GeologicalFramework

Bolivia is composed by eleven geologic provinces. The provinces of oil interests relate to: Madre de Dios Basin, Beni Plain, Chaco Plain, Northern Subandean, Southern Subandean, Foothills and Altiplano.The existences of abundant seeps, good sources, reservoirs, and seals as well as significant structural deformation, have undoubtedly created numerous traps. Stratigraphic units have given evidences of hydrocarbons production from the top levels of the upper Silurian to lower Tertiary (Upper Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian-Triassic, Cretaceous and lower Tertiary).

The sequences as a whole are promissory, depending on the location and/or coincidences of basins. Bolivia production history combined with geological terms is propitious to invest in. The information presented in this brochure is intended to provide private companies and institutions, a general overview of exploration potential in Bolivia. As such, it represents a portion of an integrated e�ort by YPFB to encourage and enhance exploration opportunities within Bolivia.

• Trinidad

• Cochabamba

• Santa Cruz

• Sucre

• Tarija

• Potosí

• Oruro

• La Paz

• Cobija

BRAZIL

BRAZIL

PERÚ

CHILE

ARGENTINA

PARAGUAY

MADRE DE DIOS

GUAPORE SHIELD

CHACOSUBANDEAN

ALTIPLANO

BENI

EASTERNCORDILERA

WESTERNCORDILERA

TUI

BYA

ISB

IVG

VLRSNT

SSM

SAD

LJY

CPQ

SGM

VLQ

157

60

58

63 8564

5

17

18 12

84

2779

48

Potencial of BoliviaHydrocarbon

This zone coincides with the geological province of the same name and foreland basin Madre de Dios, which is the eastern extension of its Peruvian counterpart.In the southern part, is separated from the exploration area Beni by Alto de Madidi.It comprises an area of 69,000 km2. There are important studies of aeromagnetic, geochemical and seismic surveying. The network seismic lines cover 60% of the area. Four structures (five wells) have been drilled, they had good hydrocarbon evidence (31 º API), in the Upper Devonian (Tomachi Formation) and Lower Carboniferous (Toregua Formation), according to the results of Pando-X1.Morphologically this zone corresponds to an exploratory low-lying alluvial plain and structurally is characterized by northwest-southeast regional slope, generated by moderate distensive fault reactivation in the pre-Andean basement.

Through seismic stratigraphic interpretation in Madre de Dios, is inferred the presence of reef and stratigraphic traps.The stratigraphic sequences prevailing in this area, includes Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene systems. The Ordovician-Neogene sequence mentioned, represents a wedge from the western sector, overlaping the basement, towards the basin edge and erosion at di�erent levels.The characteristics of a closed basin in three directions and, gentle tectonism, added to a good development of stratigraphic sequence, define this area as favorable for hydrocarbon exploration.

2D Seismic and Wells

Cross Section Madre de DiosGeneral Stratigraphy Madre de Dios

Madre de Dios Basin

TUTUMO

CHARQUI

QUENDEQUE

MIO

CE

NE

OLIG. BALA

FLORA

BOPI

TEQUEJE

ESLABON

SUP.

PE

RM

IAN

TOMACHI

CA

RB

ON

IFE

RO

US

RE

TAM

A

COPACABANA

KAKA

TOREGUA

LOW

ER

UPPER

BEU

MA

AS

TRIC

H

CR

ET.

JU

RA

S.

UPPER

LOW

ER

UPPER

TARENE

OR

DO

VIC

.

ENADERE

SIL.

DE

VO

NIA

N

MED.

LOWER

SUP.

>250

>1400

>850

>200

>80

>500

>200

>600

>200

>500

>350

>750

>400

>400

>100

NE

OG

EN

E

PG

.

PLIOC.

!"

AGE FORMATION THICK.m.

