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7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 156

module 10 | BP energy education programme 2008

solarenergy

Click on the icons to go to the other modules

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Area Science

Society and Environment

Outcomes Investigation Communication and

Participation (SampE) Resources (SampE)

Earth and Beyond (SCI)

Energy and Change (SCI)Phase Early Adolescence

Program BPEEP Module 10 Solar Energy

Learning Area Outcomes and Phase

Copyright

This training module is copyright Apart from fair dealing for private study or research as permitted under the

Copyright Act 1968 no part may be reproduced copied transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior

written permission of BP Australia Pty Ltd All requests and enquiries should be directed to the BPEEP Coordinator

on (08) 9419 9623

Disclaimer

The content of this training module is provided for educational purposes only In no event will BP Australia Pty Ltd or

any related corporation be liable for the accuracy of the information contained in the module or the reliance placed

upon it The module is provided on the basis that all persons using it take responsibility for assessing the relevanceand accuracy of its content

The content was compiled by teachers Chris Hickman and Kate Bowman of Perth Western Australia who have

sourced and written the content

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Overview of Learning Module

Module 10 titled lsquoSolar Energyrsquo is part of the teaching and learningsequence to the BP Energy Education Program The main objective

of the module is to explore the potential of solar energy to become a

significant energy resource used to reduce the current dependence on

fossil fuels

Key understandings addressed in this module are delivered through 3 major conceptual areas

1 Solar Energy

bull Describe how solar energy is generated

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Identify the conditions required for efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy as an energy resource

bull Describe the extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the environment

bull Determine the potential of solar energy as a world wide energy resource

bull Examine the extent and importance of solar energy in Australia

Each conceptual area is presented as a series of learning experiences that can be used sequentially or

as stand alone learning experiences However when delivered in sequence these learning experiences

provide a comprehensive background understanding necessary for the Science and Society and

Environment Curriculum and the other extended modules in the BPEEP learning program

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo is linked to Western Australiarsquos Department of Education andTrainingrsquos Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Policy ( CAR Policy) and associated

documentation The program presented as a series of teaching and learning experiences links

teacher planning and learning area (Science and Society and Environment) coverage back to the

initial planning documents namely the lsquoCurriculum Frameworkrsquo and lsquoOutcomes and Standards

Frameworkrsquo Planning documentation provides teachers with the explicit links to the Curriculum

Framework Knowledge Skills and Values focus and learning area Outcomes and Standards

coverage Relevant learning area documentation and teaching and learning links are colour coded

for both Science (ORANGE) and Society and Environment (PURPLE)

Teachers should refer to both Learning Area Curriculum Guides (What students should be taught)

and Learning Area Outcomes and Standards Framework (What levels of achievement students can

demonstrateachieve across the relevant Learning Area outcomes) when considering the application ofthe BPEEP modules to their individual teaching and learning program requirements

PAGE 1

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Overview of Learning Module

A suggested timeframe is provided as a guide only to how long teachers may expect to spend onthe learning experiences contained in each conceptual area of the module A teacher guide

is provided for each of these conceptual areas Lesson support material is also provided

Teachers should refer to both Learning Area Curriculum Guides (What students should be taught)

and Learning Area Outcomes and Standards Framework (What levels of achievement students can

demonstrateachieve across the relevant Learning Area outcomes) when considering the application

of the BPEEP modules to their individual teaching and learning program requirements

A suggested timeframe is provided as a guide only to how long teachers may expect to spend

on the learning experiences contained in the conceptual area of the module A teacher guide is

provided for the conceptual area Lesson support material is also provided

PAGE 2

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Contents

This symbol denotes worksheets

Overview of Learning Module 1

Relevance to BP 4

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage 5

Suggested Teaching Timeframe 8

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy 9

Learning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo12

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo12

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar Energyrsquo 13

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo13

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo 14

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo 15

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph Task 16

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay 16

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task 17

Learning Experience 11 21

Learning Experience 12 23

Learning Experience 13 25

Learning Experience 14 29

Learning Experience 15 31

Learning Experience 16 37

Learning Experience 17 41

Learning Experience 18 43

Learning Experience 19 47

Reference for Module 10 50

PAGE 3

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Relevance to BP

BP Solarrsquos experience in the Australian market spans three decadesEstablished in Australia in 1985 BP Solar is a leading supplier of solar

photovoltaic (PV) products and services in the Australian solar market

Our Sydney Olympic Park facility is the base for the sales and marketing

services we provide throughout the Asia-Pacific region

At BP Solar we have some of the most experienced solar engineers project managers and sales

people in the region whose expertise ensures the successful delivery of our projects products

and services

Via a network of more than 150 Distributors and Dealers across Australia we supply solar electricity

products and systems to generate clean energy for homes boats recreational vehicles businesses

and farms With our products Australians are demonstrating environmental leadership and securing

their energy costs

BP Solar is recognised as a supplier of innovative and quality large-scale solar electricity systems

providing full turnkey services to commercial and industrial customers Some of the largest solar

electricity systems in Australia have been delivered by BP Solar such as 100kW on a Cadbury

Schweppes facility in Sydney 114kW on Adelaide International Airport and 200kW on the Queen

Victoria Markets in Melbourne Over the years we have also supplied solar power systems for

remote mining operations and telecommunication sites across this vast land

BP Solarrsquos expertise in the design and successful delivery of large-scale comprehensive solar

energy solutions was recognised by the Australian Government which selected the BP Solar-led

Blacktown Solar City consortium to implement its million Solar City project BP Solar is also a major

participant in the successful Adelaide and Alice Springs Solar Cities projects

Part of the Australian-based business is also renowned for the delivery of large-scale projects which

use solar to power community development in a number of Asian countries Thousands of people in

communities across the Philippines Sri Lanka and Malaysia have benefited from the installation of

BP Solar systems to power medical clinics schools farms and homes

PAGE 4

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Click on the module number to go to that module

OUTCOME BPEEP MODULE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

SCIENCE

Earth and Beyond

Sustainability of life and wise resource use X X X X X X X X X

Earth forces and materials X X X X X X X X

Relationships between the Earth our Solar

System and the Universe X

Energy and Change

Energy sources patterns and uses X X X X X X

Transfer and transformation X X

Natural and Processed Materials

Structures Properties and Uses X

Interactions and Changes X

SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Resources

Use of Resources X X X X X X X X

Management and Enterprise X X X X X X X X X X

People and Work X X X X X X

Place and Space

Features of Places X X

People and Places X X X

Care of Places X X X

Investigation Communication

Participation

Planning X X X X X X X X X X X

Conducting X X X X X X X X X X X

Processing and Translating X X X X X X X X X X X

Applying and Communicating X X X X X X X X X X X

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

PAGE 5

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

DESCRIPTION OF CROSS CURRICULAR PROGRAM

Module 10 ldquoSolar Energyrdquo is predominantly focused upon Society and Environment

outcomes Investigation Communication and Participation and Resources and Science

outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change The module requires students to

investigate the option of solar energy as a substitute for fossil fuels The module applies

conceptual understandings of previous BPEEP modules and establishes new essential

knowledge for the students to apply in further modules as part of the BPEEP program

Teachers are encouraged to adopt a cross curricular approach with relevant learning areas

CONCEPTUAL FOCUS SKILLS FOCUS

How solar energy is generated

The conditions required for efficient solar energy

The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

as an energy resource

The extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the

environment

The potential of solar energy as a world wide

energy resource

The extent and importance of solar energy

in Australia

Ongoing literacy focus paragraphing

Science laboratory process skills

Viewing and information retrieval

Information retrieval note-taking

Internet Website information retrieval

Statistical data analysis and graphing

Group work and independent work

Research skills (as per SampE ICP ladder process)

DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT

Supporting the on-going literacy focus a paragraph task is included Though some conceptual understanding can

be levelled in certain Learning Area Outcomes teachers are encouraged to use the paragraph rubric (provided)

through the delivery of the BPEEP modules to monitor the studentrsquos ability to construct well structured paragraphs

over an extended period of time Consideration should be given to both modelling and scaffolding the paragraph

framework prior to assessing this vital literacy skill

To formally assess the students an assessment task and rubric is provided The task requires students to complete

two parts Firstly to design a wind turbine and present a report on the planning and testing process Secondly

to present an essay on wind energy as a future sustainable energy source The task is ideally suited to a cross

curricular approach where students follow the research process outlined by the ICP ladder and connected support

frameworks These resources are available in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource file

LITERACY FOCUS NUMERACY FOCUS PEDAGOGICAL FOCUS

A major on-going focus on

Paragraphing utilising paragraph

framework Also emphasis on

keywords note-taking and other

literacy oriented strategies

Graph and statistics interpretation

Shape space angles andmeasurement

Group Work

Inquiry based learning

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK VALUES STRAND NO

A pursuit of knowledge amp a commitment to achievement of full potential 11 ndash 17 (CF)

Self Acceptance and Respect of Self 21 ndash 25 (CF)

Respect and Concern for Others and Their Rights 31 ndash 37 (CF)

Social and Civic responsibility 44 48 49 (CF)

Environmental responsibility 52 53

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

PAGE 6

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OVERARCHING LEARNING OUTCOMES CONTEXT

1 Students use language to understand develop and communicate

ideas and information with others

Literacy Focus and wide range of

learning experiences

2 Students select integrate and apply numerical and spatial

concepts and techniques

Units of measurement and simples

calculations Map interpretation

3 Students recognise when and what information is needed locate

and obtain it from a range of sources and evaluate use and share

it with others

Focus of SampE ICP outcome and

associated skills eg keywords

note-taking sources

4 Students use select and apply technologies Internet (website) research

5 Students describe and reason about patterns structures and

relationships in order to understand interpret justify and make

predictions

Analysing current trends to predict

future outcomes

6 Students visualise consequences think laterally recognise

opportunity and potential and are prepared to test opinions

Use of fossil fuels and implications

for the future

7 Students understand and appreciate the physical biological and

technological world and have the knowledge and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

8 Students understand their cultural geographical and historical

contexts and have the knowledge values and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

9 Students interact with people and cultures other than their own

and are equipped to contribute to the global community

NA

10 Students participate in creative activity of their own and

understand and engage with the artistic cultural and intellectual

work of others

Learning Experiences comprising

of variety of tasks throughout

Conceptual Area 1

11 Students value and implement practices that promote personal

growth and well-being

Group Work and values oriented

learning

12 Students are self motivated and confident in their approach to

learning and area able to work individually and collaboratively

Range of teaching strategies ndash

individual and group work

13 Students recognise that everyone has the right to feel valued and

to be safe and in this regard understand their rights and obligations

and behave responsibly

Explicit teaching and

implementation of group learning

strategies

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

PAGE 7

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

PAGE 8

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

PAGE 9

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

PAGE 11

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

PAGE 13

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

PAGE 14

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Area Science

Society and Environment

Outcomes Investigation Communication and

Participation (SampE) Resources (SampE)

Earth and Beyond (SCI)

Energy and Change (SCI)Phase Early Adolescence

Program BPEEP Module 10 Solar Energy

Learning Area Outcomes and Phase

Copyright

This training module is copyright Apart from fair dealing for private study or research as permitted under the

Copyright Act 1968 no part may be reproduced copied transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior

written permission of BP Australia Pty Ltd All requests and enquiries should be directed to the BPEEP Coordinator

on (08) 9419 9623

Disclaimer

The content of this training module is provided for educational purposes only In no event will BP Australia Pty Ltd or

any related corporation be liable for the accuracy of the information contained in the module or the reliance placed

upon it The module is provided on the basis that all persons using it take responsibility for assessing the relevanceand accuracy of its content

The content was compiled by teachers Chris Hickman and Kate Bowman of Perth Western Australia who have

sourced and written the content

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Overview of Learning Module

Module 10 titled lsquoSolar Energyrsquo is part of the teaching and learningsequence to the BP Energy Education Program The main objective

of the module is to explore the potential of solar energy to become a

significant energy resource used to reduce the current dependence on

fossil fuels

Key understandings addressed in this module are delivered through 3 major conceptual areas

1 Solar Energy

bull Describe how solar energy is generated

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Identify the conditions required for efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy as an energy resource

bull Describe the extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the environment

bull Determine the potential of solar energy as a world wide energy resource

bull Examine the extent and importance of solar energy in Australia

Each conceptual area is presented as a series of learning experiences that can be used sequentially or

as stand alone learning experiences However when delivered in sequence these learning experiences

provide a comprehensive background understanding necessary for the Science and Society and

Environment Curriculum and the other extended modules in the BPEEP learning program

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo is linked to Western Australiarsquos Department of Education andTrainingrsquos Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Policy ( CAR Policy) and associated

documentation The program presented as a series of teaching and learning experiences links

teacher planning and learning area (Science and Society and Environment) coverage back to the

initial planning documents namely the lsquoCurriculum Frameworkrsquo and lsquoOutcomes and Standards

Frameworkrsquo Planning documentation provides teachers with the explicit links to the Curriculum

