brazil to 1930- review over ½ land mass of south america portuguese speaking empire 1822-1889 first...
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Brazil to 1930- Review• Over ½ land mass of South America• Portuguese Speaking• Empire 1822-1889• First Republic 1889-1930• Struggle for control between military and civilians• Ruy Barbosa founds Civilista party but army rigs elections will not let
Barbosa win• 1910 Brazil produces 90% of world’s rubber by 1921 10%- British
plantation rubber wins out• Coffee increasingly important 75% of world supply by 1900• Low price for coffee hurts Brazil during the Depression• 1924 Communist Party emerges under Luis Carlos Prestes- “the
Prestes Column”• Dictatorship of Getulio Vargas 1930-1945 • Present Brazilian president “Lula” one of current “leftist” presidents
(along with Kirchner in Argentina and Chavez in Venezuela)
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Brazil• Empire 1822-1889• First Republic 1889-
1930• Deodoro da Foseca
1889-1893• Floriano Peixoto
1893-1894• Ruy Barbosa• Prudente Jose de
Moraes Barros 1894-1898
• Canudos Revolt 1896-1898
• Euclides da Cunha Os Sertoes
• Baron of Rio Branco• Hermes da Fonseca
1910-1914• Wenceslau Braz
Pereira 1914-1948• Epitacio da Silva
Pessoa 1919-1922
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Brazil-2• Arthur da Silva
Bernardes 1922-1926• Luis Carlos Prestes• (Prestes Column)• Washington Luiz
Pereira da Souza 1926-1930
• Getulio Vargas 1930-1945, 1950-1954
• Labor Party
• “o pai do povo”• Integralistas• Plinio Salgado• Estado Novo• D.I.P.• Lourival Fontes• Oswaldo Aranha• National Democratic
Union• Eduardo Gomes
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Brazil
• Social Democratic Party
• Eurico Dutra• “Queremos Getulio”• Adolpf Berle• Benjamin Vargas “O
Beijo”• 2nd Republic 1945-
1964
• Eurico Dutra 1946-1950
• Getulio Vargas (again) 1950-1954 “o pai do povo”
• Petrobras• Juscelino Kubitshek
1956-1960• New capital built at
Brasilia
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Brazil
• Janio Quadros 1961 “a new broom”
• Joao “Jango” Goulart 1961-1964
• Military Rule 1964-1985
• Present President: Ignacio Lula da Silva “Lula”
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Uruguay- Review
• Early 20th Century defined by ideas of Jose Batlle y Ordonez 1903-1907, 1911-1915- Colorado (Liberal Party)
• “Swiss System”, Welfare State, Socialism• Other major party is Blanco (Conservative) Party• Military which had previously stayed out of
politics, takes over 1972-1985, excuse is threat of left wing urban guerilla movement- the Tupamaros- but military overstays that crisis
• Democracy since 1989
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Uruguay• Jose Batlle y Ordonez
1903-1907, 1911-1915
• Colorado (Liberal) Party
• Blanco (Conservative) Party
• “Colegiado”• Gabriel Terra 1930-
1938
• Alfredo Baldomir 1938-1942
• Juan Jose Amezaga 1943-1947
• Jose Enrique Rodo Ariel 1900
• Luis Alberto Herrera 1958-1959
• Military Rule 1972-1985• Tupamaros• Tabare Vasquez present
President
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Paraguay- Review• Latin American country in which Indian most
integrated into national life 95% mestizo- bi-lingual population- Spanish/Guarani co-official languages
• Isolated and dictator dominated in 19th century• Loses War of Triple Alliance 1864-1870 (vs.
Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay)- Population reduced from 525,000 to 221,000 (only 28,000 men left!)
