skeletal system. divisions of the skeleton axial skeleton consists of 74 bones that form the upright...
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Skeletal System
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Divisions of the Skeleton
• Axial skeleton consists of 74 bones that form the upright axis of the body and 6 tiny middle ear bones
• Appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones that form the shoulder girdles, arms, wrists, and hands and the hip girdles, legs, ankles and feet.
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Axial Skeleton
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The Skull
• 28 irregularly shaped bones
• Two major divisions– Cranium (brain case)
• 8 bones• All cranial bones are unpaired except for the
parietal and temporal bones
– Face• 14 bones • All of the face bones are paired except the mandible
and vomer
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Hyoid Bone
• Single U-shaped bone in neck
• Just above the voice box
• Only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bones
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Vertebral Column
• Longitudinal axis of the skeleton
• 24 vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx
• Forward, backward and sideways movement
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Vertebral Column
• 7 Cervical vertebrae (neck)
• 12 Thoracic vertebrae
• 5 Lumbar vertebrae (small of the back)
• Sacrum (5 separate vertebrae that are fused in adults)
• Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae)
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Atlas and Axis
Atlas• First cervical
vertebrae
• Supports the skull
Axis• Second cervical
vertebrae
• Dens joins axis to atlas
•Atlas and axis allow the head to turn from side to side
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Sternum
• Consists of three bones– Manubrium – Body – Xiphoid Process
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Ribs
• Protect the vital organs of the torso
• Ribs one through seven connect directly to the sternum (true ribs)
• Ribs eight through 10 connect to costal cartilage (false ribs)
• Ribs 11 and 12 only connect to the back (floating ribs)
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Ribs and Sternum
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Shoulder Girdle (Pectoral Girdle)
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Bones of the Arm (Anterior View)
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Bones of the Arm (Posterior View)
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Bones of the Hand
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The Pelvic Girdle
• Supports the trunk and attaches the lower extremities
• In early life each coxal bone is made up of three separate bones which later fuse to form one large bone– Ilium – Ischium– Pubis
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Right Coxal Bone
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The Female
Pelvis
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• Male Pelvis is deep and funnel shaped with a narrow subpubic angle
• Female pelvis is shallow, broad, and flaring with a wider subpubic angle
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The Foot
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Bone Fractures
• Partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone
• Open fracture (compound fracture) the broken bone projects through the skin
• Closed fracture (simple fracture) does not break the skin
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Bone Fractures
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Abnormal Spine Curvatures
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Curvatures
• a. Lordosis – “sway back”
• b. Kyphosis – “rounded back”
• c. Scoliosis - “ lateral – sideways”
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Spine Curvature
• Convex through the thoracic region
• Concave through the lumbar region
• scoliosis