Framework Knowledge Skills and Values focus and learning area Outcomes and Standards

coverage Relevant learning area documentation and teaching and learning links are colour coded

for both Science (ORANGE) and Society and Environment (PURPLE)

Teachers should refer to both Learning Area Curriculum Guides (What students should be taught)

and Learning Area Outcomes and Standards Framework (What levels of achievement students can

demonstrateachieve across the relevant Learning Area outcomes) when considering the application ofthe BPEEP modules to their individual teaching and learning program requirements

PAGE 1

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Overview of Learning Module

A suggested timeframe is provided as a guide only to how long teachers may expect to spend onthe learning experiences contained in each conceptual area of the module A teacher guide

is provided for each of these conceptual areas Lesson support material is also provided

Teachers should refer to both Learning Area Curriculum Guides (What students should be taught)

and Learning Area Outcomes and Standards Framework (What levels of achievement students can

demonstrateachieve across the relevant Learning Area outcomes) when considering the application

of the BPEEP modules to their individual teaching and learning program requirements

A suggested timeframe is provided as a guide only to how long teachers may expect to spend

on the learning experiences contained in the conceptual area of the module A teacher guide is

provided for the conceptual area Lesson support material is also provided

PAGE 2

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Contents

This symbol denotes worksheets

Overview of Learning Module 1

Relevance to BP 4

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage 5

Suggested Teaching Timeframe 8

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy 9

Learning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo12

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo12

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar Energyrsquo 13

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo13

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo 14

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo 15

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph Task 16

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay 16

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task 17

Learning Experience 11 21

Learning Experience 12 23

Learning Experience 13 25

Learning Experience 14 29

Learning Experience 15 31

Learning Experience 16 37

Learning Experience 17 41

Learning Experience 18 43

Learning Experience 19 47

Reference for Module 10 50

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Relevance to BP

BP Solarrsquos experience in the Australian market spans three decadesEstablished in Australia in 1985 BP Solar is a leading supplier of solar

photovoltaic (PV) products and services in the Australian solar market

Our Sydney Olympic Park facility is the base for the sales and marketing

services we provide throughout the Asia-Pacific region

At BP Solar we have some of the most experienced solar engineers project managers and sales

people in the region whose expertise ensures the successful delivery of our projects products

and services

Via a network of more than 150 Distributors and Dealers across Australia we supply solar electricity

products and systems to generate clean energy for homes boats recreational vehicles businesses

and farms With our products Australians are demonstrating environmental leadership and securing

their energy costs

BP Solar is recognised as a supplier of innovative and quality large-scale solar electricity systems

providing full turnkey services to commercial and industrial customers Some of the largest solar

electricity systems in Australia have been delivered by BP Solar such as 100kW on a Cadbury

Schweppes facility in Sydney 114kW on Adelaide International Airport and 200kW on the Queen

Victoria Markets in Melbourne Over the years we have also supplied solar power systems for

remote mining operations and telecommunication sites across this vast land

BP Solarrsquos expertise in the design and successful delivery of large-scale comprehensive solar

energy solutions was recognised by the Australian Government which selected the BP Solar-led

Blacktown Solar City consortium to implement its million Solar City project BP Solar is also a major

participant in the successful Adelaide and Alice Springs Solar Cities projects

Part of the Australian-based business is also renowned for the delivery of large-scale projects which

use solar to power community development in a number of Asian countries Thousands of people in

communities across the Philippines Sri Lanka and Malaysia have benefited from the installation of

BP Solar systems to power medical clinics schools farms and homes

PAGE 4

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Click on the module number to go to that module

OUTCOME BPEEP MODULE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

SCIENCE

Earth and Beyond

Sustainability of life and wise resource use X X X X X X X X X

Earth forces and materials X X X X X X X X

Relationships between the Earth our Solar

System and the Universe X

Energy and Change

Energy sources patterns and uses X X X X X X

Transfer and transformation X X

Natural and Processed Materials

Structures Properties and Uses X

Interactions and Changes X

SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Resources

Use of Resources X X X X X X X X

Management and Enterprise X X X X X X X X X X

People and Work X X X X X X

Place and Space

Features of Places X X

People and Places X X X

Care of Places X X X

Investigation Communication

Participation

Planning X X X X X X X X X X X

Conducting X X X X X X X X X X X

Processing and Translating X X X X X X X X X X X

Applying and Communicating X X X X X X X X X X X

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

PAGE 5

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DESCRIPTION OF CROSS CURRICULAR PROGRAM

Module 10 ldquoSolar Energyrdquo is predominantly focused upon Society and Environment

outcomes Investigation Communication and Participation and Resources and Science

outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change The module requires students to

investigate the option of solar energy as a substitute for fossil fuels The module applies

conceptual understandings of previous BPEEP modules and establishes new essential

knowledge for the students to apply in further modules as part of the BPEEP program

Teachers are encouraged to adopt a cross curricular approach with relevant learning areas

CONCEPTUAL FOCUS SKILLS FOCUS

How solar energy is generated

The conditions required for efficient solar energy

The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

as an energy resource

The extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the

environment

The potential of solar energy as a world wide

energy resource

The extent and importance of solar energy

in Australia

Ongoing literacy focus paragraphing

Science laboratory process skills

Viewing and information retrieval

Information retrieval note-taking

Internet Website information retrieval

Statistical data analysis and graphing

Group work and independent work

Research skills (as per SampE ICP ladder process)

DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT

Supporting the on-going literacy focus a paragraph task is included Though some conceptual understanding can

be levelled in certain Learning Area Outcomes teachers are encouraged to use the paragraph rubric (provided)

through the delivery of the BPEEP modules to monitor the studentrsquos ability to construct well structured paragraphs

over an extended period of time Consideration should be given to both modelling and scaffolding the paragraph

framework prior to assessing this vital literacy skill

To formally assess the students an assessment task and rubric is provided The task requires students to complete

two parts Firstly to design a wind turbine and present a report on the planning and testing process Secondly

to present an essay on wind energy as a future sustainable energy source The task is ideally suited to a cross

curricular approach where students follow the research process outlined by the ICP ladder and connected support

frameworks These resources are available in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource file

LITERACY FOCUS NUMERACY FOCUS PEDAGOGICAL FOCUS

A major on-going focus on

Paragraphing utilising paragraph

framework Also emphasis on

keywords note-taking and other

literacy oriented strategies

Graph and statistics interpretation

Shape space angles andmeasurement

Group Work

Inquiry based learning

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK VALUES STRAND NO

A pursuit of knowledge amp a commitment to achievement of full potential 11 ndash 17 (CF)

Self Acceptance and Respect of Self 21 ndash 25 (CF)

Respect and Concern for Others and Their Rights 31 ndash 37 (CF)

Social and Civic responsibility 44 48 49 (CF)

Environmental responsibility 52 53

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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OVERARCHING LEARNING OUTCOMES CONTEXT

1 Students use language to understand develop and communicate

ideas and information with others

Literacy Focus and wide range of

learning experiences

2 Students select integrate and apply numerical and spatial

concepts and techniques

Units of measurement and simples

calculations Map interpretation

3 Students recognise when and what information is needed locate

and obtain it from a range of sources and evaluate use and share

it with others

Focus of SampE ICP outcome and

associated skills eg keywords

note-taking sources

4 Students use select and apply technologies Internet (website) research

5 Students describe and reason about patterns structures and

relationships in order to understand interpret justify and make

predictions

Analysing current trends to predict

future outcomes

6 Students visualise consequences think laterally recognise

opportunity and potential and are prepared to test opinions

Use of fossil fuels and implications

for the future

7 Students understand and appreciate the physical biological and

technological world and have the knowledge and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

8 Students understand their cultural geographical and historical

contexts and have the knowledge values and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

9 Students interact with people and cultures other than their own

and are equipped to contribute to the global community

NA

10 Students participate in creative activity of their own and

understand and engage with the artistic cultural and intellectual

work of others

Learning Experiences comprising

of variety of tasks throughout

Conceptual Area 1

11 Students value and implement practices that promote personal

growth and well-being

Group Work and values oriented

learning

12 Students are self motivated and confident in their approach to

learning and area able to work individually and collaboratively

Range of teaching strategies ndash

individual and group work

13 Students recognise that everyone has the right to feel valued and

to be safe and in this regard understand their rights and obligations

and behave responsibly

Explicit teaching and

implementation of group learning

strategies

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

PAGE 8

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LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

PAGE 9

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

PAGE 25

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

PAGE 27

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

PAGE 29

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Overview of Learning Module

Module 10 titled lsquoSolar Energyrsquo is part of the teaching and learningsequence to the BP Energy Education Program The main objective

of the module is to explore the potential of solar energy to become a

significant energy resource used to reduce the current dependence on

fossil fuels

Key understandings addressed in this module are delivered through 3 major conceptual areas

1 Solar Energy

bull Describe how solar energy is generated

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Identify the conditions required for efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy as an energy resource

bull Describe the extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the environment

bull Determine the potential of solar energy as a world wide energy resource

bull Examine the extent and importance of solar energy in Australia

Each conceptual area is presented as a series of learning experiences that can be used sequentially or

as stand alone learning experiences However when delivered in sequence these learning experiences

provide a comprehensive background understanding necessary for the Science and Society and

Environment Curriculum and the other extended modules in the BPEEP learning program

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo is linked to Western Australiarsquos Department of Education andTrainingrsquos Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Policy ( CAR Policy) and associated

documentation The program presented as a series of teaching and learning experiences links

teacher planning and learning area (Science and Society and Environment) coverage back to the

initial planning documents namely the lsquoCurriculum Frameworkrsquo and lsquoOutcomes and Standards

Frameworkrsquo Planning documentation provides teachers with the explicit links to the Curriculum

Framework Knowledge Skills and Values focus and learning area Outcomes and Standards

coverage Relevant learning area documentation and teaching and learning links are colour coded

for both Science (ORANGE) and Society and Environment (PURPLE)

Teachers should refer to both Learning Area Curriculum Guides (What students should be taught)

and Learning Area Outcomes and Standards Framework (What levels of achievement students can

demonstrateachieve across the relevant Learning Area outcomes) when considering the application ofthe BPEEP modules to their individual teaching and learning program requirements

PAGE 1

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Overview of Learning Module

A suggested timeframe is provided as a guide only to how long teachers may expect to spend onthe learning experiences contained in each conceptual area of the module A teacher guide

is provided for each of these conceptual areas Lesson support material is also provided

Teachers should refer to both Learning Area Curriculum Guides (What students should be taught)

and Learning Area Outcomes and Standards Framework (What levels of achievement students can

demonstrateachieve across the relevant Learning Area outcomes) when considering the application

of the BPEEP modules to their individual teaching and learning program requirements

A suggested timeframe is provided as a guide only to how long teachers may expect to spend

on the learning experiences contained in the conceptual area of the module A teacher guide is

provided for the conceptual area Lesson support material is also provided

PAGE 2

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Contents

This symbol denotes worksheets

Overview of Learning Module 1

Relevance to BP 4

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage 5

Suggested Teaching Timeframe 8

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy 9

Learning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo12

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo12

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar Energyrsquo 13

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo13

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo 14

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo 15

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph Task 16

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay 16

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task 17

Learning Experience 11 21

Learning Experience 12 23

Learning Experience 13 25

Learning Experience 14 29

Learning Experience 15 31

Learning Experience 16 37

Learning Experience 17 41

Learning Experience 18 43

Learning Experience 19 47

Reference for Module 10 50

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Relevance to BP

BP Solarrsquos experience in the Australian market spans three decadesEstablished in Australia in 1985 BP Solar is a leading supplier of solar

photovoltaic (PV) products and services in the Australian solar market

Our Sydney Olympic Park facility is the base for the sales and marketing

services we provide throughout the Asia-Pacific region

At BP Solar we have some of the most experienced solar engineers project managers and sales

people in the region whose expertise ensures the successful delivery of our projects products

and services

Via a network of more than 150 Distributors and Dealers across Australia we supply solar electricity

products and systems to generate clean energy for homes boats recreational vehicles businesses

and farms With our products Australians are demonstrating environmental leadership and securing

their energy costs

BP Solar is recognised as a supplier of innovative and quality large-scale solar electricity systems

providing full turnkey services to commercial and industrial customers Some of the largest solar

electricity systems in Australia have been delivered by BP Solar such as 100kW on a Cadbury

Schweppes facility in Sydney 114kW on Adelaide International Airport and 200kW on the Queen

Victoria Markets in Melbourne Over the years we have also supplied solar power systems for

remote mining operations and telecommunication sites across this vast land

BP Solarrsquos expertise in the design and successful delivery of large-scale comprehensive solar

energy solutions was recognised by the Australian Government which selected the BP Solar-led

Blacktown Solar City consortium to implement its million Solar City project BP Solar is also a major

participant in the successful Adelaide and Alice Springs Solar Cities projects

Part of the Australian-based business is also renowned for the delivery of large-scale projects which

use solar to power community development in a number of Asian countries Thousands of people in

communities across the Philippines Sri Lanka and Malaysia have benefited from the installation of

