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2BROODING TEMPERATURE

PRACTICES OF THE BROILERS

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BROODING

Provide artificial heat to the chicks with the help of brooder is called brooding.

It is necessary because there is lack of thermoregulation system in the chicks.

Chick are not completely able to maintain a constant body temperature until it reach 1 and 2 weeks of age

4 NATURAL ARTIFICIAL

TYPES OF BROODING

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THE AIM OF BROODING The general concept is to accelerate growth rate in the first

week to enhance structural development and feed capacity intake.

Allow good development of internal organs. Encourage early uniformity. Add to maximize genetic potential. To improve overall health of the bird

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Type of Brooder

Used

Proper Brooding

Temperature

Depend Upon

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1. PANCAKE BROODER

A old rule of thumbTemperature at floor level under the edge of a hover or

pancake brooder should be 90⁰F (32⁰C) at day one, Reduce approximately 5⁰F (2.8⁰C) per week, Held at 70⁰F (21⁰C) from 5 weeks until market.

There is a room of error with pancake brooder since chicks can move toward or away from the heat source to seek a comfortable temperature.

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2. FURNACE BROODER Forced air furnace brooder and other whole-room heating

systems do not allow chicks to select a comfort zone. There is no room for error when these systems are used.

Temperature must be exact since the chicks will not be able to find a cooler or warmer area.

Recommended starting temperature at chicks height for houses with forced air furnace is 88⁰F (31⁰C).

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WHOLE HOUSE BROODING SYSTEM

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WHOLE HOUSE BROODING BEHAVIOR

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3. RADIANT BROODER Radiant brooder have becomes popular in recent years.

Radiant brooder are efficient and effective for brooding chicks since they concentrate heat on the floor of the poultry houses.

Studies have shown that radiant brooder can reduce fuel cost by 15 to 30 % compared to conventional hover brooders and forced-air furnaces.

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RADIANT BROODING SYSTEM

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CORRECT BROODING MANAGEMENT

1. Clean Environment2. Pre – Heating = Minimum – 1 hour before chick placement =

36 to 40 0 C at floor level. 3. Correct Curtain Management4. Litter management – To attain adequate thickness,

requirement is ½ bag of rice hulls/square meter. It must be dry but not dusty. Prevent/minimize wetness/caking

5. No tunnel ventilation please.

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PRE HEATING Heating of house particularly floor before arrival of chicks

is called preheating.

Firing brooder and running furnace are used to preheat the broiler houses, especially in cold weather.

Circulating fans located so as to move hot air off the ceiling and back down to the floor are helpful in warming up the floor.

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FLOOR TEMPERATURE Chicks are in constant contact with the floor, the

temperature of the broiler house floor is actually more important than air temperatures.

Floor temperature in houses with forced-air furnace are particularly prone to being too cold if the house is not preheat well before chicks arrive.

Furnaces heat air quickly, but it take many hours to heat the floor, sidewalls and ceiling.

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MEASUREMENT OF FLOOR TEMPERATURE A thermometer placed on the litter or infrared non-contact

thermometer can be used to determine if the floor is cold.

Floor temperature should be 83⁰ F (28⁰ C) or warmer in furnace-heated houses.

Floor temperature in pancake and radiant brooder-heated houses will vary any where from 75 to 140⁰ F (24 to 60⁰C), depending on whether temperature is measured directly under the brooder or in another location in the houses.

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ASCITES DUE TO BROODING TEMPERATURE

Increased mortality, primarily due to an increased incidence of ascites, has been noted in broiler brooder at low temperature.

Cold weather and cool brooding temperatures are known to be factors that increased feed intake and higher oxygen demand.

The increased need for oxygen of broiler at low temperatures, coupled with the requirement to metabolize increased quantities of feed consumed to maintain body temperature, set up an ideal situation for ascities to become a problem.

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UNLOADING CHICKS Chicks can easily become overheated during transport from the

hatchery to the broiler farm and especially while awaiting unloading after reaching the farm.

Overheating can causes serious dehydration, heat stress and possibly affect the disease resistance of the chicks.

It is essential that chicks be unloaded from the chicks transport vehicles and distributed in the broiler house immediately upon arriving at the farm.

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Arrangement should be made to have adequate help at the farm when the chicks arrive to facilitate rapid unloading.

Chicks should be dumped from chick boxes as gently and as low to the floor as possible.

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TEMPERATURE SETUP The behavior of chicks should be observed closely for the

week.

Much can be learned concerning their comfort by watching and listening.

Thermometers are necessary to aid the grower in maintaining correct temperatures; however, temperatures should be adjusted based on chick behavior as well.

LIGHT FOR BROODING During the first week, chicks should have a

minimum light intensity.

The light intensity can be reduced to help control cannibalism.

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CONDITION OF BIRDS

If chicks are gathered around the brooder or make cluster, house temperature must be increased

If chicks are gathered around the edge of chick guard, its mean house temperature may be too warm

When chick are moving freely, dancing, drinking water and taking food then the temperature will moderate.

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PARTIAL HOUSING BROODING It is use to conserve fuel used to heat the broiler house and

to reduce labor involved in keeping feeder trays filled, many producers brood chicks in only a portion of broiler house.

Studies have shown that during cold weather, partial house brooding can reduce fuel usage by as much as 30%.

Saving during warm weather are considered less.

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In most cases, a brooding curtain is placed from floor to ceiling across the width of the house at the midpoint of the building.

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In most cases, producers brood in the center portion of the house and place curtain across the width of the house at ¼ and ¾ the length of the houses.

Some producers begin brooding in just a third of the house for a few days, then progress to two third of the house for several additional days.

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PRECAUTIONS Care must be taken to ensure that chicks have adequate

feeder and watered space if partial house brooding is used.

Brooding curtains should be removed and chicks allowed access to the entire broiler house at 7 to 10 days during warm weather and at 10 to 14 days during cold weather.

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EFFECT OF BROODING TEMPERATURE AND BODY

WEIGHT

95 90 85 80730

740

750

760

770

780

790

800

810

Body weight at the end of brooding

body weight at the end of brooding

brooding temperatue

body weight

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BROODING TEMPERATURE AND FCR

95 90 85 801.3

1.32

1.34

1.36

1.38

1.4

1.42

1.44

FCR

FCR

Brooding temprature

FCR

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MISMANAGEMENT DURING BROODING High brooding temperature

Dehydration Pasting

Low brooding temperature Chilling or brooding pneumonia Smothering

High Humidity Dampness Coccidiosis

Low humidity Dryness of litter Respiratory problems

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