LITOLOGY SOURCEROCK

RESERVOIR

Basament

Ordoviacian

Devonian

PermianCretaceous

Terciary

D D’

Pand

o-X1

Los

Am

igos

-2

Puer

to P

rimo-

2

Perú Bolivia

Sea LevelMobil MobilYPFB

REFERENCES

Towns

Wells

Seismic Lines

Madre de Dios Blocks

Reserved Blocks YPFB

Boundaries

Capitals

Cross Section Boomerang - Llanura Beniana

General Stratigraphy Boomerang - Llanura Beniana

Boomerang - Beni Plain

Litoral and El Chore Blocks belongs to Beni plain. Nevertheless, its stratigraphy is related and also encompasses the region of Boomerang Hills. Seismic sections in the southern portion of Beni, extends north from the Boomerang Hills to the Eva Eva thrust, exhibit pronounced thrusted structures lying beneath a prominent unconformity.It is a�ected by an ancient orogenic front (Paleozoic) along the Andean orogenic front (Miocene-Pliocene) of "Boomerang Hills." It is characterized by the transfer area of Boomerang-Chapare, is interpreted as an oblique ramp, which structure has been controlled by the northern edge of the Paleozoic sedimentary wedge, oblique in relation to regional direction of shortening.Most of the structures in Llanura Beniana are defined as minor anticlinal folds, oriented indirection that varies slightly between northwest-southeast and west-east. Originated during Andean orogeny.Source rock shales located in the deepest basin parts, are constitute by Silurian shales from

Formation El Carmen as well as Devonian Roboré Formation, they have a (1-3%) TOC, however are thermally mature > (0.7% Ro). The Devonian sandstones (Limoncito), Cretaceous (Cajones) and Tertiary (Petaca) have high porosity and permeability, therefore are suitable to be good reservoir rocks. Devonian and Tertiary (Yecua Formation) shales constitute good seals. Towards the basin edge, is possible that normal faults may act similar to e�ective seals, putting together Devonian sandstones with finer sediments. The Devonian sandstones (Limoncito), Cretaceous (Cajones) and Tertiary (Petaca) have high porosity and permeability, therefore are suitable to be good reservoir rocks. As the basin corresponds to a Foreland type, the main traps are: stratigraphic / structural or combined.

2D Seismic and Wells

TARIQUIA

YECUA

MIO

CE

NE

PETACA

OLIG. UPP.

LOW.

MA

AS

TRIC

H

CR

ET.

JU

RA

SS

IC

UPP.

SIL

UR

IAN

D

EV

ON

IAN

LOW

ER

NE

ÓG

EN

E

PALE

Ó

GE

NO

AGE FORMATION

CAJONES

YANTATA

ICHOA

NOT DEFINEDWESTP.

IQUIRI

MED.

KIRUSILLAS LUD

LOV

N.

SAN BENITO

1800-3000

250 - 400

70 - 200

100 - 200

5 - 150

200 - 300

50 - 100

700 - 1100

480

350

300-600

N/D

Thk (m) FORMATION SOURCEROCK

RESERVOIR

EL CARMEN

OR

DO

V.

CA

RB

ON

IF.

SEAL

LIMONCITO

ROBORE

300-600

CANCAÑIRI 0-30

BASEMENT

REFERENCES

Towns

Wells

Seismic Lines

Beni Plain Blocks

Reserved Blocks YPFB

Boundaries

Capitals

Southern Subandean

The Southern Subandean zone has 73 630.87 km2, extends to south Rio Grande, and is surrounded for the Eastern Cordillera (tectonic and geomorphologic boundary). The drainage is controlled for steep flanks, sinclinal valleys and old rivers (Río Grande, Parapeti, Pilcomayo and Bermejo).This zone has several geological prospection jobs of surface, seismic and subsoil. The north part highlights for its favorable geological conditions and Ituyuro structural lineament (Camiri field).Morphologically this zone is part of subandean belt with hills (elevations of 1000-2000m) associated to asymmetric folds, all sequence was deformed, folded and greatly a�ected by Andean Orogeny. The anticlines change of highly compressed to slightly compressed in Miocene-Pliocene age. In the same way the structures are open in Carboniferous lower and Devonian upper.The stratigraphic sequence with high potential covers the systems Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Paleogene and Neogene. About the Petroleum Potential, this zone covers basin west of Silurian-Devonian age where Devonian shales were principal source rocks in the Miocene and Pliocene age (including shales formation sand).