BP Solar systems to power medical clinics schools farms and homes

PAGE 4

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Click on the module number to go to that module

OUTCOME BPEEP MODULE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

SCIENCE

Earth and Beyond

Sustainability of life and wise resource use X X X X X X X X X

Earth forces and materials X X X X X X X X

Relationships between the Earth our Solar

System and the Universe X

Energy and Change

Energy sources patterns and uses X X X X X X

Transfer and transformation X X

Natural and Processed Materials

Structures Properties and Uses X

Interactions and Changes X

SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Resources

Use of Resources X X X X X X X X

Management and Enterprise X X X X X X X X X X

People and Work X X X X X X

Place and Space

Features of Places X X

People and Places X X X

Care of Places X X X

Investigation Communication

Participation

Planning X X X X X X X X X X X

Conducting X X X X X X X X X X X

Processing and Translating X X X X X X X X X X X

Applying and Communicating X X X X X X X X X X X

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

PAGE 5

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DESCRIPTION OF CROSS CURRICULAR PROGRAM

Module 10 ldquoSolar Energyrdquo is predominantly focused upon Society and Environment

outcomes Investigation Communication and Participation and Resources and Science

outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change The module requires students to

investigate the option of solar energy as a substitute for fossil fuels The module applies

conceptual understandings of previous BPEEP modules and establishes new essential

knowledge for the students to apply in further modules as part of the BPEEP program

Teachers are encouraged to adopt a cross curricular approach with relevant learning areas

CONCEPTUAL FOCUS SKILLS FOCUS

How solar energy is generated

The conditions required for efficient solar energy

The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

as an energy resource

The extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the

environment

The potential of solar energy as a world wide

energy resource

The extent and importance of solar energy

in Australia

Ongoing literacy focus paragraphing

Science laboratory process skills

Viewing and information retrieval

Information retrieval note-taking

Internet Website information retrieval

Statistical data analysis and graphing

Group work and independent work

Research skills (as per SampE ICP ladder process)

DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT

Supporting the on-going literacy focus a paragraph task is included Though some conceptual understanding can

be levelled in certain Learning Area Outcomes teachers are encouraged to use the paragraph rubric (provided)

through the delivery of the BPEEP modules to monitor the studentrsquos ability to construct well structured paragraphs

over an extended period of time Consideration should be given to both modelling and scaffolding the paragraph

framework prior to assessing this vital literacy skill

To formally assess the students an assessment task and rubric is provided The task requires students to complete

two parts Firstly to design a wind turbine and present a report on the planning and testing process Secondly

to present an essay on wind energy as a future sustainable energy source The task is ideally suited to a cross

curricular approach where students follow the research process outlined by the ICP ladder and connected support

frameworks These resources are available in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource file

LITERACY FOCUS NUMERACY FOCUS PEDAGOGICAL FOCUS

A major on-going focus on

Paragraphing utilising paragraph

framework Also emphasis on

keywords note-taking and other

literacy oriented strategies

Graph and statistics interpretation

Shape space angles andmeasurement

Group Work

Inquiry based learning

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK VALUES STRAND NO

A pursuit of knowledge amp a commitment to achievement of full potential 11 ndash 17 (CF)

Self Acceptance and Respect of Self 21 ndash 25 (CF)

Respect and Concern for Others and Their Rights 31 ndash 37 (CF)

Social and Civic responsibility 44 48 49 (CF)

Environmental responsibility 52 53

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

PAGE 6

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OVERARCHING LEARNING OUTCOMES CONTEXT

1 Students use language to understand develop and communicate

ideas and information with others

Literacy Focus and wide range of

learning experiences

2 Students select integrate and apply numerical and spatial

concepts and techniques

Units of measurement and simples

calculations Map interpretation

3 Students recognise when and what information is needed locate

and obtain it from a range of sources and evaluate use and share

it with others

Focus of SampE ICP outcome and

associated skills eg keywords

note-taking sources

4 Students use select and apply technologies Internet (website) research

5 Students describe and reason about patterns structures and

relationships in order to understand interpret justify and make

predictions

Analysing current trends to predict

future outcomes

6 Students visualise consequences think laterally recognise

opportunity and potential and are prepared to test opinions

Use of fossil fuels and implications

for the future

7 Students understand and appreciate the physical biological and

technological world and have the knowledge and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

8 Students understand their cultural geographical and historical

contexts and have the knowledge values and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

9 Students interact with people and cultures other than their own

and are equipped to contribute to the global community

NA

10 Students participate in creative activity of their own and

understand and engage with the artistic cultural and intellectual

work of others

Learning Experiences comprising

of variety of tasks throughout

Conceptual Area 1

11 Students value and implement practices that promote personal

growth and well-being

Group Work and values oriented

learning

12 Students are self motivated and confident in their approach to

learning and area able to work individually and collaboratively

Range of teaching strategies ndash

individual and group work

13 Students recognise that everyone has the right to feel valued and

to be safe and in this regard understand their rights and obligations

and behave responsibly

Explicit teaching and

implementation of group learning

strategies

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

PAGE 8

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

PAGE 19

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 20

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

PAGE 22

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Overview of Learning Module

A suggested timeframe is provided as a guide only to how long teachers may expect to spend onthe learning experiences contained in each conceptual area of the module A teacher guide

is provided for each of these conceptual areas Lesson support material is also provided

Teachers should refer to both Learning Area Curriculum Guides (What students should be taught)

and Learning Area Outcomes and Standards Framework (What levels of achievement students can

demonstrateachieve across the relevant Learning Area outcomes) when considering the application

of the BPEEP modules to their individual teaching and learning program requirements

A suggested timeframe is provided as a guide only to how long teachers may expect to spend

on the learning experiences contained in the conceptual area of the module A teacher guide is

provided for the conceptual area Lesson support material is also provided

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Contents

This symbol denotes worksheets

Overview of Learning Module 1

Relevance to BP 4

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage 5

Suggested Teaching Timeframe 8

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy 9

Learning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo12

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo12

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar Energyrsquo 13

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo13

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo 14

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo 15

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph Task 16

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay 16

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task 17

Learning Experience 11 21

Learning Experience 12 23

Learning Experience 13 25

Learning Experience 14 29

Learning Experience 15 31

Learning Experience 16 37

Learning Experience 17 41

Learning Experience 18 43

Learning Experience 19 47

Reference for Module 10 50

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Relevance to BP

BP Solarrsquos experience in the Australian market spans three decadesEstablished in Australia in 1985 BP Solar is a leading supplier of solar

photovoltaic (PV) products and services in the Australian solar market

Our Sydney Olympic Park facility is the base for the sales and marketing

services we provide throughout the Asia-Pacific region

At BP Solar we have some of the most experienced solar engineers project managers and sales

people in the region whose expertise ensures the successful delivery of our projects products

and services

Via a network of more than 150 Distributors and Dealers across Australia we supply solar electricity

products and systems to generate clean energy for homes boats recreational vehicles businesses

and farms With our products Australians are demonstrating environmental leadership and securing

their energy costs

BP Solar is recognised as a supplier of innovative and quality large-scale solar electricity systems

providing full turnkey services to commercial and industrial customers Some of the largest solar

electricity systems in Australia have been delivered by BP Solar such as 100kW on a Cadbury

Schweppes facility in Sydney 114kW on Adelaide International Airport and 200kW on the Queen

Victoria Markets in Melbourne Over the years we have also supplied solar power systems for

remote mining operations and telecommunication sites across this vast land

BP Solarrsquos expertise in the design and successful delivery of large-scale comprehensive solar

energy solutions was recognised by the Australian Government which selected the BP Solar-led

Blacktown Solar City consortium to implement its million Solar City project BP Solar is also a major

participant in the successful Adelaide and Alice Springs Solar Cities projects

Part of the Australian-based business is also renowned for the delivery of large-scale projects which

use solar to power community development in a number of Asian countries Thousands of people in

communities across the Philippines Sri Lanka and Malaysia have benefited from the installation of

BP Solar systems to power medical clinics schools farms and homes

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Click on the module number to go to that module

OUTCOME BPEEP MODULE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

SCIENCE

Earth and Beyond

Sustainability of life and wise resource use X X X X X X X X X

Earth forces and materials X X X X X X X X

Relationships between the Earth our Solar

System and the Universe X

Energy and Change

Energy sources patterns and uses X X X X X X

Transfer and transformation X X

Natural and Processed Materials

Structures Properties and Uses X

Interactions and Changes X

SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Resources

Use of Resources X X X X X X X X

Management and Enterprise X X X X X X X X X X

People and Work X X X X X X

Place and Space

Features of Places X X

People and Places X X X

Care of Places X X X

Investigation Communication

Participation

Planning X X X X X X X X X X X

Conducting X X X X X X X X X X X

Processing and Translating X X X X X X X X X X X

Applying and Communicating X X X X X X X X X X X

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

DESCRIPTION OF CROSS CURRICULAR PROGRAM

Module 10 ldquoSolar Energyrdquo is predominantly focused upon Society and Environment

outcomes Investigation Communication and Participation and Resources and Science

outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change The module requires students to

investigate the option of solar energy as a substitute for fossil fuels The module applies

conceptual understandings of previous BPEEP modules and establishes new essential

knowledge for the students to apply in further modules as part of the BPEEP program

Teachers are encouraged to adopt a cross curricular approach with relevant learning areas

CONCEPTUAL FOCUS SKILLS FOCUS

How solar energy is generated

The conditions required for efficient solar energy

The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

as an energy resource

The extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the

environment

The potential of solar energy as a world wide

energy resource

The extent and importance of solar energy

in Australia

Ongoing literacy focus paragraphing

Science laboratory process skills

Viewing and information retrieval

Information retrieval note-taking

Internet Website information retrieval

Statistical data analysis and graphing

Group work and independent work

Research skills (as per SampE ICP ladder process)

DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT

Supporting the on-going literacy focus a paragraph task is included Though some conceptual understanding can

be levelled in certain Learning Area Outcomes teachers are encouraged to use the paragraph rubric (provided)

through the delivery of the BPEEP modules to monitor the studentrsquos ability to construct well structured paragraphs

over an extended period of time Consideration should be given to both modelling and scaffolding the paragraph

framework prior to assessing this vital literacy skill

To formally assess the students an assessment task and rubric is provided The task requires students to complete

two parts Firstly to design a wind turbine and present a report on the planning and testing process Secondly

to present an essay on wind energy as a future sustainable energy source The task is ideally suited to a cross

curricular approach where students follow the research process outlined by the ICP ladder and connected support

frameworks These resources are available in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource file

LITERACY FOCUS NUMERACY FOCUS PEDAGOGICAL FOCUS

A major on-going focus on

Paragraphing utilising paragraph

framework Also emphasis on

keywords note-taking and other

literacy oriented strategies

Graph and statistics interpretation

Shape space angles andmeasurement

Group Work

Inquiry based learning

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK VALUES STRAND NO

A pursuit of knowledge amp a commitment to achievement of full potential 11 ndash 17 (CF)

Self Acceptance and Respect of Self 21 ndash 25 (CF)

Respect and Concern for Others and Their Rights 31 ndash 37 (CF)

Social and Civic responsibility 44 48 49 (CF)

Environmental responsibility 52 53

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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OVERARCHING LEARNING OUTCOMES CONTEXT

1 Students use language to understand develop and communicate

ideas and information with others

Literacy Focus and wide range of

learning experiences

2 Students select integrate and apply numerical and spatial

concepts and techniques

Units of measurement and simples

calculations Map interpretation

3 Students recognise when and what information is needed locate

and obtain it from a range of sources and evaluate use and share

it with others

Focus of SampE ICP outcome and

associated skills eg keywords

note-taking sources

4 Students use select and apply technologies Internet (website) research

5 Students describe and reason about patterns structures and

relationships in order to understand interpret justify and make

predictions

Analysing current trends to predict

future outcomes

6 Students visualise consequences think laterally recognise

opportunity and potential and are prepared to test opinions

Use of fossil fuels and implications

for the future

7 Students understand and appreciate the physical biological and

technological world and have the knowledge and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

8 Students understand their cultural geographical and historical

contexts and have the knowledge values and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

