BODY SYSTEMS

CELLSTISSUESORGANSSYSTEMS

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Skin, hair, nails

• Serves as a barrier to outside invaders

• Largest organ in the body

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Heart-pumps blood

• Arteries-high pressure, high O2 vessels

• Veins-low pressure, low O2 vessels

• Capillaries-tiniest vessels that allow gases and nutrients to pass through.

• Blood-red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells, platelets, plasma.

• Main function: Distribute nutrients to body tissues, deliver waste products for elimination.

HEART

• 4 chambers

• Cardiac muscle tissue does not repair itself when

damaged.

VEINS AND ARTERIES

Veins-low pressure,

Low O2, high CO2

Return blood to lungs for gas

exchange

Arteries- high pressure

high O2 –delivers oxygen to body tissuesBoth vessels are elastic, and lined with muscle tissue.

BLOODSolid Portion = Cells

• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)-contain a hemoglobin and iron complex that binds oxygen. They transport oxygen through the body.

• White blood cells- many types, role is to fight infection– T-cells- first responder cell, alerts immune

system of infection, target of AIDS virus.(HIV)

*Mature in the thymus– B-cells-make antibodies to fight infection,

stimulated into action by vaccinations.

*Mature in the bone marrow

Members of 2 systems: Immune and Circulatory

• Platelets- fragments of large megakaryocytes, aid in clotting

BLOODLiquid portion = Plasma

• Contains antibodies, proteins and water

• Straw colored liquid

• All blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

RESIPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm

• Function: provide way of gas exchange (passive transport)– Trachea– Bronchi– Bronchioles– Alveoli– Diaphragm

SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Provides structure for body

and protection for

vital organs.

*Stores minerals such as

Ca2+ and Mg2+

*Manufactures blood cells

*Joints allow for flexibility

MUSCULAR SYSTEM3 Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal Muscle -allows for movement of body• Voluntary muscle

– Fibers areelastic

– Will repair themselves

when damaged.*Attached to bone bytendons and ligaments.

• Cardiac muscle- present in heart tissue

• Involuntary muscle– Has intercalated discs

which allow for electrical

conduction.• Does not repair itself

when damaged

• Smooth muscle -lines all tubes and most internal organs

• Involuntary muscle– Thin layers allow for stretching

of internal organs, and

permit peristalsis.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Mouth, teeth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.*Function: to break down and absorb nutrients for use by the body.

• Breakdown of food begins in the mouth.

• Food passes then through the esophagus and into the stomach.

• The food is mixed with digestive enzymes in the stomach and released a little at a time into the small intestine.

• Small Intestine -lined with intestinal villi to increase intestinal surface area, thus increasing nutrient absorption.

• Function: absorb nutrients into the bloodstream through capillaries in villi.

• Large Intestine- absorbs remaining water from fecal matter before elimination through rectum and anus.

• Accessory digestive organs include:

• Liver-secretes bile to break down fats, filters toxins from digested food and drink

• Gallbladder- stores bile secreted by liver

• Pancreas-secretes insulin to metabolize glucose (failure to secrete insulin results in diabetes)

IMMUNE SYSTEM

• Lymph nodes, lymph, white blood cells, spleen, antibodies

• Function: to recognize foreign tissue and antigens and destroy them.

• Lymph nodes and lymph-

nodes are at all body intersections. They trap invaders and put them in contact with antibodies. Lymph is a clear liquid that carries antibodies through lymphatic circulation. Tonsils and adenoids are modified lymph nodes.

• White blood cells- specialized blood cells that recognize and destroy certain antigens.

• Spleen- puts antibodies in contact with antigen as blood flows through. Also recycles red blood cells.

• Antibodies-proteins made by B-cells. Production is promoted by vaccinations and exposure to viruses.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Composed of glands and organs.

• Function: to send chemical signals (hormones) through the bloodstream to target organs.– Example:

adrenaline

from adrenal

glands

• Endocrine glands include:– Pituitary-regulates growth– Pancreas-regulates insulin– Adrenal-secretes

adrenalin-“fight or flight”

hormone– Thyroid-regulates

metabolism

*Testes- testosterone (male)

*Ovaries- estrogen (female)

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• Function: rid the body of liquid waste• Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder,urethra• The kidneys work to filterliquid waste from blood.This waste is urine, andit is stored in the bladderuntil evacuation.

• The blood to be filtered is supplied by the largest vessels. The smallest vessels, the capillaries in the kidneys, is where filtration takes place as a result of passive transport.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Function: to control body functions such as movement, problem solving, response to stimuli.

• Organs: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

• Nerve cells

Send electrical

signals

• Certain body functions are controlled by certain areas of the brain and spinal cord. Some of these functions are involuntary and some are voluntary.

• The brain is divided into hemispheres and lobes. The lobes correspond with function.

• Brain cells do not regenerate.

Emotion & Memory Thought

Vision Movement HearingLeft Hemisphere Right hemisphere

SPINAL CORD

• The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.

• Damage to the spinal

cord results in loss

of function. Spinal

Nerves do not regenerate.

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Function: reproduction of individuals of a species

Female organs:

Uterus, ovaries,

vagina

Male organs:

Penis, testes

• Fertilization of haploid ovum (female) by haploid sperm (male) results in diploid zygote. The zygote continues to develop with specific tissue differentiation until the fetus is full term and ready to be born.

• Mammary glands in the female are actually modified sweat glands. They are used to produce nourishment for the baby upon its birth. This milk also has protective antibodies that the baby needs to protect it from infection due to its immature immune system.

Teacher Notes• Since TAKS often concentrates on how the

systems relate to each other, Venn diagrams and other graphic organizers lend themselves well as activities. Some organs are members of more than one system, and all are interconnected.

• Begin by having students find commonalities between pairs of systems, and then expand to finding how they depend on each other.

• Have the students bring their graphic organizers to their science teachers for extra credit!

IDEAS for Graphic Organizers

• Venn Diagrams

• Organization by common function

*Which systems work to eliminate waste?

*Which systems are dependent on chemical messages? (Hormones)

*Which systems affect movement?

*If one system was removed, what would be the result? Etc, etc.