Brief Response

• “. . . the power of population is [far] greater than the power in the Earth to produce subsistence for man.”

• –Thomas Malthus

• What conclusion is the writer expressing in the quotation? Was his conclusion correct? Explain.

Brief Response

• Britain’s population explosion contributed to hunger, unemployment, and general misery.

• Malthus idea was that population growth would continue to outpace the food supply.

• He concluded that continued suffering and poverty was unavoidable.

• The conclusion was mostly incorrect. Today, the population is over

7 billion, but the food supply has increased even faster due to advances in agricultural methods.

• In the Western world, people in the last 60 years have been having fewer children, which slowed the population growth rate somewhat.

Urbanization—

p. 203

Urbanization

• For most of human history, there were only a dozen cities.

• Most people lived in towns and villages.• As Britons and Europeans were pushed off farmlands by

technology, they migrated to– Towns– Colonies abroad

• Swollen towns became new cities.• New health and social issues developed.• Slowly, an improved standard of living developed.

Germ theory:

• The invention and use of the microscope allowed science to realize the existence of microbes.

• The idea developed that many diseases and infection were caused by these microscopic life forms.

Louis Pasteur:

• French chemist who studied microbes and disease.

• He connected them to each other.

• He made discoveries about rabies and anthrax.

• He also developed “pasteurization” (a heating process that kills microbes) for milk.

Robert Koch:

• German doctor who identified the tuberculosis bacterium.

• A cure for TB would take a few generations, but it was found.

Florence Nightingale:

• A British nurse, who developed ways to make hospitals cleaner and safer. – Using techniques she developed in the

Crimean War, 1854, she made sure that all objects in the hospital were clean (sterile).

• utensils, • sheets, • clothes, • beds, • Doctors, nurses• Patients

• She opened Britain’s first nursing school.

Joseph Lister:

• British (English) surgeon, researched how antiseptics prevented infection.

• Developed rules for surgeons to sterilize their instruments and hands before operating.

Urban renewal:

• Leaders in Western cities promoted demolition of slums and old sections

• replaced them with • wide boulevards, • squares, • office buildings, • department stores, • government offices, • theaters. • Restaurants

Urban renewal:

• Many people were moved from their homes to make room– many were hired to do the work,

• They had money to find new homes in the city.

• The wealthy moved to quiet, bucolic suburbs – Mass transit took the rich into town to work…..

Mutual-aid society:

• an early form of labor union. – Workers created them when labor unions

were illegal. • Sick and injured workers were given

assistance from the fellow members.

Standard of living:

• the measurement of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

Biography, p. 204

• Question:

• By insisting military and medical staff clean barracks, dig latrines, do laundry, get wounded into clean beds.

Standards Check, p. 204

• Question:

• Better diets, hygiene, medicine and sanitation.

Cause and Effect, p. 206

• Social effects:– Expansion of the middle class– Public education– Reform movements– Pollution– Medical care– urbanization

• Economic effects: – Growth of labor unions– Rise of big business – Factories– New methods of production– New products– World trade

Standards Check, p. 206

• More jobs

• Urban renewal

• Sanitation

• Entertainment

• Slum conditions

• Higher crime rates

Image, p. 207

• Question:

• They were middle class people who could afford nice clothes and leisure activities.

Standards Check, p. 207

• Question:

• Through protest and pressure on the government.

p. 209: Thinking Critically—Electricity's impact:

• Questions• 1

– Russia– The United States– Russia was far behind, US was steadily expanding.

• 2– Home lighting and heating– Eased housework, women had more free time.– Increased transportation and communication– Increased business productivity

End hwk

• Begin class work