405

Emission factors applied in methods a and b.

First steps: Carbon footprint estimations

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2. Baseline emission inventory - Estimations

a) The IPCC Standard Emission Factors method in line with the IPCC principles.

b) The IPCC Life Cycle Emission Factors method.

c) the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with the application of relative software.

Three (3) methods were applied:

Method c is a more complicated task.

The energy/fuel flows are modeled and assessed with the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) software.

Data gathered are modeled and assessed with the application of various impact categories methods (e.g. ReCiPe).

Municipality of Kavala is one of very few municipalities that have applied the LCA method!

Energy assessment

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3. Baseline emission inventory - Results

The total energy consumption of MoK for the year 2011 was estimated to be 972,814 MWh.

Electric Energy

30%

Heating Oil

19%

Diesel25%

Gaso-line21%

Wood5%

The uncontrolled wood flows of unknown origin and the inefficient burning in low-performance fireplaces are issues need to be further examined.

Carbon dioxide emissions from “unsustainable timbering” (cutting of natural forests, long distance travelled etc.), are very high, contributing not only to the total carbon footprint of a municipality, but also the quality of the urban atmospheric environment.

Energy assessment

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Municipal buildings3%

Building ter-tiary sector

15%

Residences35%

Municipal lighting<1%

Public transportation<1%

Private transporta-

tion45%

Energy consumption falling under the municipality’s jurisdiction was relatively low in terms of percentage of contribution (≈5%), however significant in absolute value (≈44.400MWh).

The five most energy intensive municipal buildings contributed almost 50% to the total consumption of all municipal buildings.

Energy consumption for potable water supply and distribution was also significant due to the topographical characteristics of the municipality.

3. Baseline emission inventory - Results

Carbon footprint assessment

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Assessment method Unit Total

emissionsEmissions per capita

a) Standard emission factors (IPCC) tons CO2 511,799 6.9b) LCA emission factors (IPCC) tons CO2-eq 549,712 7.4c) LCA ReCiPe method tons CO2-eq 571,000 7.7

Correlation of the results with all three methods support the quality of estimations.

Variations were attributed to the different scope and greenhouse gases inventory included in every method.

LCA results were higher, something to be expected since they include emissions from other greenhouse gases (expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents) and life cycle stages.

Results ranged from 511,799 to 571,000 tons CO2 or 6.9 to 7.7 tons of equivalent CO2 emissions per capita

Total carbon dioxide emissions for every assessment method applied.

3. Baseline emission inventory - Results

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Category CO2 Emissions [%]Electricity Oil (heat) Diesel Gasoline Wood Total

Buildings/Facilities Municipal buildings/facilities 3.8% 0.4% 4.2% Tertiary buildings 29.3% 0.9% 30.2% Residential buildings 29.5% 8.4% 2.8% 40.7% Municipal public lighting 2.3% - 2.3% Subtotal Buildings/Facilities 64.9% 9.8% 2.8% 77.4% Transport Municipal fleet 0.1% <0.1% 0.2% Public transport 0.4% - 0.4% Private transport 12.2% 9.9% 22.1% Subtotal transport 12.7% 9.9% 22.6% Total (511,799 t CO2) 100%

Nearly 77% (396,264 tons CO2) of the total carbon footprint is attributable to the building sector, the private and commercial transport is accountable for approximately 23% (115,535 tons CO2).

The electrical energy consumption highly affected the results (≈65%) due to the relatively high CO2 emission factor of the electricity produced in Greece (1.149 t CO2/MWhe).

Carbon dioxide emissions of MoK per sector and fuel type (method a).

3. Baseline emission inventory - Results

Carbon footprint assessment - LCA

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Application of midpoint methods (e.g. ReCiPe) Focus on environmental mechanism (cause)

Impact indicator Unit ValueClimate change kg CO2 eq. 5.71×108

Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq. 2.00×102

Human toxicity kg 1,4-DB eq. 6.29×107

Photochemical oxidant formation kg NMVOC 2.84×106

Particulate matter formation kg PM10 eq. 1.72×106

Ionising radiation kg U235 eq. 2.68×107

Terrestrial acidfication kg SO2 eq. 6.59×106

Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq. 6.04×103

Marine eutrophication kg N eq. 6.86×105

Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq. 1.43×105

Freshwater ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq. 2.53×105

Marine ecotoxicity kg 1,4-DB eq. 6.40×105

Agricultural land occupation m2×yr 3.11×107

Urban land occupation m2×yr 6.53×105

Natural land transformation m2 7.60×104

Water depletion m3 1.60×107

Metal depletion kg Fe eq. 3.65×106

Fossil depletion kg oil eq. 1.99×108

Various complicated indicators were assessed including carbon footprint, ozone depletion potential and others.