These shales present a big organic matter portion, with TCO content of 0.5% and > 1.5%.During Devonian sedimentation the Icla and Los Monos formations alternated with progradation episodes of deltas related to sand formations (Santa Rosa, Huamampampa e iquiri). These formations present moderate to good secondary porosity. The Huamampampa formation contain depth potential reservoir Tha Devonian reservoirs have porosities between 8% y 14% and the clays intercalate are good seals rocks.

2D Seismic and Wells

General Stratigraphy Southern SubandeanSouthern Subandean – Cross Section

ORDV. > 1000

EMBOROZU

GUANDACAY

MIO

CE

NE

PETACA

MA

CH

AR

ETI

OLIG. UPP.

TAIGUATI

CA

RB

ON

IFE

RO

US

MA

ND

IY.

JURS.

UPP.

SIL

UR

.

ICLA

SANTA ROSA

DE

VO

NIA

N

LOW

ER

> 1.000

> 1.000

500

600

NE

OG

EN

E

PG

. 300

ICHOA

CASTELLON

TAPECUA > 50

VITIACUA 180

PE

RM

.

SAN TELMO 200

CANGAPI

CHORRO

250

ESCARPMENT > 500

TARIJA

TUPAMBI ITACUA

> 300

> 800

> 200 200

TOU

RN

AIS

IAN

- V

ISE

AN

IQUIRI

MED. LOS MONOS

HUAMAMPAMPA

LLAND.

TARABUCO

KIRUSILLAS LUD

LV.

> 1.500

TARIQUIA

YECUA 200

300

UP

PE

R

MED. BASALTO ENTRE RIOS

LOW IPAGUAZU

TRIA

SS

IC

260 UPP.LOW.

WESTP. STEPH.

200

ITACUAMI 100

> 400

600

> 600

600

600 > 600

> 700 CANCAÑIRI > 50

TAC

UR

U

ORDV.

AGE FORMATION THICK.m.

LITOLOGY SOURCEROCK

RESERVOIR

0 20

PRP-X1MGD-X1HUACARETA

CAM-X1IÑA-X1INCAHUASI CAIPIPENDI

W E

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Upper Paleogene - Neogene

Carboniferous - Jurassic

Devonian

Silurian

Leyend1

2

3

4

About the petroleum potential, this zone extends in southern Silurian-Devonian marine basin, where Devonian finer sediments formations and shales intercalated, were principal sources hydrocarbon in Miocene and Pliocene age. These shales present low organic contain (< 0.5%) to moderate (0.5% - 1%), these parameter is enhanced for its big thickness and large extension.

Foothills

The Foothills basin has 33 794.97 km2, is limited for Southern Subandean and Chaco plains, presenting tectonic and geomorphologic contact.This zone has high petroleum relevance, so it has several studies (geological, geophysics, subsoil and geochemical). From the standpoint exploratory this basin is considered as mature zone. In the same way, it was found 22 potential structures were drilled with good production result. The basin presents lower hills, with lower tectonic deformation correspondent the last Andean Orogen. Where there are amplitude structures fault with lower dip slip forming structural tramps open in Neogene .Morphologically the north part corresponds to plain same the Chaco Plain, are di�erent subsoil tectonic characteristic.The stratigraphic sequence consists of Silurian, Devonian, Permian, Jurassic, Triassic, Paleogene and Neogene sediments.

General Stratigraphy Foothills

2D Seismic and Wells

Foothills - Cross Section

ORDV. > 1000

EMBOROZU

GUANDACAY

MIO

CE

NE

PETACA

MA

CH

AR

ETI

OLIG. UPP.

TAIGUATI

CA

RB

ON

IFE

RO

US

MA

ND

IY.

JURS.

UPP.

SIL

UR

.

ICLA

SANTA ROSA

DE

VO

NIA

N

LOW

ER

> 1.000

> 1.000

500

600

NE

OG

EN

E

PG

. 300

ICHOA

CASTELLON

TAPECUA > 50

VITIACUA 180

PE

RM

.

SAN TELMO 200

CANGAPI

CHORRO

250

ESCARPMENT > 500

TARIJA

TUPAMBI ITACUA

> 300

> 800

> 200 200

TOU

RN

AIS

IAN

- V

ISE

AN

IQUIRI

MED. LOS MONOS

HUAMAMPAMPA

LLAND.

