-LEC 11 Plant of the day: Illicium parviflorum AKA Yellow anise Angiosperms

o are ecologically dominanto fossil record. 132 million yrs oldo sister grp to extant gymnospermso “angio” = vessel. Refers to the ovaryo flower is the central identifying structureo Fossils that may b closely related to angiosperms: Caytoniales,

Glossopterids, Bennettitaleso Angiosperm features:

Vessel elements Ovule w/ 2 integuments Seeds within a carpel Reduced megagametophyte (7 cells, 8 nuclei) Reduced microgametophyte (2 or 3 cells) Pollination involves transfer of pollen to stigma Double fertilization – formation of endosperm. 2 sperm nuclei

is involved. Carpel : stigma, style, ovary Stamen : Anther, filament Stamen = modified microsporophyll Carpel = modified megasporangium

o Pollination of angiosperms vs gymnosperms : In angiosperms—transfer of pollen to stigma In gymnosperms-transfer of pollen to micropyle

o Evolution of the carpel : gymnosperms folded a leaf with an ovule in it, to protect it, & it resembled a style, stigma, ovule.

o Pollen – microspore containing a microgametophyteo Seed – mature ovuleo Fruit – ripened ovaryo Double fertilization :

1 sperm + egg = zygote (2n) 1 sperm + 2 polar nuclei = endosperm (3n) one sperm nucleus fuses with egg, making the zygote other sperm nucleus fuses with the middle 2 polar nuclei to

make the endosperm. Endosperm provides nutrients to developing zygote Double fertilization also in Ephedra and Gnetum. has 2

fertilizations, BUT NO ENDOSPERM. Endosperm unique to angiosperms

o K eys to

Dominance of the Angiosperms: Protection of seeds in an ovary/fruit Dispersal of seeds via fruits Rapid completion of reproduction Water transport via vessels—more efficient More efficient conducting cells in phloem

o Archaefructus IS NOT FIRST FLOWERING PLAN

o Early Branching angiosperms : Amborellaceae Nymphaeaceae (water lillies) Illiciaceae (Star Anise)

o Family Amborellaceae characteristics: Evolutionary reference genome for angiosperms Small flowers

Spirallly arranged parts (phyllotaxis) Indeterminate “merosity” (merosity = how many set sepals and

petals) Undifferentiated perianth Perianth – petals and sepals Moderate number of parts Dioecious 1 species: Amborella trichopoda NO VESSELS Sister to ALL flowering plants Female flowers:

5 or 6 separate flowers carpels unsealed at tip (glued shut)

Male flowers: Numerous stamens Laminar stamens (laminar = leaf-like stamens)

o Illiciaceae & nymphaceae have synapomorphy of vesselso Why sequence amborella? Because it’s a good way to figure out

information about the earlier angiosperms.o Family Nymphaceae (water lilies family) characteristics:

Aquatic Long fossil record Tepals: Inner and outer (Tepals = neither sepals or petals. All

look the same) Staminodes 3 – many stamens (both petaloid & “typical”) has the cabomba plant vessels

o Family Illiciaceae (Star Anise family) characteristics: No stipules Numerous tepals. Outer ones r often sepal-like Spiral arrangement Fruit is a star-like aggregate of 1 seeded follicles Has the austrobaileyales plant vessels

-LEC 12 Plant of the day: Persea Americana AKA avocado Most core flowering plants are eudicots Perianth - a collective term for sepals/petals Merosity - number of parts

o Parts in 4s, 5s; 3s; indeterminate Laminar - plate like; flat...laminar stamen Tepals - no differentiation between sepals/petals Phyllotaxy - arrangement of parts

o Spiralo Whorled

Flower characteristics, so far o Tepals: moderate to numerous in number, spiral arrangemento Stamens numerous: often laminaro Carpels: moderate to many

Spiral Sealed by mucilage

o Ovaries superioro Closed carpels

Magnoliids contain orders:o Magnolialeso Lauraleso piperales

Magnoliaceae (magnolia family) family characteristics: o Stipules. Enclosing bud, deciduous, leaves a stipular scaro Stipules – outgrowths borne at the base of a leafo Reproductive characteristics:

solitary flower. Only 1 large flower that’s not clustered with other flowers.

Flowers characteristics: Conspicuous Perianth (tepals) spirally arranged on long floral axis.

Can be whorled and some other differentiation. Numerous stamens, spirally arranged Numerous carpels, spiral

o Liriodendrom = tulip treeo Myristica fragrans.

