BODY SYSTEMS

Body Organizationa) Cells -Your body is made up of trillions of cells, the simplest and most basic

units of all living organisms.b) Tissue – A group of cells that are similar and work together to perform a

specific functionc) Organ – Two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific functiond) Body System – A group of organs that work together for one purpose iscalled

a body system

I) The Nervous SystemA) Acts as the body control

centerB) Regulates all body functionsC) Composed of the brain,

spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs such as eyes, ears and taste buds in the tongue

D) Controls the voluntary activities such as walking, running

E) Controls the involuntary activities such a breathing

F) The Central Nervous System (CNS)

> Made of the brain and the spinal cord

G) The Peripheral Nervous

System ( PNS) > Made of the nerves

or a bundle of cells that conduct electrical signals through the body

H) Problems of the Nervous System 1) Meningitis – infection of the protective covering of the brain

and spinal cord caused by a bacteria or a virus2) Rabies – viral infection of the brain passed by the saliva or bite

of an infected animal3) Concussion – an injury of the brain caused by a blow to the

head; may cause memory loss or unconsciousness4) Stroke- the death of brain tissue due to lack of blood to the

brain 5) Paralysis – partial or total loss of the ability to use muscles6) Epilepsy – disorder of the brain and nerves characterized by

uncontrolled muscle activity7) Cerebral Palsy – a person has very poor muscle control caused

by damage to the brain

III) Endocrine System• Some Important HormonesA) Thyroxine: regulates body growthB) Testosterone: male hormoneC) Estrogen: female hormoneD) Progesterone: prepares the

uterus for pregnancy and helps regulate the menstral cycle

E) Insulin regulates amount of sugar in the blood

F) Human growth hormone: stimulates body growth

G) Epinephrine and NorepinephrineStimulate the body system and

metabolism in emergencies and during stress

Glands __________ hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Slow acting.

Problems of the Endocrine SystemA) Type II Diabetes: high level of sugar in the bloodB) Gigantism: Very large body size(overproduction

of the human growth hormone (hgh) C) Dwarfism: Very small body size (underproduction

of hghD) Hyperthyroidism: overproduction of the thyroid

gland; too active which can lead to weight lossE) Hypothyroidism: underproduction of thyroid

gland; slow down of the body systems that can lead to unhealthy weight gain

Gigantism and dwarfism

II.Skeletal SystemProtects and supports

body organs; provides a framework muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones (hematopoiesis); stores minerals.

Problems of the Skeletal SystemA) Osteoporosis: the bones become weak due to lack of

calcium and/or Vitamin DB) Fracture: a break in the boneC) Osteomyelitis: a bacterial infection of a bone and its

bone marrowD) Arthritis: joint inflammationsE) Osteoarthritis: a type of arthritis that is caused by agingF) Rickets: soft bone because the body cannot absorb

calciumG) Scoliosis: Curvature of the spine usually caused by

uneven growth of the bodyH) Sprain: injury to the ligaments of a joint

Scoliosis

Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions; maintains posture; produces heat.

Problems of the Muscular SystemA) Muscular dystrophy: muscle weaknessB)Inguinal Hernia: the intestine bulges through the

abdominal muscleC)Muscle Cramp: a sudden and painful contraction

of the muscle usually at night or when exercisingD)Strain: overstretching and possible tearing or a

muscle because of overuseE)Tendinitis: inflammation of the tendon because of

aging or too much exerciseF) Shin splints: pain or irritation of the shins

Muscle Cramps

Circulatory System

Or Cardiovascular SystemBlood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc,; the heart pumps blood. White blood cells and chemicals in the blood help to protect the body from bacteria, toxins and tumor cells.

A) blood: contains liquids and solids; 5 liters of blood in the body

B) Plasma: the liquid part90% water; carries nutrient and

hormones to parts parts of the body; contains proteins that are needed in blood clotting and fighting disease

C) Platelets: fragments that help repair blood vessels and form blood clots

D) Red blood cells: transport Oxygen and Carbon dioxide through the body

E) White blood cells: fight infectionF) Hemoglobin: protein in RBC

Problems of the Circulatory SystemA) Hypertension: abnormally high blood pressure

that can lead to stroke a heart attackB) Heart Attack: Blood supply to the heart is

reduced of stoppedC) Anemia: Number of RBC and amount of

hemoglobin is below normalD) Sickle Cell Anemia: RBC are sickle shaped and

contain abnormal type of hemoglobinE) Leukemia: cancer of the tissue of the body that

produces WBCF) Hemophilia: blood does not clot or clots slowly

Respiratory System

The primary function of the respiratory system is the _________ of oxygen to the blood so this in turn delivers oxygen to all parts of the body.

Problems of the Respiratory System1) Tuberculosis: infection caused by bacteria in the

lungs2) Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs where in

the alveoli become filled with a thick fluid3) Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchials4) Asthma: an allergic response in which airways

constrict and become filled with mucus5) Emphysema: the alveoli in the lungs break; difficult

breathing 6) Lung Cancer: a cancer destroying lung tissue

The urinary system, also known as the excretory system, is concerned with the removal of water-soluble waste products from the body in the form of urine. The various components or organs of the urinary system are associated with the production, storage, and then _______________of urine from the body. At the same time, the system also takes part in several vital functions of the body.

Problems of the Urinary System1) Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): An infection of one or more of the organs of the

urinary tract caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites; more common in women: can be prevented with proper hygiene and limited intake of salt or MSG

2) Stones: crystallized mineral chunks that frequently form in the kidneys and the bladder; small stones will leave the body with the urine; large stones may become trapped and cause pain and need to be removed through operation: can be prevented by limiting salt intake and drinking plenty of water

3) Death of the kidney: when the kidney stops functioning due to too much salt,acid or fat; needs to undergo dialysis ( a blood cleansing procedure) or a kidney transplant

4) Urinary incontinence: loss of urine or inability to control urination caused by aging

5) Overactive or neurogenic bladder: inability to control urination caused by damage to the nerves that go to the urinary bladder

Kidney Stones

The Lymphatic SystemComplimentary to cardiovascular system. The lymphatic vessels return fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels so that blood can be kept continuously circulating through the body. Lymph nodes ________ the blood and house the cells involved in immunity.

Problems of the Lymphatic System

1) Glandular fever - symptoms include tender lymph nodes

2) Hodgkin’s disease - a type of cancer of the lymphatic system

3) Oedema - swelling caused by too much fluid in the tissues

4) Tonsillitis - infection of the tonsils in the throat.

External covering of the body. It waterproofs the body. ________vitamin D; location of cutaneous (pain, pressure receptors etc.). Regulates body tempurature. Excretes salt and urea through perspiration.

Integumentary System

Problems of the Integumentary System1) Viral Infections: chicken pox, measles,

German measles, cold sores ( herpes simplex) and warts

2) Fungal Infections: ringworm 3) bullae: fluid-filled areas of the skin4) Psoriasis: abnormal

keratinization(thickening and hardening of the skin) cause and treatment is unknown

5) Eczema or dermatitis: inflamation of the skin due to allergies, infections, poor blood circulation

Immune SystemThe immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against ________________ To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue.

Problems of the Immune System1) Allergies and asthma: overreaction to a non-

threatening foreign substance2) Rheumatoid arthritis: the immune system produces

antibodies that attack the lining of a joint3) Lupus: the immune system develop autoimmune

antibodies that can attach to tissues of the body4) Type 1 diabetes (mellitus): The immune system

antibodies destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

5) AIDS: the HIV virus destroys immune cells

Lupus AIDS