3. Baseline emission inventory - Results

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Low contribution of municipal buildings compared to the total CF

Residential building being the major factor affecting the CF

Application of midpoint methods (e.g. ReCiPe) Focus on environmental mechanism (cause)

Development of analytical networks per impact category – Identification of “hot spots”

e.g. Carbon Footprint network

3. Baseline emission inventory - Results

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3. Results

Indicator Unit ValueCarcinogens DALY 1.25×101

Respiratory organics DALY 7.99×10-1

Respiratory inorganics DALY 5.59×102

Climate change DALY 1.20×102

Radiation DALY 5.60×10-1

Ozone layer DALY 2.10×10-1

Ecotoxicity PAF×m2×yr 1.04×108

Acidification/Eutrophication PDF×m2×yr 1.59×107

Land use PDF×m2×yr 7.40×106

Minerals MJ surplus 2.08×106

Fossil fuels MJ surplus 6.05×108

Application of end-point methods (e.g. Eco-Indicator 99)Focus on the consequences (impact on health)

DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years)PAF (Potentially Affected Fraction)

PDF (Potentially Disappeared Fraction)

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The annual (2011) environmental impact due to energy and fuel consumption, is 474 EcoPts per citizen of Kavala.

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Application of end-point methods (e.g. Eco-Indicator 99)Focus on the consequences (impact on health)

Identify the impact categories highly affected by current municipality’s energy profile

3. Baseline emission inventory - Results

MunicipalityCity

Energy consumption

(ΜWh/capita)

CO2

emissions (tons/capita)

MunicipalityCity

Energy consumption

(ΜWh/capita)

CO2

emissions (tons/capita)

Agias 8,5 4,5 Loutraki 17,6 10,4A. Stefanos 18,0 9,2 Moudros 13,4 5,9Aigaleo 8,0 4,2 Nea Smyrni 11,7 5,3Amyntaion 18,3 8,2 Nisyros 7,5 3,8Heraklion - 4,0 Oia 17,3 11,5Ios 17,3 8,0 Patra 8,9 4,9Kavala 13,1 6,9 Poseidonia 12,2 7,7Kea 15,5 6,7 Skyros 12,2 7,0Korthio 11,1 5,9 Thermi 7,6 2,2Lagadas 8,1 3,8 Trikala 1,6 0,5Lipsi 7,8 4,7 Festos 17,8 12,6

Comparison with other municipalities

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The average CO2 emissions in EU27 for 2011 were 7.5 tons per capita (European Joint Research Centre). Mediterranean countries like Italy (6.7tons) and Spain (6.4tons) exhibited lower average emissions.

Regarding Greece, reliable data are available for the year 2008 that set its carbon footprint to 8.6-8.8 tons per capita.

3. Baseline emission inventory - Results

Quantification of improvement potential – Select targets!

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4. Key elements of SEAP

Questionnaires to assess the willingness of residents to adopt an energy efficient attitude and take action.

Σε τί τύπο κτιρίου διαμένετε;

62%

38%

0%

Διαμέρισμα Μονοκατοικία ΔΞ/ΔΑ

Το χειμώνα σε τι θερμοκρασία ρυθμίζετε τον θερμοστάτη για την θέρμανση;

17%8% 3%

46%

22%

4%

18-19C 20-21C 22-23C

>24C Όχι αυτονομία ΔΞ/ΔΑ

Το καλοκαίρι ρυθμίζετε τη θερμοκρασία του κλιματιστικού, πάνω ή κάτω από τους 25

βαθμούς;

24%7%

35%

34%

Πάνω Κάτω Όχι Α/C ΔΞ/ΔΑ

Λαμβάνετε υπόψη την ενεργειακή σήμανση / κλάση συσκευών κατά την αγορά ηλεκτρικών/ηλεκτρονικών ειδών;

80%

16% 4%

Ναι Όχι ΔΞ/ΔΑ

Quantification of improvement potential – Select targets!