• Beats Bolivia in Chaco War 1932-1935• Gen. Alfredo Sroessner dictatorship 1954-1989• Democracy since 1989
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Paraguay
• War of the Triple Alliance 1864-1870
• Chaco War 1932-1935
• Alfredo Stroessner 1954-1989
• Carlos Rodriguez 1989
• Former Catholic Bishop [Fernando Lugo] elected president beats Colorado Party (former long term ruling party) in 2008
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Argentina• “Noventa” 1890• La Union Civica de la
Juventud• Leandro N. Alem• Estancieros• Union Civica Radical• Juarez Celman• Carlos Pellegrini
1890-1892
• Portenos• Bartolome Mitre• Julio A. Roca 1897-
1904• Luis Saenz Pena
1892-1895• Hipolito Irigoyen “The
Armadillo” 1916-1922, 1928-1930
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Argentina- 2• Juan B. Justo• Lisandro de la Torre• Radical Party• Democratic
Progressive Party• Luis Maria Drago
“The Drago Doctrine”• Manuel Quintana
1904-1906
• Figureroa Alcorta 1906-1910
• Roque Saenz Pena 1910-1914
• Saenz Pena Law 1912
• “Gente Decente”• La Prensa• La Nacion
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Argentina- 3• Marcelo T. Alverar
1922-1928• “Personalistas”• “Anti- personalistas”• Jose F. Uriburu 1930-
1932• Ezequiel Paz• Augustin P. Justo
1932-1938
• Carlos Saavedra Lamas
• Chaco War• Roberto M. Ortiz
1938-1940• Ramon S. Castillo
1940-1943• “Rosistas”• Enrique Ruiz Guinazu
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Argentina- 4• “Hispanidad”• Accion Argentina• La Junta de la
Victoria• Bishop Miguel de
Andrea• Rio Conference 1942• Juan Peron 1944-
1955, 1973-1974
• “Peronismo”• General Arturo
Rawson• General Pedro
Ramirez 1943-1944• Critica• Martinez Zuviria
“Hugo Vast:• Alfredo Palacios
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Argentina- 5• Cordell Hull• Edelmiro Farrell
1944-1946• G.O.U. (Grupo de
Oficiales Unidos)• Maria Eva Duarte
(“Evita” Peron)• “Descamisados”
Nestor Kirchner
• Eva Peron Foundation
• Spruille Braden “o Braden o Peron”
• George Messersmith• “Justicialismo”• General
PedroEugenio Aramburu 1955-1958
• Arturo Frondizi 1958-1960
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Argentina- 6• Dr. Arturo Frondizi 1963-
1966• Gen. Juan Carlos
Ongania 1966-1969• Gen. Alejandro Lanusse
1969-1973• “The Great National
Accord”• Lopez Rega
• Juan Peron 1973-1974• Isabel (“Isabelita”) Peron
1974-1976• Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla
1976-1981• Gen. Leopoldo Fortunato
Galtieri 1981-1982• 1982 Faulkland Islands
(Malivinas) War• Carlos Saul Menem
1989-1999• Nester Kirchner
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Argentina- Review 1• Argentine economy #10 in the world in 1900• Encouraged immigration, especially from Italy,
Western Europe• Hipolito Irigoyen “The Armadillo”- Radical Party-
middle class, immigrants, 1916-1922, 1928-1930• Juan Peron 1946-1955, Military coup, Peron
controls G.O.U., Rises to power with support of labor, “descamisados”
• Influence of Eva Peron (“Evita”)- “Godmother of the poor”
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Argentina- Review 2• Juan Peron falls shortly after death of Eva- Argentine economy
ruined, military takes over in 1955• Peron comes back as President 1973, dies 1974• Peron’s 3rd wife Isabel (“Isabelita”) V.P. becomes president in 1974,
ousted by military 1976- “Isabelita” is no “Evita”• Brutal military rule 1976-1983• Army discredited by loss in the Fauklands (Malivinas) War 1982• Democracy returns 1983• Foreign Debt problems• Nester Kircher- current president- leftist ally of “Lula” in Brazil and