9 Students interact with people and cultures other than their own

and are equipped to contribute to the global community

NA

10 Students participate in creative activity of their own and

understand and engage with the artistic cultural and intellectual

work of others

Learning Experiences comprising

of variety of tasks throughout

Conceptual Area 1

11 Students value and implement practices that promote personal

growth and well-being

Group Work and values oriented

learning

12 Students are self motivated and confident in their approach to

learning and area able to work individually and collaboratively

Range of teaching strategies ndash

individual and group work

13 Students recognise that everyone has the right to feel valued and

to be safe and in this regard understand their rights and obligations

and behave responsibly

Explicit teaching and

implementation of group learning

strategies

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Contents

This symbol denotes worksheets

Overview of Learning Module 1

Relevance to BP 4

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage 5

Suggested Teaching Timeframe 8

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy 9

Learning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo12

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo12

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar Energyrsquo 13

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo13

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo 14

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo 15

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph Task 16

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay 16

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task 17

Learning Experience 11 21

Learning Experience 12 23

Learning Experience 13 25

Learning Experience 14 29

Learning Experience 15 31

Learning Experience 16 37

Learning Experience 17 41

Learning Experience 18 43

Learning Experience 19 47

Reference for Module 10 50

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Relevance to BP

BP Solarrsquos experience in the Australian market spans three decadesEstablished in Australia in 1985 BP Solar is a leading supplier of solar

photovoltaic (PV) products and services in the Australian solar market

Our Sydney Olympic Park facility is the base for the sales and marketing

services we provide throughout the Asia-Pacific region

At BP Solar we have some of the most experienced solar engineers project managers and sales

people in the region whose expertise ensures the successful delivery of our projects products

and services

Via a network of more than 150 Distributors and Dealers across Australia we supply solar electricity

products and systems to generate clean energy for homes boats recreational vehicles businesses

and farms With our products Australians are demonstrating environmental leadership and securing

their energy costs

BP Solar is recognised as a supplier of innovative and quality large-scale solar electricity systems

providing full turnkey services to commercial and industrial customers Some of the largest solar

electricity systems in Australia have been delivered by BP Solar such as 100kW on a Cadbury

Schweppes facility in Sydney 114kW on Adelaide International Airport and 200kW on the Queen

Victoria Markets in Melbourne Over the years we have also supplied solar power systems for

remote mining operations and telecommunication sites across this vast land

BP Solarrsquos expertise in the design and successful delivery of large-scale comprehensive solar

energy solutions was recognised by the Australian Government which selected the BP Solar-led

Blacktown Solar City consortium to implement its million Solar City project BP Solar is also a major

participant in the successful Adelaide and Alice Springs Solar Cities projects

Part of the Australian-based business is also renowned for the delivery of large-scale projects which

use solar to power community development in a number of Asian countries Thousands of people in

communities across the Philippines Sri Lanka and Malaysia have benefited from the installation of

BP Solar systems to power medical clinics schools farms and homes

PAGE 4

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Click on the module number to go to that module

OUTCOME BPEEP MODULE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

SCIENCE

Earth and Beyond

Sustainability of life and wise resource use X X X X X X X X X

Earth forces and materials X X X X X X X X

Relationships between the Earth our Solar

System and the Universe X

Energy and Change

Energy sources patterns and uses X X X X X X

Transfer and transformation X X

Natural and Processed Materials

Structures Properties and Uses X

Interactions and Changes X

SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Resources

Use of Resources X X X X X X X X

Management and Enterprise X X X X X X X X X X

People and Work X X X X X X

Place and Space

Features of Places X X

People and Places X X X

Care of Places X X X

Investigation Communication

Participation

Planning X X X X X X X X X X X

Conducting X X X X X X X X X X X

Processing and Translating X X X X X X X X X X X

Applying and Communicating X X X X X X X X X X X

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

DESCRIPTION OF CROSS CURRICULAR PROGRAM

Module 10 ldquoSolar Energyrdquo is predominantly focused upon Society and Environment

outcomes Investigation Communication and Participation and Resources and Science

outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change The module requires students to

investigate the option of solar energy as a substitute for fossil fuels The module applies

conceptual understandings of previous BPEEP modules and establishes new essential

knowledge for the students to apply in further modules as part of the BPEEP program

Teachers are encouraged to adopt a cross curricular approach with relevant learning areas

CONCEPTUAL FOCUS SKILLS FOCUS

How solar energy is generated

The conditions required for efficient solar energy

The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

as an energy resource

The extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the

environment

The potential of solar energy as a world wide

energy resource

The extent and importance of solar energy

in Australia

Ongoing literacy focus paragraphing

Science laboratory process skills

Viewing and information retrieval

Information retrieval note-taking

Internet Website information retrieval

Statistical data analysis and graphing

Group work and independent work

Research skills (as per SampE ICP ladder process)

DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT

Supporting the on-going literacy focus a paragraph task is included Though some conceptual understanding can

be levelled in certain Learning Area Outcomes teachers are encouraged to use the paragraph rubric (provided)

through the delivery of the BPEEP modules to monitor the studentrsquos ability to construct well structured paragraphs

over an extended period of time Consideration should be given to both modelling and scaffolding the paragraph

framework prior to assessing this vital literacy skill

To formally assess the students an assessment task and rubric is provided The task requires students to complete

two parts Firstly to design a wind turbine and present a report on the planning and testing process Secondly

to present an essay on wind energy as a future sustainable energy source The task is ideally suited to a cross

curricular approach where students follow the research process outlined by the ICP ladder and connected support

frameworks These resources are available in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource file

LITERACY FOCUS NUMERACY FOCUS PEDAGOGICAL FOCUS

A major on-going focus on

Paragraphing utilising paragraph

framework Also emphasis on

keywords note-taking and other

literacy oriented strategies

Graph and statistics interpretation

Shape space angles andmeasurement

Group Work

Inquiry based learning

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK VALUES STRAND NO

A pursuit of knowledge amp a commitment to achievement of full potential 11 ndash 17 (CF)

Self Acceptance and Respect of Self 21 ndash 25 (CF)

Respect and Concern for Others and Their Rights 31 ndash 37 (CF)

Social and Civic responsibility 44 48 49 (CF)

Environmental responsibility 52 53

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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OVERARCHING LEARNING OUTCOMES CONTEXT

1 Students use language to understand develop and communicate

ideas and information with others

Literacy Focus and wide range of

learning experiences

2 Students select integrate and apply numerical and spatial

concepts and techniques

Units of measurement and simples

calculations Map interpretation

3 Students recognise when and what information is needed locate

and obtain it from a range of sources and evaluate use and share

it with others

Focus of SampE ICP outcome and

associated skills eg keywords

note-taking sources

4 Students use select and apply technologies Internet (website) research

5 Students describe and reason about patterns structures and

relationships in order to understand interpret justify and make

predictions

Analysing current trends to predict

future outcomes

6 Students visualise consequences think laterally recognise

opportunity and potential and are prepared to test opinions

Use of fossil fuels and implications

for the future

7 Students understand and appreciate the physical biological and

technological world and have the knowledge and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

8 Students understand their cultural geographical and historical

contexts and have the knowledge values and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

9 Students interact with people and cultures other than their own

and are equipped to contribute to the global community

NA

10 Students participate in creative activity of their own and

understand and engage with the artistic cultural and intellectual

work of others

Learning Experiences comprising

of variety of tasks throughout

Conceptual Area 1

11 Students value and implement practices that promote personal

growth and well-being

Group Work and values oriented

learning

12 Students are self motivated and confident in their approach to

learning and area able to work individually and collaboratively

Range of teaching strategies ndash

individual and group work

13 Students recognise that everyone has the right to feel valued and

to be safe and in this regard understand their rights and obligations

and behave responsibly

Explicit teaching and

implementation of group learning

strategies

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

PAGE 8

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

PAGE 11

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Relevance to BP

BP Solarrsquos experience in the Australian market spans three decadesEstablished in Australia in 1985 BP Solar is a leading supplier of solar

photovoltaic (PV) products and services in the Australian solar market

Our Sydney Olympic Park facility is the base for the sales and marketing

services we provide throughout the Asia-Pacific region

At BP Solar we have some of the most experienced solar engineers project managers and sales

people in the region whose expertise ensures the successful delivery of our projects products

and services

Via a network of more than 150 Distributors and Dealers across Australia we supply solar electricity

products and systems to generate clean energy for homes boats recreational vehicles businesses

and farms With our products Australians are demonstrating environmental leadership and securing

their energy costs

BP Solar is recognised as a supplier of innovative and quality large-scale solar electricity systems

providing full turnkey services to commercial and industrial customers Some of the largest solar

electricity systems in Australia have been delivered by BP Solar such as 100kW on a Cadbury

Schweppes facility in Sydney 114kW on Adelaide International Airport and 200kW on the Queen

Victoria Markets in Melbourne Over the years we have also supplied solar power systems for

remote mining operations and telecommunication sites across this vast land

BP Solarrsquos expertise in the design and successful delivery of large-scale comprehensive solar

energy solutions was recognised by the Australian Government which selected the BP Solar-led

Blacktown Solar City consortium to implement its million Solar City project BP Solar is also a major

participant in the successful Adelaide and Alice Springs Solar Cities projects

Part of the Australian-based business is also renowned for the delivery of large-scale projects which

use solar to power community development in a number of Asian countries Thousands of people in

communities across the Philippines Sri Lanka and Malaysia have benefited from the installation of

BP Solar systems to power medical clinics schools farms and homes

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Click on the module number to go to that module

OUTCOME BPEEP MODULE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

SCIENCE

Earth and Beyond

Sustainability of life and wise resource use X X X X X X X X X

Earth forces and materials X X X X X X X X

Relationships between the Earth our Solar

System and the Universe X

Energy and Change

Energy sources patterns and uses X X X X X X

Transfer and transformation X X

Natural and Processed Materials

Structures Properties and Uses X

Interactions and Changes X

SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Resources

Use of Resources X X X X X X X X

Management and Enterprise X X X X X X X X X X

People and Work X X X X X X

Place and Space

Features of Places X X

People and Places X X X

Care of Places X X X

Investigation Communication

Participation

Planning X X X X X X X X X X X

Conducting X X X X X X X X X X X

Processing and Translating X X X X X X X X X X X

Applying and Communicating X X X X X X X X X X X

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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DESCRIPTION OF CROSS CURRICULAR PROGRAM

Module 10 ldquoSolar Energyrdquo is predominantly focused upon Society and Environment

outcomes Investigation Communication and Participation and Resources and Science

outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change The module requires students to

investigate the option of solar energy as a substitute for fossil fuels The module applies

conceptual understandings of previous BPEEP modules and establishes new essential

knowledge for the students to apply in further modules as part of the BPEEP program

Teachers are encouraged to adopt a cross curricular approach with relevant learning areas

CONCEPTUAL FOCUS SKILLS FOCUS

How solar energy is generated

The conditions required for efficient solar energy

The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

as an energy resource

The extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the

environment

The potential of solar energy as a world wide

energy resource

The extent and importance of solar energy

in Australia

Ongoing literacy focus paragraphing

Science laboratory process skills

Viewing and information retrieval

Information retrieval note-taking

Internet Website information retrieval

Statistical data analysis and graphing

Group work and independent work

Research skills (as per SampE ICP ladder process)

DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT

Supporting the on-going literacy focus a paragraph task is included Though some conceptual understanding can

be levelled in certain Learning Area Outcomes teachers are encouraged to use the paragraph rubric (provided)

through the delivery of the BPEEP modules to monitor the studentrsquos ability to construct well structured paragraphs

over an extended period of time Consideration should be given to both modelling and scaffolding the paragraph

framework prior to assessing this vital literacy skill

To formally assess the students an assessment task and rubric is provided The task requires students to complete

two parts Firstly to design a wind turbine and present a report on the planning and testing process Secondly

to present an essay on wind energy as a future sustainable energy source The task is ideally suited to a cross

curricular approach where students follow the research process outlined by the ICP ladder and connected support

frameworks These resources are available in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource file

LITERACY FOCUS NUMERACY FOCUS PEDAGOGICAL FOCUS

A major on-going focus on

Paragraphing utilising paragraph

framework Also emphasis on

keywords note-taking and other

literacy oriented strategies

Graph and statistics interpretation

Shape space angles andmeasurement

Group Work

Inquiry based learning

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK VALUES STRAND NO

A pursuit of knowledge amp a commitment to achievement of full potential 11 ndash 17 (CF)

Self Acceptance and Respect of Self 21 ndash 25 (CF)

Respect and Concern for Others and Their Rights 31 ndash 37 (CF)

Social and Civic responsibility 44 48 49 (CF)

Environmental responsibility 52 53

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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OVERARCHING LEARNING OUTCOMES CONTEXT

1 Students use language to understand develop and communicate

ideas and information with others

Literacy Focus and wide range of

learning experiences

2 Students select integrate and apply numerical and spatial

concepts and techniques

Units of measurement and simples

calculations Map interpretation

3 Students recognise when and what information is needed locate

and obtain it from a range of sources and evaluate use and share

it with others

Focus of SampE ICP outcome and

associated skills eg keywords

note-taking sources

4 Students use select and apply technologies Internet (website) research

5 Students describe and reason about patterns structures and

relationships in order to understand interpret justify and make

predictions

Analysing current trends to predict

future outcomes

6 Students visualise consequences think laterally recognise

opportunity and potential and are prepared to test opinions

Use of fossil fuels and implications

for the future

7 Students understand and appreciate the physical biological and

technological world and have the knowledge and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

8 Students understand their cultural geographical and historical

contexts and have the knowledge values and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

9 Students interact with people and cultures other than their own

and are equipped to contribute to the global community

NA

10 Students participate in creative activity of their own and

understand and engage with the artistic cultural and intellectual

work of others

Learning Experiences comprising

of variety of tasks throughout

Conceptual Area 1

11 Students value and implement practices that promote personal

growth and well-being

Group Work and values oriented

learning

12 Students are self motivated and confident in their approach to

learning and area able to work individually and collaboratively

Range of teaching strategies ndash

individual and group work

13 Students recognise that everyone has the right to feel valued and

to be safe and in this regard understand their rights and obligations

and behave responsibly

Explicit teaching and

implementation of group learning

strategies

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

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LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Click on the module number to go to that module