Common name: nutmeg Mace and nutmeg spices is from this

plant Original plant only found on

Moluccas island Lauraceae family (laurel family) characteristics:

o Ethereal oils – aromatic terpenoid compounds

o Leaves characteristics: No stiplules Pellucid dots - Translucent dots on

the surface of a leaf, bract, petal, or other structure usually resulting from cavities or ethereal oil cells in leaf mesophyll or other parenchymatous tissues.

Aromatico Reproductive characteristics:

Flowers characteristics: Cup shaped receptacle 6 tepals 3-12 stamens (3 inner, often basal, nectaries,

staminodes) Anthers open by 2 or 4 flaps that curl upward to release

pollen Fruit is a drupe

Sassafras was the original root beer flavorer. Piperaceae family characteristics:

o Minute flowers, tightly clustered in dense inflorescences (1000s)o Inflorescence – a group of flowerso No periantho Fruit is black pepper

- LEC 13 Plant of the day: Liquidambar styraciflua AKA sweet gum Mesangiosperms – core angiosperms Mesangoisperms include families :

o Magnolialeso Lauraleso Canallaleso Piperaleso Chloranthaceaeo Ceratophyllumo Eudicotso Monocots

Eudicots characteristics: o 75% of all angiospermso in floral patterns of 4-5 (with some exceptions)o triaperturate polleno triaperturate pollen – pollen has 3 grooves

Monocots are in multiples of 3 for floral parts (for petals, sepals, & tepals) A nonmolecular synapomorphy of eudicots? triaperturate pollen Eudicots families include:

o Ranunculales o Protealeso Sabiaceaeo Trochodendeaceaeo Buxaceae

Actinomorphic – radial symmetry

Zygomorphic – bilateral symmetry Rununculales characteristics:

o Berberine may be a synapomorphy Ranunculaceae (buttercup family) family characteristics:

o Leaves are often palmately dividedo Calyx and corolla often not differentiated

4+ tepals OR 5 sepals, often petaloid, and 5 to many petals nectary glands often at base of petal many stamens, spirally arranged.

o Corolla – the petalso Calyx - the sepalso Fruit: achene o Economic importance: ornamentals

petaloid – a part of the flower that LOOKS LIKE a petal Nymphaeales VS nelumbonaceae

o Nymphaeaceae (water lily): 2 nd brancho Nelumbonaceae (lotus): eudicot

Core eudicots include orders: o gunneraleso saxifragaleso rosidso berberidopsidaleso caryophyllaleso santalaleso asterids

Super rosids include orders: o Gunneraleso Saxifragaleso Rosids

Super-asterids: o Santalales

o Berberidopsidales

o Caryophyllaleso asterids

Saxifragales order characteristics: o 13 familieso example families:

saxifragaceae cassulaceae altingiaceae

saxifragaceae (saxifrage family) family characteristics: o leaves are basal rosetteo basal rosette – leaves that touch the ground grow rootso 5 tepalso 5 petalso 5 or 10 stamenso compound gynoecium, usually 2 carpels

carpels united at base. Styles = # of carpels flowers usually perigynous

o fruit: capsuleo gynoecium – all the carpels of the flowero perigynous – floral cup that surrounds gynoecium. Sepals, petals, and

stamens are fusedo economic: importance ornamentals

crassulaceae family characteristics: o succulent herbs, shrubso CAM is an adaptation to hot/arid habitats. Stomata open at night

instead of the day. Less water is loss this way. Fixes carbon at night.o CAM – stands for crassulacean acid metabolismo Sepals 4, 5. Distinct or connateo Petals 4, 5. Distinct or connate (then forming tube)o Stamens 4-10. Filaments distinct to slightly connate at baseo Connate – fusedo Hypanthium – floral cup. A structure where basal portions of the

calyx, the corolla, and the stamens form a cup-shaped tube

-LEC 14 Plants of the day:

o platanus occidentalis AKA the sycamore. It is closely related to the nulumboaceae (lotus)

o phytolacca americana AKA pokeweed/poke salad. Rosids clade characteristics:

o Contains 1/4 of ALL angiospermso Made of 2 large clades:

