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BRAIN GATE

SEMINAR

ON

Prepared By :JAGAN KU. SAHOO



CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS BRAIN GATE

OBJECTIVE OF BRAIN GATE

TYPES OF BRAIN GATE

HISTORY PRINCIPLES OF BRAIN GATE

IMPLEMENTATION

SOFTWARE BEHIND BRAIN GATE

APPLICATION

LIMITATION

FURTHER CONCERNS

CONCLUSION



What is Brain Gate/Brain Machine Interface/Brain

Computer Interface???

Brain gate is an electrode chip which canbe implemented in the brain. When it is

implemented in brain, the electrical signal

exchanged by neurons within the brain.

Those signals are sent to the brain and it

executes body movement. All the signaling

process is handled by special software. The

signal sends to the computer and then the

computer is controlled by patient.

Whenever a man forgotten about

his past due to certain accidental matter or

he had lost his part of his body, at that timethis electrode chip can be implemented on

his brain and active the man as well.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BrainGate.jpg



Objective of Brain Gate !!!!

The goal of the Brain Gate program is to

develop a fast and reliable connection between

the brain of a severely disabled person and apersonal computer . The ‘Brain Gate’ device can

provide paralysed or motor-impaired patients a

mode of communication through the translationof thought into direct computer control.



Types of Brain Computer Interface(BCI):

One way BCI

Computers either accept commands from the brain

or send signals to it

Two way BCI

Allow brains and external devices to exchangeinformation in both directions.



History of Brain Gate…

Research on BCIs has been going on formore than 30 years, but from the mid-1990sthere has been a dramatic increase in working

experimental implants. Brain gate was developed by the bio-tech

company Cyberkinetics in 2003 in conjuctionwith the Department of Neuroscience at

Brown University.



Brain Gate Research in animals:

At first, rats were

implanted with BCI .

Signals recorded from

the cerebral cortex of rat

to operate BCI to carry

out the movement.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MouseBCI.jpg



Researchers at the University

of Pittsburgh had demonstarted

on a monkey that can feed

itself with a robotic arm simplyby using signals from its brain.



It Worked!

Using only its mind the monkey was able tocontrol a cursor on a computer monitor via

Brain Gate.



Since there were no

complications in trials with

monkeys

Next Step: Humans!



In December 7, 2004, brain-computer interface had been

clinically tested on a human by an American company

Cyberkinetics.

The Nature report describes the first participant in these

trials, a 25-year-old man who had sustained a spinal cord

injury leading to paralysis in all four limbs three years priorto the study.

Over a period of nine months, he took part in 57 sessions

during which the implanted Brain Gate sensor recorded

activity in his motor cortex while he imagined moving his paralyzed limbs and then used that imagined motion for

several computer-based tasks such as, moving a computer

cursor to open simulated e-mail, draw circular shapes and

play simple video games.



PRINCIPLE:The system consists of a sensor that is

implanted on the motor cortex of the

brain (Pedestal) and a Brain Gate Neural

Interface Device that analyzes the brain

signal.

The principle is that the intact

brain functions, brain signals are

generated even though they are not sent

to the arms,hands and legs.The signals

are interpreted and translated into cursor

movements,offering the user analternate”BRAIN GATE PATHWAY” to

control a computer with thought,just as

individuals who have the ability to move

their hands.



HOW IT IMPLEMENTS ?



The Brain Gate sensor (Red arrow), resting on a USpenny,connected by a 13-cm ribbon cable to the Pedestal(Black arrow), which is secured to the skull. Neural signalsare recorded while the pedestal is connected to the

remainder of the Brain Gate system



This is one of electrode implemented in brain.

Individual electrodes are 1-mm long and spaced 400m apart, in a 10x10 grid.

The electrical signal exchanged by neurons within brain. Those signals are sent when the

brain executes a body movement.



Software behind Brain Gate…

The computers translate

brain activity and create the

communication output using

custom decoding software.

System uses adaptive

algorithms and pattern-

matching techniques tofacilitate communication.

The algorithms are written

in C, JAVA and MATLAB.



APPLICATIONS:

In classification of EEG signal.

In multimedia communication.

In evaluation of spike detection algorithms. Actuated control of mobile robot by human

EEG.

As a brain controlled switch for asynchronouscontrol.

In evaluating the machine learning algorithms.



Emphasis should be on improving the information

transform rate.

Stronger algorithm should be implemented.

Further concerns…



CONCLUSION

According to the Cyberkinetics' website, two patients have been implantedwith the Brain Gate system.

Using the system, called Brain Gate, the patient can read e-mail, play videogames, turn lights on or off and change channels or adjust the volume of atelevision set.

In early test sessions, the patient was able to control the TV and carry on aconversation and move his head at the same time.

The results are spectacular and almost unbelievable.

Brain Gate can help paralyzed people move by controlling their own electricwheelchairs, communicate by using e-mail and Internet-based phone systems,and be independent by controlling items such as televisions and thermostats.

Finally BRAIN GATE has proved to be a boon for paralyzed patient .

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