OUTCOME BPEEP MODULE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

SCIENCE

Earth and Beyond

Sustainability of life and wise resource use X X X X X X X X X

Earth forces and materials X X X X X X X X

Relationships between the Earth our Solar

System and the Universe X

Energy and Change

Energy sources patterns and uses X X X X X X

Transfer and transformation X X

Natural and Processed Materials

Structures Properties and Uses X

Interactions and Changes X

SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Resources

Use of Resources X X X X X X X X

Management and Enterprise X X X X X X X X X X

People and Work X X X X X X

Place and Space

Features of Places X X

People and Places X X X

Care of Places X X X

Investigation Communication

Participation

Planning X X X X X X X X X X X

Conducting X X X X X X X X X X X

Processing and Translating X X X X X X X X X X X

Applying and Communicating X X X X X X X X X X X

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

PAGE 5

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DESCRIPTION OF CROSS CURRICULAR PROGRAM

Module 10 ldquoSolar Energyrdquo is predominantly focused upon Society and Environment

outcomes Investigation Communication and Participation and Resources and Science

outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change The module requires students to

investigate the option of solar energy as a substitute for fossil fuels The module applies

conceptual understandings of previous BPEEP modules and establishes new essential

knowledge for the students to apply in further modules as part of the BPEEP program

Teachers are encouraged to adopt a cross curricular approach with relevant learning areas

CONCEPTUAL FOCUS SKILLS FOCUS

How solar energy is generated

The conditions required for efficient solar energy

The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

as an energy resource

The extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the

environment

The potential of solar energy as a world wide

energy resource

The extent and importance of solar energy

in Australia

Ongoing literacy focus paragraphing

Science laboratory process skills

Viewing and information retrieval

Information retrieval note-taking

Internet Website information retrieval

Statistical data analysis and graphing

Group work and independent work

Research skills (as per SampE ICP ladder process)

DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT

Supporting the on-going literacy focus a paragraph task is included Though some conceptual understanding can

be levelled in certain Learning Area Outcomes teachers are encouraged to use the paragraph rubric (provided)

through the delivery of the BPEEP modules to monitor the studentrsquos ability to construct well structured paragraphs

over an extended period of time Consideration should be given to both modelling and scaffolding the paragraph

framework prior to assessing this vital literacy skill

To formally assess the students an assessment task and rubric is provided The task requires students to complete

two parts Firstly to design a wind turbine and present a report on the planning and testing process Secondly

to present an essay on wind energy as a future sustainable energy source The task is ideally suited to a cross

curricular approach where students follow the research process outlined by the ICP ladder and connected support

frameworks These resources are available in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource file

LITERACY FOCUS NUMERACY FOCUS PEDAGOGICAL FOCUS

A major on-going focus on

Paragraphing utilising paragraph

framework Also emphasis on

keywords note-taking and other

literacy oriented strategies

Graph and statistics interpretation

Shape space angles andmeasurement

Group Work

Inquiry based learning

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK VALUES STRAND NO

A pursuit of knowledge amp a commitment to achievement of full potential 11 ndash 17 (CF)

Self Acceptance and Respect of Self 21 ndash 25 (CF)

Respect and Concern for Others and Their Rights 31 ndash 37 (CF)

Social and Civic responsibility 44 48 49 (CF)

Environmental responsibility 52 53

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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OVERARCHING LEARNING OUTCOMES CONTEXT

1 Students use language to understand develop and communicate

ideas and information with others

Literacy Focus and wide range of

learning experiences

2 Students select integrate and apply numerical and spatial

concepts and techniques

Units of measurement and simples

calculations Map interpretation

3 Students recognise when and what information is needed locate

and obtain it from a range of sources and evaluate use and share

it with others

Focus of SampE ICP outcome and

associated skills eg keywords

note-taking sources

4 Students use select and apply technologies Internet (website) research

5 Students describe and reason about patterns structures and

relationships in order to understand interpret justify and make

predictions

Analysing current trends to predict

future outcomes

6 Students visualise consequences think laterally recognise

opportunity and potential and are prepared to test opinions

Use of fossil fuels and implications

for the future

7 Students understand and appreciate the physical biological and

technological world and have the knowledge and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

8 Students understand their cultural geographical and historical

contexts and have the knowledge values and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

9 Students interact with people and cultures other than their own

and are equipped to contribute to the global community

NA

10 Students participate in creative activity of their own and

understand and engage with the artistic cultural and intellectual

work of others

Learning Experiences comprising

of variety of tasks throughout

Conceptual Area 1

11 Students value and implement practices that promote personal

growth and well-being

Group Work and values oriented

learning

12 Students are self motivated and confident in their approach to

learning and area able to work individually and collaboratively

Range of teaching strategies ndash

individual and group work

13 Students recognise that everyone has the right to feel valued and

to be safe and in this regard understand their rights and obligations

and behave responsibly

Explicit teaching and

implementation of group learning

strategies

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

PAGE 7

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DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

PAGE 8

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LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

PAGE 9

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

PAGE 10

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

PAGE 11

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

PAGE 27

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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DESCRIPTION OF CROSS CURRICULAR PROGRAM

Module 10 ldquoSolar Energyrdquo is predominantly focused upon Society and Environment

outcomes Investigation Communication and Participation and Resources and Science

outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change The module requires students to

investigate the option of solar energy as a substitute for fossil fuels The module applies

conceptual understandings of previous BPEEP modules and establishes new essential

knowledge for the students to apply in further modules as part of the BPEEP program

Teachers are encouraged to adopt a cross curricular approach with relevant learning areas

CONCEPTUAL FOCUS SKILLS FOCUS

How solar energy is generated

The conditions required for efficient solar energy

The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

as an energy resource

The extent of solar energyrsquos impact on the

environment

The potential of solar energy as a world wide

energy resource

The extent and importance of solar energy

in Australia

Ongoing literacy focus paragraphing

Science laboratory process skills

Viewing and information retrieval

Information retrieval note-taking

Internet Website information retrieval

Statistical data analysis and graphing

Group work and independent work

Research skills (as per SampE ICP ladder process)

DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT

Supporting the on-going literacy focus a paragraph task is included Though some conceptual understanding can

be levelled in certain Learning Area Outcomes teachers are encouraged to use the paragraph rubric (provided)

through the delivery of the BPEEP modules to monitor the studentrsquos ability to construct well structured paragraphs

over an extended period of time Consideration should be given to both modelling and scaffolding the paragraph

framework prior to assessing this vital literacy skill

To formally assess the students an assessment task and rubric is provided The task requires students to complete

two parts Firstly to design a wind turbine and present a report on the planning and testing process Secondly

to present an essay on wind energy as a future sustainable energy source The task is ideally suited to a cross

curricular approach where students follow the research process outlined by the ICP ladder and connected support

frameworks These resources are available in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource file

LITERACY FOCUS NUMERACY FOCUS PEDAGOGICAL FOCUS

A major on-going focus on

Paragraphing utilising paragraph

framework Also emphasis on

keywords note-taking and other

literacy oriented strategies

Graph and statistics interpretation

Shape space angles andmeasurement

Group Work

Inquiry based learning

CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK VALUES STRAND NO

A pursuit of knowledge amp a commitment to achievement of full potential 11 ndash 17 (CF)

Self Acceptance and Respect of Self 21 ndash 25 (CF)

Respect and Concern for Others and Their Rights 31 ndash 37 (CF)

Social and Civic responsibility 44 48 49 (CF)

Environmental responsibility 52 53

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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OVERARCHING LEARNING OUTCOMES CONTEXT

1 Students use language to understand develop and communicate

ideas and information with others

Literacy Focus and wide range of

learning experiences

2 Students select integrate and apply numerical and spatial

concepts and techniques

Units of measurement and simples

calculations Map interpretation

3 Students recognise when and what information is needed locate

and obtain it from a range of sources and evaluate use and share

it with others

Focus of SampE ICP outcome and

associated skills eg keywords

note-taking sources

4 Students use select and apply technologies Internet (website) research

5 Students describe and reason about patterns structures and

relationships in order to understand interpret justify and make

predictions

Analysing current trends to predict

future outcomes

6 Students visualise consequences think laterally recognise

opportunity and potential and are prepared to test opinions

Use of fossil fuels and implications

for the future

7 Students understand and appreciate the physical biological and

technological world and have the knowledge and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

8 Students understand their cultural geographical and historical

contexts and have the knowledge values and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

9 Students interact with people and cultures other than their own

and are equipped to contribute to the global community

NA

10 Students participate in creative activity of their own and

understand and engage with the artistic cultural and intellectual

work of others

Learning Experiences comprising

of variety of tasks throughout

Conceptual Area 1

11 Students value and implement practices that promote personal

growth and well-being

Group Work and values oriented

learning

12 Students are self motivated and confident in their approach to

learning and area able to work individually and collaboratively

Range of teaching strategies ndash

individual and group work

13 Students recognise that everyone has the right to feel valued and

to be safe and in this regard understand their rights and obligations

and behave responsibly

Explicit teaching and

implementation of group learning

strategies

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

PAGE 8

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LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

PAGE 9

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

PAGE 10

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

PAGE 11

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

PAGE 18

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

PAGE 27

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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OVERARCHING LEARNING OUTCOMES CONTEXT

1 Students use language to understand develop and communicate

ideas and information with others

Literacy Focus and wide range of

learning experiences

2 Students select integrate and apply numerical and spatial

concepts and techniques

Units of measurement and simples

calculations Map interpretation

3 Students recognise when and what information is needed locate

and obtain it from a range of sources and evaluate use and share

it with others

Focus of SampE ICP outcome and

associated skills eg keywords

note-taking sources

4 Students use select and apply technologies Internet (website) research

5 Students describe and reason about patterns structures and

relationships in order to understand interpret justify and make

predictions

Analysing current trends to predict

future outcomes

6 Students visualise consequences think laterally recognise

opportunity and potential and are prepared to test opinions

Use of fossil fuels and implications

for the future

7 Students understand and appreciate the physical biological and

technological world and have the knowledge and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

8 Students understand their cultural geographical and historical

contexts and have the knowledge values and skills to make

decisions in relation to it

Conceptual Area 1

9 Students interact with people and cultures other than their own

and are equipped to contribute to the global community

NA

10 Students participate in creative activity of their own and

understand and engage with the artistic cultural and intellectual

work of others

Learning Experiences comprising

of variety of tasks throughout

Conceptual Area 1

11 Students value and implement practices that promote personal

growth and well-being

Group Work and values oriented

learning

12 Students are self motivated and confident in their approach to

learning and area able to work individually and collaboratively

Range of teaching strategies ndash

individual and group work

13 Students recognise that everyone has the right to feel valued and

to be safe and in this regard understand their rights and obligations

and behave responsibly

Explicit teaching and

implementation of group learning

strategies

BPEEP Learning Area OutcomeAspect Coverage

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DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

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LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

PAGE 9

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

PAGE 10

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

PAGE 11

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

PAGE 27

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

PAGE 30

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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DAY TIMELEARNING

EXPERIENCELEARNING AREA LEARNING TASK

CONCEPTUAL AREA 1 THE ORIGIN OF FOSSIL FUELS

1 60 minutes Experience 11

lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Science Brainstorm

Classification

2 60 minutes Experience 12

lsquoHow does a

photovoltaic cell workrsquo

Science Internet based research

3 60 minutes Experience 13

lsquoHistory of Solar

Energyrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Transcript

4 60 minutes Experience 14

lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

5 60 minutes Experience 15

lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

Science Science Laboratory

6 60 minutes Experience 16

lsquoSolar Energy Case

Studiesrsquo

Science

Society and

Environment

Internet based case

study research

7 60 minutes Experience 17

Paragraph Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Paragraph Task

8-9 120 minutes Experience 18 lsquoAlternative Energy

Essayrsquo

ScienceSociety and

Environment

Essay Task

10- To be determined by

the teacher

Experience 19

Assessment Task

Science

Society and

Environment

Science Laboratory

Marketing assessment

Suggested Teaching Timeframe

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LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

PAGE 9

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

PAGE 10

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

PAGE 11

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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LEARNING AREA Science Society and Environment

OUTCOMES Energy amp Change (Sci)

Earth amp Beyond (Sci)

Investigation Communication amp Participation

(SampE)

PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT Early Adolescent

CONCEPTUAL AREA Solar Energy

KEY UNDERSTANDINGS Students will be able to determine the potential for solar energy to

be increasingly used as an energy resource reducing dependenceon the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

