Bones • Bones are strong and rigid.• Your body has 206 bones.• The skeleton provides support,protection, allows for body movement, produces blood cells and stores minerals.• Children have more flexible bones than adults.•Ligaments are bands of strong tissue that connect bones to other bones. Help with joints exist.

Muscles

• Muscles are soft tissues.• Your body has over 600 different muscles.• Most muscles are attached to bones by strong tissues called tendons.

Joints

• Joints are two or more bones coming together at one place.• Joints are held together by bands of fibers called ligaments.• When joints are moved beyond their normal range of motion/movement, ligaments stretch and tear.

Types of Injuries

The four basic types of injuries tomuscles, bones and joints are:•Fractures•Dislocations•Strains•Sprains

X-Rays

• X-rays are a form of radiation• that can penetrate the body• to form an image on film.• Structures that are dense• (such as bone) will appear• white, air will be black, and• other structures will be• shades of gray depending on• density. X-rays also provide• information about• obstructions, tumors,

Fractures

• A fracture is a complete break, chip or crack• in a bone.• • Fractures are opened or closed.• • Open fractures involve an open wound.• They are more dangerous because they• carry the risk of infection and bleeding.• • Closed fractures are more common injuries.

Closed Fracture

Closed fractureright wrist.(Radius & ulna)

Closed Fracture

• Posterior x-ray,closed fractureright lower leg.• (Fibula)

Open Fracture

• Open fracture left collarbone.• (Clavicle)

ComminutedFracture

• Comminuted-a fracture with many relatively small fragments.• (right thigh/femur)

Dislocation

• A dislocation is the movement of a bone at a joint away from its normal position.• The joint no longer functions properly.

Sprain

• A sprain is the tearing ofligaments at a joint.• Mild sprains swell andusually heal quickly.• Do not ignore the signalsof pain & swelling. Ifyou become active toosoon there is the chancethe joint could be hurtagain.

Type I Sprain

The most commonway the ankle can beinjured is by an anklesprain. Type I anklesprain is mild. Itoccurs when theligaments have beenstretched or tornminimally.

Type II Sprain

Type II ankle sprainis a moderate level ofsprain. It occurswhen some of thefibers of theligaments are torncompletely.

Type III Sprain

Type III ankle sprainis the most severe. Itoccurs when the entireligament is torn andthere is instability ofthe ankle joint.

Knee and Shoulder Ligaments

General Care for Muscle, Bone orJoint Injuries

The acronym RICE ishelpful in rememberinghow to treat minor injuries:• "R" stands for rest.• "I" is for ice.• "C" is for compression.• "E" is for elevation.

Splinting

Splinting is a method of immobilizingan injured extremity and shouldONLY be used if you have to move aperson to seek medical attention andif splinting does not cause additionalpain.

Splinting (cont)

If you have to splint–•Splint an injury in the position youfind it.•Splint the injured area and the jointsor bones above and below the injurysite.•Check for circulation (feeling, warmthand color) before and after splinting.

Types of Splints

• Soft splints include folded blankets,towels, pillows and a sling.• Rigid splints include boards, metalstrips and folded magazines ornewspapers. Use triangular bandagesto secure the rigid or soft splintingmaterial in place.

Types of Splints (cont)

Anatomic splints use an uninjuredbody part as a splint to immobilize aninjured area. You can use tape tosecure an uninjured finger to theinjured one.• The ground can be used as a splint.An injured leg stretched out on theground is splinted.

Bursitis• Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled sac

surrounding the joint).• A bursa can become inflamed from injury,

infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition.

• Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• Any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the median nerve. Irritation of the median nerve in this manner causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a condition known as "carpal tunnel syndrome."

Osteoporosis• Osteoporosis is a term that means "porous

bones." It is a skeletal disease affecting women and men. Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones have lost minerals especially calcium-making them weaker, more brittle, and susceptible to fractures (broken bones). Any bone in the body can be affected by osteoporosis, but the most common places where fractures occur are the back (spine), hips, and wrists.

Rheumatoid arthritis

• Systemic chronic inflammatory disease

• Autoimmune disease

• Joints become swollen and painful

• More common in women 3:1

• Remissions and exacerbations

Osteoarthritis

• Most common joint disease, 80% of americans

• Slow progressive degeneration of articular cartilage

• Weight bearing joints

• Fingers

• Primary: defect in cartilage, not an inflammatory disease

• Secondary: trauma, crystal deposits, infection

• Interphalangeal joints, knees, hips, cervical and lumbar spine

HERNIATED DISC

Scoliosis• Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine. If

your child has scoliosis, the view from behind may reveal one or more abnormal curves. Scoliosis runs in families, but doctors often don't know the cause. More girls than boys have severe scoliosis. Adult scoliosis may be a worsening of a condition that began in childhood, but wasn't diagnosed or treated. In other cases, scoliosis may result from a degenerative joint condition in the spine.

Kyphosis• With kyphosis, your spine may look normal or you

may develop a hump. Kyphosis can occur as a result of developmental problems; degenerative diseases, such as arthritis of the spine; osteoporosis with compression fractures of the vertebrae; or trauma to the spine. It can affect children, adolescents and adults.

Lordosis• A normal spine, when viewed from behind

appears straight. However, a spine affected by lordosis shows evidence of a curvature of the back bones (vertebrae) in the lower back area, giving the child a "swayback" appearance.

Osteomyelitis

• Inflammation of bone caused by an infectious organism

• Staphylococcus, streptococcus, neisseria gonorrhea,…..

• Direct penetration

– Wounds, fractures, surgery

• Hematogenous

– Bloodstream, teeth; metaphyses

– Knee, ankle, hip