Malvids (malvaceae) Fabids (fabaeae)

o Rosids was one of the radiations of diversity Rosids gave rise to the forest areas that we know today Amphibians, mammals, insects, etc. diversified after rosid

forests appeared What was so impressive about the rosid radiation? Gave rise

to diversification of animals & gave rise to diversification of plants

o Fabids have the malpighiales clade Malpighiales clade has lots of families

2 families focused on:o Passifloraceae o Euphobiaceae

Passifloraceae family characteristics: Includes trees, shrubs, lianas (vines) Tendrils = modified inflorescences Takes its name from the passion flower Called passion flower b/c missionaries preached about

passion of the Christ. The corona represented the crown of thorns

Fruit: edible passion fruit Corona – shows outgrowth of perianth Ovary plus stamens on an androgynophore Androgynophore - A stalk bearing both the androecium

and the gynoecium of a flower Distinctive characteristics: corona, androgynophore,

tendrils Euphorbiaceae family characteristics:

In the tropics. Most are herbs. Can also be shrubs and trees

Some are succulent and resemble cacti. BUT can tell the difference btw euphorbiaceae and cacti b/c of milky white sap. Cacti DOESN’T do this.

Leaves are alternate, with stipules Leaves mainly simple. But if compound, they are

ALWAYS palmate. Stipules can be hairs, glands, spines, or nothing. Large variety of phytotoxins. Mainly diterpene esters,

alkaloids, glycosides, and ricin-type toxins. A milky sap/latex is a characteristic Milky sap is poisonous in some & useful in others (i.e.

rubber)o White mangrove sap causes temporary

blindness if it contacts eyes Unisexual flowers Petals usually absent Carpels usually 3. Can be many. Fused carpels. Fruit: schizocarp Schizocarp – fruit that splits into 3 parts. Pseudanthia is a subclade.

o Has an inflorescence called a pseudanthium (AKA cyathium), which looks like a flower. These are NOT petals. They are appendages

Rafflesia arnoldii o Is parasitico Does horizontal gene transfer from host to

parasite Nitrogen Fixing Clade (is within the fabids clade):

Cucurbitales Fabales Rosales Fagales

Nitrogen fixing clade characteristics: Root nodules host symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria Nitrogen gas is used to make amino acids Nitrogen fixation happened once. All occurs in one clade,

over 10 diff families. Cucurbitales order has 2 families:

Cucurbitaceae Begoniaceae

Cucubitaceae family ( gourd or cucumber family ) characteristics (a part of the nitrogen fixing clade)

Includes crops like cucumbers, squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, melons, and watermelons

Most are annual vines Has large showy flowers Female flowers have inferior ovaries Fruit: a kind of berry called a pepo

o Cucurbita = pumpkin, squashes, gourds o Cucumis = cantaloupe, honeydew, cucumbero Citrullus = watermelon

Has 3 fused carpels, with an inferior ovary Begoniaceae family characteristics:

Herbaceous One genus is Begonia The other genus is Hillebrandia, which is endemic to the

Hawaiian islands and has a single species Is in tropics & subtropics Plants are monoecious Staminate flowers: 2 sepals, 2 petals (tepals) Staminate – having stamens, but no pistols Carpellate flowers:

o Usually 5 tepals.o A winged inferior ovary of 3 fused carpelso Twisted stigmas

-LEC 15 Plant of the day: Koelreuteria paniculata AKA golden rain tree. Sapindaceae

family Nitrogen Fixing Clade (is within the fabids clade):

Cucrbitales Fabales Rosales Fagales

Fagales order characteristics: o Synapomorphies:

No nectaries Fruits: indehiscent 1 seeded fruits Inferior ovary (usually) Pollen: distinctive, old

Enters ovule thru chalazal end Fagales has 2 families:

o Fagaceae o betulaceae

Fagaceae family (beech, oak family)characteristics: o Important forest family worldwideo Trees or shrubso Inflorescences:

Male flower in catkins (AKA ament) Catkins – inflorescence of dense, elongated mass of

inconspicuous flowerso Female flowers in groups of 1-3

Each with a scaly cupule (cup shaped structure) Cupules are made of involucres

o Stamens: 4 to many. Staminate flowerso Carpels 3 to 12. Fused. Carpellate flowerso Inferior ovaryo Fruit: a nut, with a cupule

Betulaceae (birch, alder family) family characteristics:

o Nitrogen fixing symbiosis in Alnuso Peeling barko Horizontal lenticels

Lenticels – wartlike protuberance on stems, for gas exchangeo Doubly serrate leaveso Inflorescences: erect or penduluous catkinso Flowers:

Unisexual, inconspicuous 2 or 3 form a unit, in axil of inflorescence bract

o fruit: achene OR nut (NO cupule) OR 2-winged samara bract-bractelole complex is on females

Rosales order has 2 families: o Rosaceae o Moraceae

Rosales order synapomorphies: o DNA sequences o hypanthium (floral cup. A structure where basal portions of the calyx,

the corolla, and the stamens form a cup-shaped tube)o Reduction/lack of endosperm

Rosaceae family (rose family) characteristics: o Economically important:

Horticulture Fruits Has glandular teeth Has stipules in pairs, often fused to the petiole Flowers:

Often perigynous, with hypanthiumo Perigynous – term describing ovary position.