TARABUCO

KIRUSILLAS LUD

LV.

> 1.500

TARIQUIA YECUA

200

300

UP

PE

R

MED. BASALTO ENTRE RIOS

LOW IPAGUAZU

TRIA

SS

IC

260 UPP.LOW.

WESTP. STEPH.

200

ITACUAMI 100

> 400

600

> 600

600

600 > 600

> 700 CANCAÑIRI > 50

TAC

UR

U

ORDV.

AGE FORMATION THICK.m.

LITOLOGY SOURCEROCK

RESERVOIRVGR-X1

ESipuati Lineament

Carandaiti - SimbolarLineament

Bordo-AltoLineamentCaipipendi FaultW

0 10 Km

1

2

4

3

5

Upper Paleogene - Neogene

Triassic - Jurassic

Carboniferous - Permian

Silurian - Devonian

Ordovician

Leyend1

2

3

4

5

Altiplano

The Bolivian Altiplano is an extensive exploratory play located between the Eastern and Western Cordilleres. It has an extension of 60.000 km2. Since 1960, both YPFB and private companies carried out a great deal of exploratory activity related to the geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and exploratory drilling. The latter refers to eight scattered drilled wells in the whole region, which provided valuable information to make a better evaluation of the region’s hydrocarbon system parameters. Structurally, the Altiplano can be divided lengthwise into two parts: the eastern and western parts. The former features Neogene hemigrabens formed along the N-S trend transcurrent sinistral faults that formed structures by tectonic inversion during the Andean compression, with good structural conditions for entrapment.The stratigraphic sequence comprises the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene (the Devonian-Triassic in the Titicaca lake zone). The Cretaceous is well developed and exposed to the west and south of the Poopó Lake. For the continental and Jurassic-Cretaceous-Paleocene marine sequence, in the whole area, a complex tectonic-stratigraphic model is defined, including the development of rift systems bedded over old extensional or shear faults.

The presence of source rock in the western part of the area is uncertain. Meanwhile, good source rocks have been determined to be present in the El Molino Formation (TOC 2%.) and Chaunaca Formation (TOC 2.8 % and thickness of 2.5 m). During the Neogene, the Cretaceous source rocks were at di�erent stades within the oil window. In the above-mentioned stratigraphic sequences, there are plenty reservoir and seal rocks. Cretaceous- Cenozoic reservoir rocks have good porosities among 3% to 26%. The exploratory potential of the Pampa Colorada zone is incremented by good structural conditions of the anticlines, with the complete development of the cretaceous targets in medium depths. Although this region is not currently productive, there are two important references of associated productions, such as the depleted oil field of Pirín, in the Peruvian part of Lake Titicaca, and others in northern Argentina, where the Yacoraite Formation, equivalent to the Cretaceous El Molino Formation is the producer. These references maintain the exploratory interest in the area.

2D Seismic and Wells

General Stratigraphy Altiplano

Altiplano - Cross Section

10 Km.

OLLERIA

VLQ-X1

INES1

2

34

6

1

55

4

3

W E

2

3

1 4

5

LeyendMiocene - Pliocene

Silurian-DevonianCretaceous

Oligocene - MioceneEocene - Oligocene 6 Cambrian -Ordovician

AGE FORMATION THICK.m.

LITOLOGY SOURCEROCK

RESERVOIR

POTOCO

OLI

GC

.

SANTA LUCIA

MAURI / LOS FRAILES

NE

OG

N.

U P

P E

R

200 - 500

MIO

CN

.

EL MOLINO

10 - 100

DE

VO

N.

TARAPAYA

CONDO

P A

L E

O G

E N

E

> 100

10 - 200

EO

CE

NE

SIL

UR

IAN

O

RD

. N

OT

DE

F.C

R E

T A

C E

O U

S

LOW

ER

250 - 1.000

SU

P.

CAYARA

500 - 2.800

150 - 500

200 PALC.

CHAUNACA

300

350

300

AROIFILLA

MIRAFLORES

LOW

ER

> 900

LLA

ND

OV.