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4. Key elements of SEAP

Energy audits with the application of thermographic methods to find specific buildings for retrofitting actions and develop a “building efficiency” profile of municipality.

Performed to over 50% of the estimated municipal buildings total area

Why all this work??

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4. Key elements of SEAP

Energy assessment Carbon footprint assessment Life cycle analysis Survey Energy audits Special characteristics of Kavala…

Develop an efficient Sustainable Energy Action Plan

in other words…

Find those actions that will focus on carbon footprint “hot spots” thus ensure maximum

reduction (with low cost…)

Expected CO2 reduction per field of action (t) in 2020 from the base year level.

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4. Key elements of the SEAP

Estimated CO2 reduction per sector.

Specific actions to be performed

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4. Key elements of the SEAP

Field of action Indicative key actions

Expected reduction (in tn CO2)

Municipal buildings

Energy saving measures. Energy inspection in 50 municipal buildings, energy certification

and energy saving proposals.

Campaign regarding energy saving techniques in municipal buildings/facilities.

965.6

Municipal public lighting

Gradual replacement of conventional bulbs with energy saving eco-bulbs.

Detailed study regarding lighting efficiency. Pilot installation of 50 solar PV lighting poles.

5,792.0

Residential/Tertiary buildings

Development of relative forum including stakeholders. Campaign for ineffective bulbs replacement and distribution of

5000 energy saving bulbs. Campaign (commercials, brochures) for the benefits of low cost

energy saving in the residential/tertiary sector.

73,919.0

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4. Key elements of the SEAP

Field of action Indicative key actionsExpected reduction (in tn CO2)

Municipal fleet Replacement of 15 gasoline vehicles with hybrids or electric vehicles.

Training of drivers and adoption of new driving practices such as eco-driving.

Design and implementation of fleet management actions, scheduling etc.

129.5

Transportation Campaign/raising awareness of citizens regarding eco-driving and utilization of public transport.

Study urban mobility and actions to increase the use of public transportations.

Promotion of national and regional policies.

21,129.5

Renewable Energy Systems (RES) utilization

Photovoltaic (PV) panels installation in public buildings. Organization of events to inform citizens and stakeholders about

climate change and RES utilization. Promotion of national/regional policies to citizens regarding RES

utilization

788.6

Total 102,724.2

Specific actions to be performed

Estimated cost of the proposed actions: € 4.2 M.

E-tool development for periodic revaluation

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4. Key elements of the SEAP

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5. Concluding remarks Residential buildings and private transportation were the key sectors affecting the energy consumption and carbon footprint of MoK.

The participation of inhabitants to the energy conservation efforts is necessary in order to achieve the target of 20% reduction until 2020.

The electrical energy consumption highly affected the results due to the relatively high CO2 emission factor of electricity produced in Greece (1.149 t CO2/MWhe). MoK should highly focus on reducing the local electricity emission factor by integrating RES in its energy flows.

Municipal activities contribute to a small percentage of the total energy consumption (and carbon footprint). In that aspect, municipalities should focus on acting as an exemplar for habitants, by providing motivations, ideas, information etc. regarding energy saving benefits.

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6. Challenges and Perspectives

The implementation of a SEAP can be a challenging and long task Data for Baseline Inventory and CF estimation are too hard to be found – time

and effort is required. Specific steering committees, special personnel must be developed within the

municipality. Continuous revaluation and commitment to the target is essential.

However: Provides a useful management tool for the municipal authorities. Significantly strengthens the adoption of effective regional strategies. Strengthens communication of the results. Enhance participation in relative programs and financing.

Thank you for your attention!Partner: Democritus University of ThraceContact Person: Ass. Prof. Georgios GAIDAJISE-mail: geogai@pme.duth.gr

info@lemie.grTel. & Fax: +30 25420 79877Mobile Phone: +30 6945 395 119Skype address: geogai

Visit our website:http://www.lemie.gr/en/