Brooks Range, AK

HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations 2009 (“HIPPO”)

Steven C. Wofsy

Global CH4

Keynote Address, ICDC8, Jena, 18 Sep 2009

Summary of Deliverables for HIPPO -- HIPPO Proposal March 2006(continued)

ENDURING VALUE OF HIPPO DATA.

For decades, GEOSECS data (only recently superceded by WOCE) have been the foundation for critical tests of ocean models, and the means to derive synthetic insight into ocean processes as diverse as mixed-layer ventilation, deep-sea conveyor belts, new production by the biota, and, just 0628575in 2004, planetary heat balance. GEOSECS showed that a tracer study with the right global architecture could truly revolutionize a field. We expect the same will be true of HIPPO.

HIPPO main points—what has been delivered:unprecedented sampling of the remote atmosphere•Operations and sensors successful; New Measurements implemented; HAIS sensors !•Seasonal Sampling•Reference data set•Fine-grained vision at global scale

New Science: Bullets•N2O distributions differ radically from global model simulations•Southern Ocean sources and sinks of CO2 observed directly•Emission of marine-derived gases observed directly as atmospheric enhancements: N2O, methyl halides and methyl nitrate, OCS, CS2, and DMS•Arctic and North Pacific structures

Seasonal changes – cold dome, transpacific transport, latitude gradientsUpside down distributions of global pollutants seen consistentlyStratospheric influence measured directly at global scale over the ocean

•Black Carbon global distributions differ from any models (lower) but intense events are very strong•H2O supersaturation regions shown to derive from moistening

Model—data and validation bullets• Comparisons are underway with strong participation by 5+ models, plus satellite teams (AIRS, TES) plus TCCON

HIPPO Aircraft Instrumentation

O2:N2, CO2, CH4, CO, N2O , SF6, CH3Br, CH3Cl other GHGs, COS, halocarbons, solvent gases, marine emission species, many more

Whole air sampling: NWAS (NOAA), AWAS (Miami), MEDUSA (NCAR/Scripps)

O3 (1 Hz)NOAA GMD O3

T, P, winds, aerosols, cloud waterMTP, wing stores, etc

Black Carbon (1 Hz)NOAA SP2H2O (1 Hz)Princeton/SWS VCSEL

CO, CH4, N2O, CFCs, HCFCs, SF6, CH3Br, CH3ClNOAA- UCATS, PANTHER GCs (1 per 70 – 200 s)

CO (1 Hz)NCAR RAF CO

O3 (1 Hz)NOAA CSD O3

CO2 (1 Hz)Harvard OMS CO2

O2:N2 , CO2 (1 Hz)NCAR AO2

CO2, CH4, CO, N2O (1 Hz)Harvard/Aerodyne—HAIS QCLScolors denote replicated measurements

Figure 1. (Panels a, b) Locations of flight tracks and vertical profiles (colored points) for HIPPO deployments 1 and 2. (Panel c) Vertical profiles (~200 in each mission), with the tropopause shown in orange and stratospheric flight segments in blue. (Panel d) Cross section of potential temperature in HIPPO_1, on the southbound leg near the dateline. The white dotted lines mark the flight path of the GV and grey lines show contours of potential temperature.

Figure 2. Cross sections of CH4 (ppb), CO (ppb), CO2 (ppm), SF6 (ppt), N2O (ppb) and H2O (log10 (ppm)) on HIPPO_1, southbound along the dateline, January, 2009. White dashed lines show flight tracks, and grey contours show potential temperature. CO2—composite and CO—composite represent merged data from CO2—QCLS and OMS and from CO—QCLS and RAF, respectively.

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 April 2010

O2

CO2

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 April 2010

CH4

Southbound

Northbound

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 April 2010

Northbound

Southbound

CO

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 Apr 2010

Central Pacific HIPPO_1 Eastern Pacific

model obs

N2O

Tropospheric ozone in HIPPO 1, 2 and 3 N/S

O3

Figure 3. (Panels a, b) Cross sections of CO2 (ppm) and CO (ppb), on HIPPO_2, southbound along the dateline, November, 2009. (Panels c, d) Vertical profiles of greenhouse gases and black carbon at 77.2 N, November, 2009. (Panel e) Same as c, expanded. (Panel f ) Photo of dense layer of dark aerosols at 80N, 6-8 km, November, 2009 (Photo: E. Kort).

(a) (b)

N2OCOCH4

Dibromomethane

MODEL DISTRIBUTION:DibromomethaneKerkweg et al. (2008)

MEASUREMENTS:HIPPO -1 (NWAS + AWAS)

HIPPO Global Campaign # 3water vapor distribution, March, 2010

M. Zondlo and M. Diao

SPCZ ITCZ

Can we generalize this zonally and in time? Look at AIRS...

SH

NH