CONCEPTUAL

UNDERSTANDINGSSKILLS VALUES

bull Explain how solar energy is used

bull Describe how solar energy is

generated

bull Identify the conditions required for

efficient solar energy

bull Identify and describe the

advantages and disadvantages

of solar energy as an energy

resourcebull Describe the extent of solar

energyrsquos impact on the

environment

bull Determine the potential of solar

energy as a world wide energy

resource

bull Examine the extent and

importance of solar energy in

Australia

bull Diagramming

bull Timelines

bull Information retrieval

bull Brainstormmind-map

bull Note-taking

bull Focus Questions

bull Science Laboratory Process

bull Statistics

bull Paragraph Framework

bull Research ndash Internetwebsite

11 ndash 17

21 ndash 25

31 ndash 37

41 42 44 47 48 49

52 53 54

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

This series of learning experiences aims to promote the need for world energy companies to explore alternative

energy sources other than fossil fuels This module explores the potential for solar energy to be increasingly usedas an energy resource reducing dependence on the highly consumed fossil fuels as energy resources

For the purpose of this Learning Experience the teacher should consult relevant websites on solar energy

BPrsquos website is a good starting point (wwwbpcom) The information below provides a concise overview of

solar energy it is adapted from the ldquoHow Solar Worksrdquo page of the BP Australia website httpwwwbpcom

sectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

There are two types of solar energy

1 Solar photovoltaic energy

Photovoltaics (PV) are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light directly into electricity They are

usually made of silicon with traces of other elements and are first cousins to transistors computer chips and other

electronic devices

A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of layers of semiconductor materials with different

electronic properties In a typical BP Solar crystalline silicon cell the bulk of the material is silicon doped with asmall quantity of boron to give it a positive or p-type character A thin layer on the front of the cell is doped with

phosphorous to give it a negative or n-type character The interface between these two layers contains an electric

field and is called a junction

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

PAGE 10

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

PAGE 11

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

PAGE 14

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

TEACHER INFORMATION

Light consists of particles called photons When light hits the solar cell some of the photons are absorbed in the

region of the junction freeing electrons in the silicon crystal If the photons have enough energy the electrons will

be able to overcome the electric field at the junction and are free to move through the silicon atoms in the cell and

into an external circuit as energy As they flow through the external circuit they give up their energy as useful work

(turning motors lighting lamps etc) and return to the solar cell The photovoltaic process is completely solid-state

and self-contained There are no moving parts and no materials are consumed or emitted

During a typical sunny day one square metre of solar cells exposed to the sun at noon will receive approximately 1

kilowatt (kW) of energy from the sun BP Solarrsquos multicrystalline cells convert roughly 15 of this into electricity

generating 150 Watts in full sunshine

2 Solar thermal energy ndash

Energy from the sun is used to heat water Solar hot water systems work this way Water can also be heated to

create steam to drive a turbine to generate electricity

Advantages of using solar energy

bull Itrsquos almost free once the equipment is installed

bull Energy from the sun is renewable (it wonrsquot run out)

bull It is very useful for remote areas that are not connected to the main electricity grid

bull When replacing a diesel generator it can reduce or eliminate the need to bring in diesel fuel across vast

distances

bull It is environmentally safe (ie it produces no greenhouse gases or other fumes)

bull It is silent

bull Unlike other renewable energy generators such as large wind turbines and hydro power solar can be installed

just about anywhere including urban areas

Disadvantages of using solar energy

bull It doesnrsquot work well on days when it is overcast or cloudy and it doesnrsquot work at all at night

bull

Solar generators are expensivebull High energy users such as businesses schools and factories often donrsquot have enough roof space to install all

the solar power they might need

PAGE 10

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

PAGE 11

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

PAGE 12

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

PAGE 14

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

PAGE 16

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

PAGE 17

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

PAGE 18

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

PAGE 19

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

RESOURCES EQUIPMENT

Copies of worksheets attached to learning experiences

Paragraph framework and rubric

Access to computersinternet

Science Laboratory Equipment for Solar Cells

Photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Science Laboratory Equipment for Heating Water

5 containers of varying size and shape

Black paint or black bin liners

Thermometer

Measuring Cylinder

Measuring Tape

Ruler

Clear plastic food wrap

Styrofoam cups

Masking tape

Newspapers

Water

Student Prior Knowledge Prior to delivering this module it is recommended that students

would have completed all or some aspects of several modules including Module 1 What is

Energy Module 5 Oil economics Module 6 Peak Oil Module 7 Climate Change and Module8 Alternative Energy This provides students with an understanding of the need to optimise the

potential of energy sources like solar energy to substitute for and reduce our dependence on

fossil fuels

PAGE 11

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

PAGE 14

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

PAGE 18

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

PAGE 19

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 20

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

PAGE 27

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

PAGE 28

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

PAGE 29

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

PAGE 34

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experience 11 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo

Before investigating the potential for solar energy to be used as an energy source students should

reflect on what they already know about the use of solar Students should initially brainstorm what

they know about how humans use solar This brainstorm could be developed through the use of

a lsquothink pair and sharersquo strategy The teacher should introduce the two main categories of solar

energy solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal energy to the students The students should

refer to their brainstorm and classify their examples into these two categories

Using the pluses and minuses framework the students should be provided an opportunity to reflect

and record their initial thoughts on the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy The teacher

may opt to use a card cluster on the board to display the studentrsquos initial ideas Alternatively the

students could share their best examples in small groups A class discussion should be facilitated

by teacher questioning leading to the main idea of the potential solar energy offers in catering for

Australiarsquos energy needs

go to Learning Experience 11 worksheet

Learning Experience 12 lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo

This learning experience requires students to research how a photovoltaic cell works It is suggestedthe students access the following websites

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

If students are unable to access these websites they should access the school library or classroom

textbooks

Students need to complete the worksheet lsquoHow does a photovoltaic cell workrsquo The worksheet

requires students to consider key terms such as conductor insulator and semiconductor how

solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using

photovoltaic cells to produce electricity Once completed the worksheet should form the basis ofteacher instruction and questioning to reinforce student understanding Before discussing responses

as a class it is suggested that the students work with a partner to share and modify their responses

to the questions

go to Learning Experience 12 worksheet

PAGE 12

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

PAGE 13

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

PAGE 14

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 13 lsquoHistory of Solar EnergyrsquoThe ABC transcript located at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm forms

the basis of this learning experience Presented in script form an opportunity is available for teachers

to allow selected students to role play the discussion about the history of solar energy Alternatively

the teacher may opt to simply read through the script and discuss the issues that are raised with the

class Once the students are familiar with the script they should be provided with a period of time

to read through it again and identify the main ideas of the transcript Students should then complete

the worksheet questions which should prompt class discussion Using the information presented

in the transcript students should create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in

the use of solar energy The timeline should start at 400BC and end at current day living Students

should use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like solar water heating This

provides the teacher with an opportunity to teach timeline construction

go to Learning Experience 13 worksheet

Learning Experience 14 lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo

The experiment lsquoSolar Cellsrsquo aims to investigate how the tilt angle of photovoltaic cell will affect its

electrical output

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of studentsbull Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

bull Wires with alligator clips

bull Voltmeter

bull Ammeter

bull Protractor

Solar kits containing a solar cell motor fan buzzer and connector wires (no ammeter or voltmeter)

can be purchased from the BP Educational Service at wwwbpescom

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed

1) Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)(-)

(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

PAGE 16

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

PAGE 17

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

PAGE 18

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

PAGE 19

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

PAGE 22

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

PAGE 23

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

PAGE 24

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

2) Place the solar cell in sunlight

3) Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4) Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to complete the discussion

questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion to reinforce and

consolidate student understanding

As an extension to this practical task the teacher may choose to extend the students and get them

to plan and conduct a science laboratory process to consider the variables that can affect the

electrical output of a PV cell for example time of day use of reflectors and shade

Students design and conduct an investigation to investigate one of these variables Students should

work in groups and produce a laboratory report

go to Learning Experience 14 worksheet

Learning Experience 15 lsquoHeating Waterrsquo

The experiment lsquoHeating Waterrsquo aims to investigate the effect the size and shape of a hot water

collector will have on its ability to heat water

This activity is based on the experiment ldquoCollecting Solar Energy Is Bigger Betterrdquo fromwwwwattsonschoolscom

Before conducting the experiment students should develop their own hypothesis in relation to the

task and consider the variables that should be taken into account If students are not familiar with

science laboratory process the teacher may decide to facilitate this section

To conduct the experiment in class the following equipment is required per group of students

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

To conduct the experiment the following method should be followed1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

After conducting the experiment the students should use their records to graph their results andcomplete the discussion questions These questions should form the basis of classroom discussion

to reinforce and consolidate student understanding

go to Learning Experience 15 worksheet

Learning Experience 16 lsquoSolar Energy Case Studiesrsquo

This learning experience requires students to access the information found at the following website

address

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

To complete the research activity the teacher may opt to get students to work independently or in

groups of 3 The students need to use the information to find out the projects BP Solar are involved

with in supplying clean energy for homes businesses and industry Students need to choose an

Australian Case Study from each of these categories and summarise them using the note taking

framework that is provided

If working in groups students should be assigned one category each and then report that

information back to their group

The teacher could extend students to look at international community case studies Individual

students could nominate separate case study examples and report this back to the class or present

a summary sheet that could be collated to form a class overview of solar energy projects and

examples International community case studies can be found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9020418ampcontentId=7038605

The focus question provided following the note-taking framework requires students to consider the

benefits obstacles and environmental implications of solar energy use These should be used as

discussion points in class

go to Learning Experience 16 worksheet

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

PAGE 16

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

PAGE 17

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

PAGE 19

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

PAGE 22

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

PAGE 23

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Learning Experience 17 Paragraph TaskUsing the lsquoThink Plan Write Edit and Presentrsquo paragraph framework students under test

conditions should respond to the following statement

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels to meet our ever

increasing energy needsrdquo

For this written task it is recommended students be permitted to use their notes to assist in

completing this task

To enhance student application of the editing process it is suggested students take drafted

paragraphs (THINK PLAN and WRITE stages of framework) home to complete the EDIT and

PRESENT stages A rubric is provided to assess studentrsquos application of the paragraph framework(numerically based) Teachers may opt to use lsquoone offrsquo paragraphs as further evidence of student

attainment of levels in certain aspects of Learning Area outcomes

NOTE ndash Paragraph Rubric and Edit Checklist are located in the appendices

Paragraph Framework ndash Explanation

bull The initial part of the paragraph framework requires the students to brainstorm all relevant

information to the main idea of the paragraph This is the lsquoTHINKrsquo component

bull With a set of initial thoughts students plan the structure of the content in their paragraph Using

the lsquohamburgerrsquo framework students sort ideas into the four main types of sentences Statement

(or Topic Sentence) Explanation (or Developing Sentences) Examples (or Supporting Sentence s) and Conclusion (or Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoPLANrsquo component

bull Students draft their paragraph at this stage using their Plan as a guide Emphasis should be

placed on the students identifying each type of sentence to ensure the paragraph is correctly

structured This can be done by a colour a scheme for each sentence type or simply labelling

after sentences with TS (Topic Sentence) DS (Developing Sentence) SS (Supporting Sentence)

and CS (Concluding Sentence) This is the lsquoWRITErsquo component

bull Once drafted students should edit their paragraph Spelling grammar and punctuation should all

be a focus as well as ensuring all four types of sentences correctly structure the paragraph As

well as self peer or parental editing should be encouraged This is the lsquoEDITrsquo component

bull Once a full edit process is completed the student is ready to present their paragraph All

corrections should be made and sentence identification (ie TS DS SS and CS) removed This isthe lsquoPRESENTrsquo component

go to Learning Experience 17 worksheet

Learning Experience 18 Alternative Energy Debate Essay

This written assessment task requires students to plan and present an essay The essay topic is

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar energy with

another alternative energy source (preferably LNG or Wind as covered in other modules) to meet

our energy needs

Students need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy

sources They need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best

potential to meet future energy needs in Australia Students should use the essay planning

framework provided to gather and organise their information

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to access past learning experience work the library class textbooks and theinternet to research and prepare for their alternative energy debate

It should be expected that students use the paragraph framework to draft all their essay paragraphs

Teachers should determine whether this task is set as an in-class or homework task

A rubric is provided

go to Learning Experience 18 worksheet

Learning Experience 19 Assessment Task

Cross Curricular Opportunity

The assessment task is split into two parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Science lsquoInvestigating

Scientifically Processrsquo (a marking guide is provided source unknown)

Part B Marketing Strategy of PV Cell Device

This aspect of the major assessment task is primarily driven by the Society and Environment

process outcome of Investigation Communication and Participation The Society and Environmentoutcome Resources and Science outcomes Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change are the focus

conceptual outcomes for the task

There are also possible extended cross curricular links with Technology and Enterprise given the

taskrsquos potential for presentations such as power point If the teacher opts to have students present

their work as an oral presentation a link to English and their Speaking and Listening outcome exists

Prior to this task it is recommended most if not all of the Learning Experiences covered in

Module 10 lsquoSolar Energyrsquo are covered in class All learning experiences would provide very useful

information to assist students in demonstrating their understanding of the topic

The assessment task suits either individual student or group completion and presentations the

teacher should determine this The assessment requires students to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a Solar Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A DESIGN A Solar Cell Device and Report