(in a sense) Hugo Chavez in Venezuela rejects IMF rules, seeks independent (from U.S.) f. policy
• Now Mrs. Kirchner (Christina Fernandez de Kirchner) is president
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Chile- Review
• Chile winner in War of the Pacific (late 19th century)• Mineral Wealth• Personalismo: Arturo Alessandri Palma, “The Lion of
Taracapa” 1920-1924, 1932-1938• 1970 Election- Salvador Allende (non-communist
Marxist) elected president on his 3rd try with 36.3% of the vote (2 other major candidates)
• Allende nationalizes U.S. copper and other companies• CIA works actively to undermine Allende (Nixon and
Kissinger)• Augusto Pinochet 1973-1990- brutal military dictatorship• 1990 return democracy• Chilean economy prosperous
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Chile• Juan Luis Sanfuentes
1915-1920• Arturo Alessandri
Palma “The Lion of Tarapaca” 1920-1924, 1925, 1932-1938
• Carlos Ibanez 1925-1931
• Marmaduke Grove
• Gustavo Ross• Pedro Aguirre Cerda
1938-1942• Juan Antonio Rios
1942-1946• Gabriel Gonzalez
Videla 1946-1952• Pablo Neruda• Jorge Alessandri
1958-1964
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Chile- 2• F.R.A.P. (Frente de
Accion Popular), U.P. (Unidad Popular)
• Salvador Allende 1970-1973
• Eduardo Frei 1964-1970• Radomiro Tomic• 1970 Election: Allende 36.3% Allesandri 34.9% Tomic 27.8%
• General Augusto Pinochet 1973-1990
• Michelle Bachelet
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Bolivia- Review
• Indian majority 55%+• Most volatile Latin American country= 200+ regime
changes• Always trying to make up for loss of access to the sea
due to the War of the Pacific• Chaco War with Paraguay 1932-1935 (Bolivia loses)• “Tin Barons”• Left wing reforms: M.N.R.- Victor Paz Estenssoro 1952-
1956, 1985-1989• Current democracy still chaotic- Indian majority asserting
itself on issue of oil pipeline
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Bolivia• Chaco War 1932-1935• “Tin Barons” (Patino,
Hochschild, Aramayo)• David Toro 1936-1937• German Busch 1937-
1938• Enrique Penaranda 1940-
1943• Catavi Massacre 1942• M.N.R. (Movimiento
Revolucionaria Nacional)
• Victor Paz Estenssoro 1952-1956, 1985-1989
• Grialberto Villaroel 1943-1946
• The National Revolution 1952-1964
• Rene Barrientos 1964-1969
• Ernesto “Che” Guevara (died 1967)
• Juan Jose Torres 1969-1971
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Bolivia- 2• Hugo Banzer 1971-
1978• Luis Garcia Meza
1980-1982• Klaus Barbie
• Evo Morales
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Peru- Review
• 45% Indian• Early 20th century dictatorship: Augusto P. Leguia 1908-
1912, 1919-1930• Left wing thought: Mariategui, Victor Raul Haya de la
Torre, A.P.R.A.• Left Wing military dictatorship: Juan Velasco Alvardo
1968-1975, continued by General Morales 1975-1980• 1980 Return to democracy• 1985-1990 Alan Garcia- A.P.R.A. finally in presidency-
repudiates foreign loans- economic disaster• Alberto Fujimori 1990-2000 uses dictatorial means-
Sendero Luminosa defeated• President Alejandro Toledo- 1st full blooded Indian
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Peru• Augusto P. Leguia
1908-1912, 1919-1930
• Manuel Gonzalez Prada (lived 1848-1918)
• Jose Mariategui, Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality
• Victor Raul Haya de la Torre
• A.P.R.A. (Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana) 1924