LU

DLO

VN

.

S. VICENTE-TAMBILLO

BELEN

ICLA

VILA VILA

NOT DEFINED

NOT DEFINED

SEAL

100

200

>100

>400

BENI

CHACO

ALTIPLANO

MADRE DE DIOS

SUBANDINO SUR

PIE DE MONTE

SUBANDINONORTE

PANTANAL

BENI

SANTA CRUZ

LA PAZ

POTOSI

PANDO

ORURO

TARIJA

CHUQUISACA

COCHABAMBA

Seismic InformationBOLIVIA

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000

-360

0-3

200

-280

0-2

400

-200

0-1

600

-120

0-8

00-4

00

-3600-3200

-2800-2400

-2000-1600

-1200-800

-400

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000m

1:25600

SAN VICENTE

POTOCOEL MOLINO

RIFT

PRE-RIFT BASEMENT

FOREDEEP

TRANSITION

4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 32000 36000 40000 44000 48000 52000 56000 60000 64000

4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 32000 36000 40000 44000 48000 52000 56000 60000 64000

-480

0-4

000

-320

0-2

400

-160

0-8

00

-4800-4000

-3200-2400

-1600-800

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000m

1:50000

PETACA

CAJONESYANTATA

ICHOA

SILURIAN-ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

BASEMENT

YECUA

Pando-X1400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600 7800 8000 8200 8400 8600 8800 9000 9200 9400 9600 9800 10000 10200 10400 10600 10800 11000 11200 11400 11600 11800 12000 12200 12400 12600 12800 13000 13200 13400 13600 13800 14000 14200 14400 14600 14800 15000 15200 15400 15600 15800 16000 16200 16400 16600 16800 17000 17200

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600 7800 8000 8200 8400 8600 8800 9000 9200 9400 9600 9800 10000 10200 10400 10600 10800 11000 11200 11400 11600 11800 12000 12200 12400 12600 12800 13000 13200 13400 13600 13800 14000 14200 14400 14600 14800 15000 15200 15400 15600 15800 16000 16200 16400 16600 16800 17000 17200-228

0-2

240

-220

0-2

160

-212

0-2

080

-204

0-2

000

-196

0-1

920

-188

0-1

840

-180

0-1

760

-172

0-1

680

-164

0-1

600

-156

0-1

520

-148

0-1

440

-140

0-1

360

-132

0-1

280

-124

0-1

200

-116

0-1

120

-108

0-1

040

-100

0-9

60-9

20-8

80-8

40-8

00-7

60-7

20-6

80-6

40-6

00-5

60-5

20-4

80-4

40-4

00-3

60-3

20

-2280-2240

-2200-2160

-2120-2080

-2040-2000

-1960-1920

-1880-1840

-1800-1760

-1720-1680

-1640-1600

-1560-1520

-1480-1440

-1400-1360

-1320-1280

-1240-1200

-1160-1120

-1080-1040

-1000-960

-920-880

-840-800

-760-720

-680-640

-600-560

-520-480

-440-400

-360-320

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000m

1:12534

Base K

Top Devonian

Base Upper Devonian

Basement

SW NE

4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 32000 36000 40000 44000 48000

4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 32000 36000 40000 44000 48000

-450

0-4

000

-350

0-3

000

-250

0-2

000

-150

0-1

000

-500

-4500-4000

-3500-3000

-2500-2000

-1500-1000

-500

TERTIARY

CRETACEOUS

CARBONIFEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN

BASEMENT

TERTIARY

CARBONIFEROUS

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN

BASEMENT

CRETACEOUS

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 30000 32000 34000 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 30000 32000 34000 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000

-400

0-3

600

-320

0-2

800

-240

0-2

000

-160

0-1

200

-800

-400

-4000-3600

-3200-2800

-2400-2000

-1600-1200

-800-400TERTIARY

CRETACEOUS

PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS

IQUIRI

LOS MONOS

HUAMAMPAMPA

ICLA

SANTA ROSA

SILURIAN

BASEMENT

CRETACEOUS

PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS

IQUIRI

LOS MONOS

HUAMAMPAMPA

ICLA

SILURIAN

SANTA ROSA

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