The task requires students to use their knowledge of solar PV cells (especially Learning Experience

12 and 14) to design produce and test a device that will allow a PV cell to produce an optimum

electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

Students can make their device out of any household materials they would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that it can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

PAGE 17

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

PAGE 18

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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PAGE 20

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

PAGE 23

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

PAGE 26

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

PAGE 27

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Students will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of their device It isimportant to not only have a good design but they must be able to show the process they took to

find it

Therefore they will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your solar PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your solar PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as a report students must also submit their solar PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy PV Cell Device

The second part of the assessment requires students to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

The students marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of their PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits their PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

It is recommended the teacher spend some time investigating with the students how businesses

go about marketing their products for sale This approach would best be suited to a Society and

Environment teaching and learning program

As part of the ICP Outcome assessment students will need to submit all aspects of the ICP ladder

process including

bull A3 Planning Sheet (task in own words goals 3-Levels of Questioning brainstorm reference list)

bull All your note-taking (including the use of a variety of frameworks HAKD structured

overview PMI SWOT keyword summary )

bull A learning journal (including initial prediction mid-way review final self-evaluation and on-going

daily progress reflections)

bull All their draft work (including all paragraphs drafted using the paragraph framework)

bull Their good copy (be proud of what you submit)

PAGE 18

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

PAGE 22

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

PAGE 23

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

PAGE 24

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Conceptual Area 1 Solar Energy

Teachers should provide students with a blank ICP ladder that guides the student through theresearch assessment process This is initially supported in the planning stage by the ICP planning

sheet (should be photocopied A3 size) The planning sheet provides a framework for students to

explain the task in their own words consider the outcomes they may cover set their assessment

goals develop their literal inferential and evaluative focus research questions and consider the

sources they will utilise and the note-taking frameworks they will use to collect their information

The teacher should encourage students to use appropriate note-taking frameworks for collecting

their information To ensure students seek information that enables a viewpoint and argument to be

developed about their chosen energy source they should use frameworks including PMI (Pluses

Minuses and Interesting) SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats) and table

summary (For Against Neutral) Students should utilise all sources of information available to them

library newspaper internet questionnaire guest speaker TV documentaries letters to industry requests for information packs

The BP website (wwwbpcom) is also a good starting point

An assessment rubric is provided incorporating the Society and Environment outcomes

Investigation Communication and Participation and the Resources Outcome as well as the Science

Earth and Beyond and Energy and Change Outcomes

go to Learning Experience 19 worksheet

Monitoring and Evaluation

Student understanding of Solar Energy as an alternative energy option is assessed throughbull The completion of learning experience tasks

bull A paragraph task for which a rubric is provided in the appendix section of the BPEEP resource

file to assess the studentrsquos ability to construct a well structured paragraph Paragraphs should

be used by the teacher as evidence toward the attainment of conceptual outcome levels

bull A science laboratory activity that requires students to design a PV Cell Device

bull A marketing strategy of their PV Cell Device looking at the benefits and long term potential of

solar energy

bull An essay assessment task requiring students to present a report on the potential of solar

energy to meet the energy needs of Australia in comparison to another alternative energy

source The task sheet supporting frameworks and rubric are provided

Teachers are encouraged to utilize informal assessment practices throughout the module to

continually monitor and consolidate student understandings

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

PAGE 23

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

PAGE 24

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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Solar Energy

Light and heat energy from the sun is referred to as solar energy Humans have been harnessing

the power of the sun for thousands of years

Brainstorm How do humans use solar energy

Solar energy can be divided into two main categories solar photovoltaic energy and solar thermal

energy

bull Solar photovoltaic energy uses photovoltaic cells also known as solar cells to convert sunlight

directly into electricity

bull Solar thermal energy is absorbed by objects and used to heat things For example in summer the

water in a pool uses solar thermal energy to heat the water

Table The ideas you brainstormed previously will be able to be divided into these two main

categories

SOLAR ENERGY

Uses of solar photovoltaic energy Uses of solar thermal energy

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 11

To dry clothes

SOLAR

ENERGY

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

PAGE 22

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

PAGE 23

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

PAGE 24

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

PAGE 28

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

PAGE 30

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Learning Experience 11 (contd)

Solar energy is a renewable resource that is available right now So why arenrsquot we using it to powerall of our needs

There are lots of advantages to using solar energy but there are also disadvantages

List What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy are

PLUS

+MINUS

-

Why would Australia be an ideal country to start using solar energy to power more of its needs

Think about the conditions needed for solar energy to be used efficiently

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

PAGE 23

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 12

How does a Photovoltaic Cell Work

Use the internet textbooks and library searches to complete the following activities If you are

using the internet the following websites will provide you with useful information

bull httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

bull httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

bull httpwikipediaorg

What is the function of a solar photovoltaic cell

What is another name for a photovoltaic cell

What substance are photovoltaic cells usually made out of

Find definitions for the following terms

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

Find out how a solar photovoltaic cell converts solar energy into electrical energy Use diagrams and

text to explain your answer

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

PAGE 30

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Learning Experience 12 (contd)

A number of factors can affect how well a photovoltaic cell works Find 3 factors that can affect

their efficiency

1)

2)

3)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cells to produce electricity

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

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7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Learning Experience 13

History of Solar Energy

Read the transcript of a discussion on the history of solar energy on ABC Radio National between

interviewer Alexandra de Blas and John Perlin

Original Transcript found at httpwwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess96751htm

History of Solar Energy

Broadcast on Saturday 161200

Summary

Author John Perlin talks about the history of solar energy dating back to ancient Greece

Transcript

While we slug it out over how to cut our Greenhouse gas emissions its sobering to think that the Greeks and

Romans were working with solar energy over 2000 years ago

Author John Perlin is fascinated by the way civilisations have developed technologies to utilise the sun

The Greeks were the first to use solar architecture They oriented their houses to make use of the sun during

winter while obscuring its rays during summer and entire cities were built this way as early as 400 BC

But the Romans took it even further and incorporated the sun into their legal system

John Perlin After the Greeks the Romans improved upon Greek solar architecture they developed window glass

and window glass allows sunlight to come in but traps solar heat much like in your car when you park it in the

sunlight And the Romans needed sunlight so much that they put it into their legal system that you could not deny

someone their solar access and that was in the Opieans Digesture (spelling tbc) which is sort of like I guess thecode of the Romans

Alexandra de Blas Was solar energy used in any other ways at that time

John Perlin Yes well in Rome it was used for example to allow the Romans to enjoy the fruits and vegetables

of their conquests For example when they went to the Middle East or to Africa they would bring home exotic

fruits and vegetables and they would want to force them in their colder climate and they used glass covers for

greenhouses

Alexandra de Blas What happened to solar technologies as Europe went into the Dark Ages

John Perlin Well what happened was most people stopped using glass and glass allows people to better use

solar energy The Greeks I must say did not have glass it was the Romans who invented window glass although

glass had been used for thousands of years for decorations it was the Romans who got the idea to use clear glass

for glazings

Alexandra de Blas So when were the first solar water heaters as we know them today developed

John Perlin In the 18th century a French-Swiss scientist began to experiment to see how much heat window

glass could actually trap So he built a little box and put several glass tops on it and found out he could reach above

boiling point inside the box and then someone thought of putting tanks of water inside and painting them black to

heat water and that was invented in Maryland USA And then it became very big in the 1890s in California

Alexandra de Blas Then thatrsquos led on to the solar water heaters we have now

John Perlin In 1909 to improve upon the tank-type heater because the tank-type heater would still have water

in it during the night and it would cool down a person named William J Bailey in California separated the water

heating system with the water storage system and developed that type and thatrsquos the type that actually is used in

Australia today

Alexandra de Blas You recently completed another book which is called lsquoFrom Space to Earth the Story of Solar

Electricityrsquo which covers the history of photovoltaics When were photovoltaics first discovered

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

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Notes

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Alexandra de Blas And thatrsquos the photovoltaic effect which forms the basis for the solar cells we use now But

when were the first modern PV cells developed

John Perlin The people who discovered the solar cell that we use today were three Americans working on

the transistor in the early 1950s They were the people who initiated the revolution in silicon that we now all

participate in and they were building what we call transistors which are small electrical devices that are the

electronics for everything we use today And they found that if you built a transistor in a certain way you would

have a very efficient solar cell

Alexandra de Blas Well solar cells are used to power satellites how important has that linkage been for the

development of the solar cell itself

John Perlin Well actually if it hadnrsquot been for the satellite industry solar cells would have never have taken off

because in the 1950s you have to understand the solar cells were extremely expensive and there was absolutely

no use for them until satellites came And the whole point of satellites is that theyrsquore up in space and they need

power and you donrsquot have a telephone line or what you call mains power line to connect And so yoursquore willing topay almost any price for energy because the real price is lifting it off and if you donrsquot have some kind of power

source that will allow the satellite to last for a long time yoursquore going to lose millions and millions of dollars

Alexandra de Blas So that made a huge difference

John Perlin Right What it did it created the first sustainable market for solar power

Alexandra de Blas How do you see the future of photovoltaics

John Perlin Well I see it every day intruding more and more in the urban landscape I mean for example when

I was driven from Melbourne airport to Geelong my driver said lsquoWell what about solar cells where are theyrsquo

And then I started on the highway just pointing out solar cells one after another because they seem to be used in

Australia right now in many urban applications For example billboards like in Geelong you see them powering the

bus shelter illumination I would say itrsquos one of the most successful industries right now in the world itrsquos growing

by about 25 a year

Alexandra de Blas But the solar industry is still small scale when compared to the oil industry BP is supposedly

one of the world leaders in the solar field but for every $10000 they spend on oil exploration they only spend $16

on solar So whatrsquos going to bring the solar industry to a point where it can genuinely compete with fossil fuels

John Perlin Well right now therersquos so many applications for solar cells that fossil fuels cannot hope to compete

with because the solar cells are perfect for delivering energy where mains power cannot go And there are

two-and-a-half-billion people who are not hooked up to mains power And for these people solar cells are the

ideal means of say the difference between having a light at night and your children succeeding in school or not

And for example in Kenya tens of thousands of solar installations are going up right now and in South Africa too

because just like in Australia where Telecom Australia which is now Telstra had made a national commitment that

for everybody in the nation they would have the same quality of communication and that calls for an incredible

amount of use of solar cells In South Africa they promised electricity to everyone and they can only deliver that if

they use on a large scale photovoltaics

PAGE 26

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

PAGE 27

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

PAGE 28

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Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

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Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

PAGE 30

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Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 2956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 13 (contd)

History of Solar EnergyWhen did Greeks and Romans begin to use solar energy

Greeks used lsquosolar architecturersquo since 400BC What did this involve

How did the Romans use window glass and solar energy

Why is glass so important to the successful use of solar energy

How did the experiments of a French-Swiss scientist in the 18th century led to the first solar

water heaters

How did William J Bailey improve on the original design of solar water heaters

What do telegraphs have to do with the discovery of photovoltaics

PAGE 27

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Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

PAGE 28

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

PAGE 29

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

PAGE 30

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

PAGE 34

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 36

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 13 (contd)

Satellites played a very important role in the development of photovoltaic energy Explain the rolethat they played

Name two uses of solar photovoltaics in Australia

What property of solar cells gives them an advantage over fossil fuels

Why is this important to people in rural Australia South Africa and Kenya

ACTIVITY Create a solar energy timeline showing major developments in the use of solar energy Start

at 400 BC and end at current day living Use text and pictures to illustrate the major developments like

solar water heating Complete the table below to map out the history of solar energy

YEAR DEVELOPMENT

PAGE 28

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

PAGE 29

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

PAGE 30

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

PAGE 34

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 36

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 14

Solar Cells

Aim

To investigate how the tilt angle of a solar cell will affect its electrical output

Materials

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell

Wires with alligator clips

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Protractor

Method

1 Connect the solar cell to the voltmeter and the ammeter using the wires and alligator clips

A

V

(+) (+)

(-)

(-)(+)

(-)

Solar

panel

2 Place the solar cell in sunlight

3 Using the protractor angle the cell so that it is at 0 degrees Take readings from the ammeter

and the voltmeter Record your results

4 Repeat Step 3 at 20 45 60 and 90 degree angles

Results

ANGLE CURRENT (AMPS) VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

0o

20o

45o

60o

90

o

PAGE 29

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3256

s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

PAGE 30

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3456

s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

PAGE 34

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 36

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

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s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

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s ol ar ene

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

PAGE 52

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3256

s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 14 (contd)

DiscussionHow did the angle of the PV cell affect its electrical output

Which angle was gave the best electrical output

Do you think that this angle would be the most appropriate at every point during the day Explainyour answer

Extension

There are a number of variables that can affect the electrical output of a PV cell For example

bull Time of day

bull Use of reflectors

bull Shade

In your class design and conduct experiments to investigate the effect of these factors on the

electrical output of PV cells

Each group will be given a different variable to investigate and they are to produce a lab report that

includes the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull

Resultsbull Discussion

PAGE 30

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

PAGE 34

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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PAGE 36