• Luis Sanchez Cerro 1930-1933
• Oscar Benavides 1933-1939
• Manuel Prado 1939-1945, 1956-1952
• Jose Luis Bustamonte 1945-1948
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Peru- 2• Manuel Odria 1948-
1956• Fernando Belaunde
Terry 1963-1968, 1980-1985
• Juan Velasco Alvarado 1968-1968-1975
• Francisco Morales Bermudez 1968-1975
• Alan Garcia 1985-1990
• Sendero Luminoso (Abimael Guzman)
• Mario Vargas Llosa• Alberto Fujimori 1990-
2000• Alejandro Toledo• Alan Garcia again
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Ecuador- Review
• 25% Indian• Ecuador has lost over ½ of national territory
since independence• Personalismo: Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra
president 5 times: 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1972
• Democracy: Galo Plaza 1948-1952• Military Rule: 1963-1968, 1972-1978• 1979 Return to democracy• Recent oil prosperity• Politics still volatile
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Ecuador• Gabriel Garcia Moreno
“The Theocratic State” 1860-1895
• Eloy Alfaro 1895-1901, 1906-1911
• Carlos Arroyo del Rio 1940-1944
• Galapagos Islands• Jose Maria Velasco
Ibarra 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1972 “Personalismo”
• Galo Plaza, 1948-1952• Camilo Ponce Enriquez,
1956-1960• Carlos Julio Arosemena
1961-1963• Guillermo Rodriquez Lara
1972-1979• Rafael Correa
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Colombia- Review
• General Respect for Democratic principles (Liberal/Conservative Parties)
• Assassination of Leftist Liberal Jorge E. Gaitan in 1948 leads to…
• “La Violencia” 1948-1966• Rojas Pinilla dictatorship 1953-1957• 1958 return to democracy• Corruptive influence of drug cartels (demand in
U.S.)• Heavy current U.S. aid to fight drugs
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Colombia• Rafael Reyes 1904-1909• Enrique Olaya Herrera
1930-1934• Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo
1934-1938, 1942-1945• Alberto Lleras Camargo
1945-1946• Mariano Ospina Perez
1946-1950
• Laureano Gomez 1950-1953
• Jorge Eliecer Gaitan • “La Violencia”• Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1953-1957• The National Front 1958-
1974• Alfonso Lopez Michelson
1974-1978• Cesar Turbay Azola
1978-1982
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Colombia 2• Belisario Betancur
1982-1986• Union Patriotica 1986• Virgilio Barco 1986-
1990• Cesar Gaviria Trujillo
1990-1994• Ernesto Samper
Pizano 1994-1998• Andres Pastrana
Arango 1998-2002
• Alvaro Uribe Velez 2002-
• F.A.R.C.• M19• Pablo Escobar
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Venezuela
• Cipriano Castro 1899-1908
• Juan Vicente Gomez 1908-1935
• Eleazar Lopez Contreras 1935-1940
• Isaias Medina Angarita 1940-1945
• Accion Democratica (AD.)
• Junta• Romulo Betancourt
1945-1947, 1959-1964
• Romulo Gallegas 1948
• Dona Barbara• Coup• Marcos Perez
Jimenez 1952-1958• Raul Leoni 1964-1968
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Venezuela 2• Rafael Caldera 1969-
1974, 1994-2000• Carlos Andres Perez
1974-1979, 1989-1994
• Luis Herrera Campins• 1979-1984• Jaime Lusinchi 1984-
1989
• Hugo Chavez
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Venezuela- Review
• Dominated by dictators in early 20th century (Worst example: Marcos Perez Jimenez 1952-1958)
• Advent of Democracy: Accion Democratica (A.D.) Romulo Betancourt 1945-1947, 1959-1964
• Dependence on oil revenue• Current President: Hugo Chavez- at odds
with U.S.