Superrior ovary position. Term used for a flower with a hypanthium

o Hypanthium - floral cup. A structure where basal portions of the calyx, the corolla, and the stamens form a cup-shaped tube

Epicalyx sometimes present. 5 sepal- like organs below the calyx. Whorls or bracts that look like the calyx (AKA sepal-like things below sepals)

Stamens : many, whorled Genus with 1 carpel: prunus Genus with inferior ovary & fused carpels:

Malus Pyrus

Strawberries have many unfused carpels on swollen receptacle Fruits:

Achene follicle

drupe pome fleshy receptacle

fruits depend on gynoecium structure strawberries are:

achenes in fleshy tissue An accessory fruit. (no ovaries)

Almonds are drupes Pomes – formed from flower with an inferior ovary. Fleshy

hypanthium/receptacle tissue. An accessory fruit. Economic importance:

FRUITS! 3rd in importance behind grasses & legumes ORNAMENTALS!

Epigynous – inferior ovary Perigynous – superior ovary

o Moraceae family (Fig family) characteristics: o Genus ficus has the figso Laticifers and milky sap

Laticifers – tubular cells containing latex. Present in all parenchyma

o Cystoliths - calcium carbonate crystals of various shapes in epidermal cells: globose

o Leaves often 2 rankedo Stipules usually present. Leaves stipular scaro tepalso Fruit: drupe or achene. Often a MULTIPLE FRUIT

Multiple fruit – formed from separate flowerso Economic importance :

Fruits Food for silkworms Timber Ornamentals

o Known fruit genus : artocarpus, for fruit breadfruit morus, for fruit mulberry ficus carica, for fruit fig

-LEC 16 Plant of the day: Hibiscus sp. In Malvaceae family Nitrogen Fixing Clade (is within the fabids clade):

Cucrbitales Fabales Rosales Fagales

Fabales order has:

o Fabaceae family Fabales synapomorphies:

o DNA sequenceso Vessel elements with single perforationso Large, green embryoo Ellagic acid

Fabaceae family (legume family) characteristics: o 3rd largest family in the worldo Known for symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria (called

rhizobium) in root noduleso Leaves:

have stipules usually present. Sometimes stipules develop into spines

leaves often respond to stimuli, like touch o fruit:

usually a legume. Lots of variation: dry or fleshy inflated or compressed winged or not green or colored

sometimes a loment loment – breaks into 1 seeded segments, not like

legumes that have multiple seeds in a continuous capsule

o 3 subfamilies: mimosoideae. Is monophyletic caesalpinioideae. Not monophyletic papilionideae. Monophyletic

mimosoideae subfamily characteristics: o Is monophyletico flowers:

actinomorphic 10 to many stamens Flowers are small & grouped together in tight clusters.

Stamens are the conspicuous part of the inflorescence Petal is fused into tube to hold stamens

Caesalpinioideae subfamily cahracteristics: o Not monophyletico Flowers:

Zygomorphic Banner – inside wings 2 wings – lateral petals 2 keel petals – form bottom part of corolla 10 stamens

papilionideae subfamily characteristics:

o Monophyletico Flowers:

Zygomorphic Standard, very large outside wings 2 wings 2 keel petals. FUSED to form 1 keel 10 stamens:

monadelphous . “one brotherhood”, 10 fused stamens diadelphous . “two brotherhoods”. 9 fused stamens, 1

free stamen examples:

beans peas lentils soybeans

Malvids clade (under rosid clade) includes orders: o Brassicales o Malvales o Sapindales o Crossosomatales o Myrtales o Geraniales

Myrtales order characteristics: o Synapomorphies:

DNA sequences Vessel elements with vestured pits (pits lined with small

projections from cell wall) Stems with internal phloem Hypanthium Single style

What other families has a hypanthium?? Crassulaceae & rosaceae Myrtales has 2 families:

o Myrtaceae o Melastomataceae

Myrtaceae family (myrtle family) characteristics: o Leaves with pellucid dotso Terpenes presento Another hypanthium bearing familyo Ovary inferioro Usually numerous stamenso Fruit:

Berry Capsule

o Examples:

Eucalyptus Melaleuca (bottlebrush) Psidium guayaja (guava)

o Myrtaceae is similar to nymosodeae in flowers, but diff in fruits. Myrtaceae has berries while nymosodeae has legumes

Melastomataceae family (meadow beauty family) characteristics: o Complex hairso Distinct venation pattern:

Looks like a checkerboard 2ndary veins diverge from base and join at apex tertiary veins perpendicular to midrib stamens:

filaments bent, twisted at anthesis, brining anther to 1 side of the flower

anthesis – when flower is completely opened anthers with apical pores (or longitudinal slits)

flowers look radial, but is actually zygomorphico example: rhexia

Brassicales order characteristics: o Synapomorphies:

Glucosinolates – mustard oil glycosides Mustard oils prevent predators from eating them Mustard oil has evolved twice:

In euphorbiaceae And brassicales

Brassicales order has 1 family: o Brassicaeae

Brassicaceae family (mustard family) characteristics: o Got name from cross-bearer, b/c of the 4 petals that are in shape of a

crosso Has glucosinolateso Leaves

pubescent: simple to stellate Pubescent – leaves with hairs Stellate – star shaped hairs

o Flowers: Receptacle is sometimes a gynophore

Gynophore – an elongated carpel 6 stamens

4 long and 2 short = tetradynamous can be all equal in length

sometimes has false septum in placentation false septum – false partition separating locule into 2

parts placentas form think ring around fruit called a replum

fruit: capsule.

o 2 parted capsule, with replum & false septum. Can be a silicle OR silique

berry cultivated brassicas

within brassica oleracea:o cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower

within brassica species:o mustard green, rapeseed, turnip, rutabaga

-Lec 17 what is a catkin? inflorescence of dense, elongated mass of inconspicuous

flowers in what families would u find a catkin? Fagaceae and betulaceae what family would you find an epicalyx? Rosaceae what family would you find diadelphous stamens? Fabaceae, subfamily

papillonideae Plant of the day: Koelreuteria paniculata. AKA golden rain tree. In

sapindaceae family Malvids clade (under rosid clade) includes orders:

o Brassicales o Malvales o Sapindales o Crossosomatales o Myrtales o Geraniales

Malvales order has 2 families: o Malvaceae o Dipterocarpaceae

Malvaceae family (mallow family) characteristics: o Mucilage canalso Stellate hairso Leaves: have stipuleso Flowers: have epicalyxo Stamens: 5 to numerous. Often form a tube around the gynoecium

(monadelphous – 10 fused stamens)o Anthers:

2-locular unilocular (appears as a half anther)

o hibiscus esculentus makes okra. Esculentus = edible

o Whats so interesting about cotton? Its a polyploidy Dipterocarpaceae family characteristics:

o Fruit: has a winged fruit called a shuttlecock fruit Which family has the shuttlecock fruit? Dipterocarpaceae Sapindales order has 4 families:

o Sapindaceae o Rutaceae o Burseraceae o Anacardiaceae

Rutaceae & sapindaceae synapomorphies: o Pinnatley compound leaves o Flowers with nectar disk

Anacardiaceae & buseraceae synapomorphies: o Pinnatley compound leaves o Flowers with nectar disk o Resin canals o Biflavonoid in leaves

Sapindales order characteristics: o Pinnatley compound leaves OR palmately compound o Nectar disc

Sapindaceae family (maple family) characteristics: o Leaves:

pinnately compound palmately compound

o well marked nectar disco stamens: usually 8. (as opposed to usual eudicot characteristic of 5)o superior ovary of 2-3 fused carpels. Seeds with arilo examples: lychee and akee fruits. And goldenrain tree

Rutaceae family (citrus family) characteristics: o Leaves: pinnately compound OR reducedo Secretory cavities with aromatic oils (pellucid dots)o Nectar disc present

o Fruit type: hesperidium Anacardiaceae family (cashew family) characteristics:

o Resin ducts (resin allergenic or poisonous)o Cashew apple is a fruit in this familyo Frankinscense is in this family. o Myrrh is from this family. Makes resin