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4256

s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15

Heating Water

Aim

To investigate the effect the size and shape of a solar hot water collector will have on its ability to

heat water

Equipment

bull 5 containers of varying size and shape

bull Black paint or black bin liners

bull Thermometer

bull Measuring Cylinder

bull Measuring Tape

bull Ruler

bull Clear plastic food wrap

bull Styrofoam cups

bull Masking tape

bull Newspapers

bull Water

Method

1 Prepare the containers by painting their insides black or by lining them with bin liners

2 Measure and record the volume and surface area of each container

3 Using a measuring cylinder add 100ml of water to each of the containers

4 Record the temperature of the water in each container

5 Cover the top of each container with plastic food wrap and tape securely

6 Place each container on a newspaper in the sun for 10 minutes

7 Remove the plastic food wrap and pour the water from each container into a Styrofoam cup

8 Measure and record the temperature of the water in each cup

9 Calculate the change in temperature

Results

CONTAINER VOLUME (mL)SURFACE AREA

(cm2)INITIAL TEMP

(OC)FINAL TEMP

(OC)CHANGE IN TEMP

(OC)

1

2

3

4

5

PAGE 31

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

PAGE 34

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 36

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Graph the change in temperature against the volume of the container and graph the change intemperature against the surface area of the container on the same axis

PAGE 32

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

PAGE 34

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3756

s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 36

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

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s ol ar ene

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

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s ol ar ene

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

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Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

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Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

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Notes

PAGE 51

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Notes

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This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Discussion

Why paint or line the containers with black material

Why use plastic wrap

Why did you place the containers on newspaper

Why pour the water into cups before taking the temperature

Which container caused the water to heat up the most

Which container caused the water to heat up the least

PAGE 33

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Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

PAGE 34

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

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The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

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Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Which factor volume or surface area affected the solar containerrsquos ability to heat water the mostExplain your answer

How can the results you gained from this experiment help you design a solar collector

How could you have improved this experiment in terms of fairness and accuracy

PAGE 34

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 36

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

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This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

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Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

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s ol ar ene

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You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

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r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 15 (contd)

Extension

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of one of the following variables on effectiveness of

a solar hot water collector

bull Colour

bull Material

bull Position

Then conduct and evaluate your experiment

You must submit a lab report with the following sections

bull Aim

bull Materials

bull Method

bull Results

bull Discussion

PAGE 35

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3856

s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 36

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4256

s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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s ol ar ene

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WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

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Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 36

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4656

s ol ar ene

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copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 3956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16

SOLAR ENERGY ndash Case Studies

BP Solar is a global company with over 2200 employees focused on harnessing the sunrsquos energy

to produce solar electricity This includes the design manufacturing marketing and installation of

quality solar power systems for a wide range of applications in the residential commercial and

industrial sectors

In Australia BP Solar are involved in projects that are responsible for providing clean energy to

homes businesses and industry

Using the cases studies found at

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

Find out what BP Solar is doing in Australia

bull In homes

bull In businesses

bull In industry

Choose an Australian case study from each of these categories and summarise them by completing

the table below

If the CO2 reduction benefit is not listed you may estimate the CO2 reduction using the following

rule of thumb for solar compared to coal fire power plants

1 MWh (or 1000 kWh) of solar power saves 1 tonne (or 1000kg) of CO 2

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR H OME

PAGE 37

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

Case Study

Location

Overview

bull How did the project

come about

bull What was the purpose

behind the project

Date Completed

Project ValueCost

Problem or Challenge that

had to be overcome

How much electricity is

generated

Environmental Benefits

F OR B U S I N

E S S

F OR C OMM UNI T Y

PAGE 38

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 16 (contd)

What are the benefits of using solar energy

What are the obstacles that need to be overcome before solar power is used more widely in

Australia

What are the environmental implications of using solar energy to power more of our countryrsquos

needs

PAGE 39

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 40

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 17

Paragraph Framework

The main idea of the paragraph is hellip

rdquoSolar power is the way of the future in reducing our dependence on fossil fuelsto meet our ever increasing energy needsrdquo

THINK

PLAN

Statement (Topic Sentence TS)

Explanation (Developing Sentence DS)

Examples (Supporting Sentence SS)

Conclusion (Concluding Sentence CS)

PAGE 41

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

WRITE (Identify each type of sentence using TS DS SS CS)

EDIT

Spelling Punctuation Grammar Sentences Keywords

Learning Experience 17 (contd)

PAGE 42

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4556

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

The Alternative Energy Debate

Your task is to plan and present an essay on the following topic

To reduce Australiarsquos current dependence on fossil fuels compare the potential of solar

energy with another alternative energy source to meet our energy needs

You need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of both alternative energy sources

You need to justify a viewpoint on which alternative energy source offers the best potential to meet

future energy needs in Australia Use the framework below to gather and organise your information

to support both viewpoint statements then write the essay

Introductory Information

Solar Energy

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of solar

energy Assess these to form a viewpoint on the

potential solar energy offers to reduce our current

dependence on fossil fuels

Other Alternative Energy Source

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of one

other alternative energy source such as LNG or wind

Assess these to form a viewpoint on the potential the

energy source offers to reduce our current dependence

on fossil fuels

Introductory Information ndash Solar Energy Introductory Information ndash Alternative Energy Source

Advantages

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Advantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Name

Class

Date

Learning Experience 18

PAGE 43

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4656

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Disadvantages

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 1

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 2

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Disadvantage 3

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Viewpoint

Supporting Evidence

Conclusion

Concluding Information Concluding Information

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 44

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4756

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Rubric

LEVEL EARTH AND BEYOND ENERGY AND CHANGE RESOURCES

2 Identify uses for solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Describe the different ways

solar and one other alternative

energy source can be used

Categorise energy resources

Identify ways energy

resources are used

Recognise that people

engage in different activities

utilising energy resources

3 Relate the location of

alternative energy sources to

its importance to Australia

Relate emissions to the

changes they cause to the

atmosphere

Recognize that solar and

one other alternative energy

source are energy sourcesthat have many different

requirements

Understand that different

energy resources and

activities can be grouped intocategories

Explain how people manage

and use energy resources

Categorise different forms

of activities people engage

in utilising energy resources

4 Understand that natural

resources can be used to

provide energy requirements

Predict the changes in

emission levels with the

widespread use of solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source

Understand the link between

emission levels and the

greenhouse effect

Compare different sources

of energy in terms of their

ease of use cost and effects

on living things and the

environment

Examine alternative choices

to utilising available energy

resources

Explain how peoplersquos

circumstance and decisions

reflect their choices in

accessing energy resources

Examine how access to

energy resources can be

managed more effectively

5 Assess solar energy and one

other energy source as an

alternative energy resource to

oil and coal

Explain how solar energy and

one other alternative energy

source are utilized now and how

it might be utilized in the future

Use a greenhouse model to

describe how human activity

and resource use can impact

our global environment

Predict possible trends in

global warming if changes are

made to the way solar energy

and one other alternative

energy source are used

Analyse the efficiency

of applications that use

solar energy and one other

alternative energy source in

terms of energy input and

output

Examine the link between

energy resource availability

and usage

Evaluate the factors that

determine the availability of

energy resources

Examine how people can

manage their available

energy resources more

effectively

Learning Experience 18 (contd)

PAGE 45

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4856

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

This page is intentionally blank for aesthetic printing

PAGE 46

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 4956

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Learning Experience 19

Name

Class

Date

Optimum Electrical Output Device

This assessment requires you to complete 2 parts

Part A Design a PV Cell Device and report

Part B Marketing Strategy of device

PART A Design a PV Cell Device and Report

Your task is to use your knowledge of PV cells to design produce and test a device that will allow a

PV cell to produce an optimum electrical output during all the hours of sunlight in a day

You can make your device out of any household materials you would like but it will need to bedesigned in such a way that is can be easily connected to a voltmeter and ammeter using wires and

alligator clips

You will need to conduct preliminary tests in order to get the best design of your device It is important

to not only have a good design but you must be able to show the process you took to find it

Therefore you will need to submit a report that must include the following sections and sub sections

Preliminary Tests

bull Identify the variables you tested

bull The method you used to trial your designs

bull The results of these trials in table and graph form

Final Design

bull A material list identifying all equipment you used in the final construction

bull The method you used to construct your PV Cell Device

bull A labelled diagram of your PV Cell Device

bull A justification of why you choose this final design

As well as your report you must also submit your PV Cell Device to be tested

PART B Marketing Strategy

The second part of your assessment requires you to plan draft and present a marketing strategy

that encourages energy businesses to invest their money into producing your PV Cell Device

Your marketing strategy should pay particular attention to a few key areas

1 An overview of your PV Cell Device ndash its design how it works what it offers

2 The benefits your PV Cell Device provides in terms of energy provision

3 The advantages of solar energy

4 The long term benefits of solar energy as a means of reducing our current dependence on fossil

fuels to meet our energy needs

PAGE 47

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5056

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

You will need to follow the ICP ladder process to guide the planning and development of yourmarketing task Given the nature of marketing many options are available to you in ldquosellingrdquo the

concept of your PV Cell Device thus you have the flexibility to develop your marketing strategy in

any form that will inspire investors As part of your planning you will need to ensure you develop

your 3 Levels of Focus Questions to guide your marketing strategy presentation You must use the

paragraph framework to draft your paragraphs

You will need to submit the following

bull A completed A3 ICP Planning sheet

bull All note-taking addressing all focus questions and your paragraph plan

bull All planning and drafting of your marketing strategy

bull A paragraph plan outlining the main idea of each paragraph

bull A completed paragraph framework for each of your paragraphs

bull A final marketing strategy

bull A resource list showing where you got your information from You need to have used at least

three different resources

Due Date

Marking Key Investigating Scientifically

Preliminary Tests

Independent

amp Dependent

Variables

I can identify

the independent

variable

I attempt to

identify the

independent

amp dependent

variables

I can identify

independent amp

dependent variable

When I plan the

experiment I show a

good understanding of

the independent and

dependent variables

Method I can write a

method in simple

ordered steps

I can write

a method

in ordered

numerical steps

I can thoroughly design

a method which clearly

specifies what is to

be recorded I might

include a control and

repeat trials

I can analyse a problem

amp thoroughly plan my

investigation and may

modify my technique

through preliminary

testing

Organising

Observations

I organise my

observations in

simple formats

as pictures

words numbers

I can fill in

provided tables

I can draw

and complete

a simple

observations

table

I can draw a table which

included repeat trials amp

averages I show correct

units My variable

measurements change

in gradual amounts

I can draw and complete

complex matrix-designed

tables

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

P L ANNI N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 48

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5156

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Use ofEquipment

I attempt to useequipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipmentin a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrateconsistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary teststo modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Measurements I can make

statements and

comparisons eg

rankings

I can make

simple

measurements

made and

attempt to use of

units

I make measurements

with appropriate

accuracy and I make

more than one

measurement for each

test I use correct units

I make sufficient

measurements for

reliability and select the

most appropriate unit

Data

Processing

I compare events

in words

I can graph my

findings

I can calculate averages

and draw an appropriate

graph type and

averages

I can draw graphs with

labels line of best fit and

well balanced scales

Final Design

Method I attempt to use

equipment in a

proper and safe

way

I use equipment

in a consistent

and safe manner

I can demonstrate

consistency and

accuracy when

measuring and using

equipment

I use preliminary tests

to modify technique

and select the right

equipment to enhance

accuracy

Evaluating

Findings

I comment on

whether what

happened was

expected

I can identify

difficulties within

my investigation

I can make sound

suggestions for

improving my

investigation

I can explain

improvements to my

measurements use of

equipment repetition

of trials replicates and

uncontrolled variables

in the investigation I

can indicate additional

variablesmeasurements

to be made

Applicat ions I attempt to give

an application

I can suggest a related

application

I propose and explain a

specific applications

The source of this Investigating Scientifically Marking Key is unknown

Learning Experience 19 (contd)

C OND U C T I N G

P R O C E S S I N G

P L A

NNI N G

E VAL UAT I N

G

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5

PAGE 49

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5256

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Reference for Module 10

httpwwwsolarschoolsnet

httpwwwbpcomsectiongenericarticledocategoryId=9020423ampcontentId=7038282

wwwabcnetaurnscienceearthstoriess225110htm

httpwwwenergycomauenergyeansfContentKids+Sun

wwwbpcom

httpwwwbpcomgenericsectiondocategoryId=9063ampcontentId=7038606

wwwwattsonschoolscom

PAGE 50

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5356

s ol ar en e

r g y

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 51

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5456

s ol ar ene

r gy

copyBP Australia Pty Ltd 2008 BP energy education program module 10 solar energy

Notes

PAGE 52

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5556

This book has been produced using paper from mills that have ISO4001 (International Environment Management

Standard) accreditation and FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) accreditation These standards promote forest certification

and product labeling to allow papermakers to identify wood pulp that comes from well managed forests with sustainable

reforestation policies FSC is the only eco label endorsed by WWF Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656

7262019 Bp Module10 Int

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullbp-module10-int 5656