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Panama
• Theodore Roosevelt• Hay-Pouncefote Treaty • Hay-Herran Treaty• Phillipe Baneau-Varilla• Hay-Baneau Varilla
Treaty• Arnulfo Arias 1940-1968
• Robert Chiari 1960• Omar Torrijos Herrera
1968-1981• Manuel Noriega 1981-
1989• Guillermo Endara 1984• Ernesto Perez Balladares• Martin Torrijos (son of
Omar)
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Costa Rica• Frederico A. Tinoco
1917• Rafeal Angel
Calderon Guardia• Otilio Ulate• Jose “Pepe” Figueras
1953-1958• P.L.N. 1952• O.A.S (Organization
of American States)
• Mario Echandi 1958-1962
• Francisco Orlich 1962-1966
• Jose Joaquin Trejos 1966-1970
• Oscar Arias Sanchez
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Nicaragua• Jose Santos Zelayas
1893-1909• Thomas G. Dawson• Adolfo Diaz• “Dollar Imperialism”• Bryan-Chamorro
Treaty 1916• Juan B. Sacasa• Augusto Cesar
Sandino
• Jose Maria Moncada• Somoza “Dynasty”
1933-1979• Anastasio Somoza
(“Tacho”) 1933-1956• Luis Somoza 1957-
1963• Anastasio Somoza
Debayle (“Tachito”) 1974
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Nicaragua- 2• Rene Gutierrez
Schick 1963• “Sandinistas”• La Prensa Pedro
Jaoquin Chamorro• “Contras”• Oliver North• Daniel Ortega 1985-
1990
• Violetta Barrios de Chamorro 1990-1996
• Ruben Dario• Daniel Ortega again
president
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Honduras:• Tiburcio Carias
Andino 1932-1948• Manuel Galvez 1948-
1954• Dr. Ramon Villeda
Morales 1957-1963• Osvaldo Lopez
Arellan 1964-1968• The “Soccer War”
1969
• Ricardo Maduro 2002-2008
• Manuel Zelayas 2008 (signed pact w/Hugo Sanchez recently)
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El Salvador• The “14 Families”• Personalismo• Maximiliano
Hernandez Martinez 1932-1944
• Augustin Farabundo Marti
• F.M.L.N.• P.R.U.D. 1948• Christian Democratic
Party
• Jose Napoleon Duarte
• A.R.E.N.A. Party• Alfredo Christiani• Roberto D’abussion• Armando Calderon
Sol• Antonio Saca 2004
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Guatemala:
• Manuel Estrada Cabrera 1898-1920
• United Fruit Company• Jorge Ubico 1931-
1944• Juan Jose Arevalo
1945-1950• Jacobo Arbenz 1950-
1954• Agrarian Law of 1952
• Carlos Castillo Armas 1954-1957
• Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes 1958
• Belize• Col. Enrique Peralta
Azurdia 1963• Efrian Rios Mott 1982• Rigoberta Menchu• Oscar Berger 2004-
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Haiti
• Haiti:• Creole• Vodun (Voodoo)• William Jennings Bryan• Roger L. Farnham• Jean Villaban Guillaume
Sam• Dr. Rosolvo Bobo• Phillipe Sudre
Dartiguenave
• Admiral Caperton• Col. Littleton W.T. Waller• “Cacao Armies”• Gendarmerie d’Haiti• Smedley D. Butler• Ecole Militaire 1928• Corvee System• Charlemange Peralte• General John H. Russell• Louis Borno
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Haiti• Union Patriotique• Stenio Vicent 1930-1941• Negritude• Mulatto• Elie Lescot 1941-1946• Dumarsias Estime 1946-
1950• Col. Paul Magliore 1950-
1956
• Port au Prince• “The Elite”• Francois Duvalier “Papa
Doc” 1957-1971• Tontons Macoutes
“Bogeymen”• Baron Samedi• Jean Claude Duvalier
“Baby Doc” 1971-1986• Jean Bertrand Aristide • Rene Garcia Preval
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Dominican Republic• Personalismo• “Roosevelt Corollary”• Fabio Fiallo• Sumner Wells• Horacio Vasquez
1924-1930• Rafael Leonidas
Trujillo Molina 1930-1961
• Juan Bosch• Jaoquin Balaguer
1966-1970, 1986-1995
• Lionel Fernandez 2004-
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Cuba• Platt Amendment 1902• Tomas Estrada Palma
1902-1906• Charles Magoon 1906-
1909• Jose Miguel Gomez 1909• Gerardo Machado 1925-
1933• Porristas• A.B.C• Sumner Wells• Carlos Manuel de
Cespedes
• “Sargents Revolt”• Fulgenio Batista 1934-
1944, 1952-1959• Grau San Martin 1944-
1948• Carlos Prio Socarrias
1948-1952• Moncado Barracks Attack
7/26/53• Fidel Castro 1959-?• Raul Castro• Ernesto “Che” Guevara