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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

AND SUSTAINABLE POLYMERS

(BIOPOL-2009)

No par! of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed Dr implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors ar omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental ar consequential damages in connection with ar arising Qut of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medicai Dr any other professional services.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS

AND SUSTAINABLE POLYMERS

(BIOPOL-2009)

ALFONSO JIMENEZ

AND

G.E.ZAIKOV

EDITORS

Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York

COPYlight © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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Additional color graphies may be available in the e-book version of this book.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

BIOPOL 2009 (2009) Biodegradable polymers and sustainable polymers (BIOPOL-2009) / [edited

by] Alfonso Jiminez, G.E. Zaikov. p.em.

Seleeted papers from BIOPOL 2009. Ineludes indexo ISBN 978-1-61942-701-3 (eBook) 1. Biodegradable plastics--Congresses. I. Jiminez, Alfonso, 1965- 11.

Zaikov, G. E. (Gennadii Efremovich), 1935- m. Title. TP 1180.B55B567 2009 620.1 '92323--dc22

2010049659

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. t New York

CONTENTS

PreCace xi

Chapter 1 Biodegradation and MedicaI Application ofMicrobial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 1 A. P. Bonartsev, A . L. Iordanskii, G. A. Bonartseva and G. E. Zaikov

Chapter 2 Use ofHydroxytyrosol as Polypropylene Stabilizer and as a Potential Active Antioxidant 37 M. Peltzer, N. López, L. Matisová-Rychlá, J. Rychly and A. Jiménez

Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of Dimer Fatty Acid-based Polyamides Biocomposites 51 Elodie Hablot, Rodrigue Matadi, Said Ahzi and Luc Avérous

Chapter 4 Preparation and Properties of Three Layer Sheets Based on Gelatin and Poly(Lactic Acid) 67 J. F. Martucci and R. A. Ruseckaite

Chapter 5 Evaluation of the Use ofNatural Plasticizers in Commercial Lids for Food Packaging. Characterization and Migration in Food Simulants 83 C. Bueno-Ferrer, M. C. Garrigós and A. Jiménez

V11l Contents

Chapter 6 Evaluation of Parameters Essential for Efficiency in the Composting Process 93 J. Klein, M. Zen i, V. T. Cardoso, B. C. D. A . Zoppas,

A. M. C. Grisa and R. N. Brandalise

Chapter 7 Characterization ofPP Films with Carvacrol and Thymol as Active Additives 105 M. Ramos, M. A. Peltzer and M. C. Garrigós

Chapter 8 Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Biopolyester and Related Clay-based Nanohybrids 117 Rale Oztürk, Eric Pollet, Anne Rébraud

and Luc Avérous

Chapter 9 Characterization and Thermal Stability of Almonds by the Use ofThermal Analysis Techniques 137 Aranlzazll Valdés-García, Ana Beltrán-Sanahuja and M. Carmen Garrigós-Selva

Chapter 10 Chitosan as an Antimicrobial Agent for Footwear Leather Components 151 M. C. Barros, 1. P. Fernandes, V. Pinto,

M. J. Ferreira, M. F. Barreiro and J. S. Amaral

Chapter 11 Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materiais by Morphological and Thermal Techniques 167 M. I. Rico, M. C. Garrigós, F. PmTes and J. López

Chapter 12 Effect of Processing Methods on Mechanical Prope11ies of Soya Protein Films 179 P. Guerrero, L. Martin, S. Cabezlldo

and K. de la Caba

Chapter 13 Development of a Biodegradability Evaluation Method for Leather Used in the Footwear Industry 191 M. A. de la Casa-Lillo, A. Diaz-Tahoces,

P. N. de Aza-Moya, P. Mazón-Canales,

V. Segarra-Orero, M. A. Martínez-Sanchez

and M. Bertazzo

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Index

Cootents

Cbromium Tanned Leather Waste Acid Extraction, Residue Recycling aod Anaerobic Biodegradation Tests 00 Extracts Maria 1. Ferreira, Manuel F. Almeida, Vem Pinto, Isabel Santos, José L. Rodrigues, Fernanda Freitas and Sílvia Pinho

How to Shift Toughness ofPLA ioto Non-break Area aod to Create High Impact Flax Fibre Reinforcements R. Forstne and W. Stadlbauer

IX

205

225

237

In: Biodegradable Polymers ... ISBN 978-1-61209-520-2 Editors: A. Jimenez and G. E. Zaikov © 2011 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Chapter 10

CHITOSAN AS AN ÁNTIMICROBIAL ÁGENT

FOR FOOTWEAR LEATHER COMPONENTS

M. C. Barroi'*, 1. P. Fernandei, V. Pinto2,f,

M. J. Ferreira2, M. F. Barreiro1 and J. S. Amaral,j:

lLSRE, Bragança Polytechnic Institute, Campus de Santa Apolónia Ap 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal

2CTCP, Rua de Fundões - Devesa Velha, 3700-121 S. João da Madeira, Portugal

3REQUIMTE, Pharmacy Faculty, University ofPorto, Rua Aníbal Cunha,

164, Porto 4099-030, Portugal and Bragança Polytechnic Institute, Campus de Santa Apolónia Ap 1134,5301-857 Bragança, Portugal

ABSTRACT

Chitosan is being increasingly used in distinct areas such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetics, food processing and agriculture. Among the interesting biological activities that have been ascribed to chitasan, the antimicrobial activity is probably the ane to generate the higher number of applications. Within this work the role af chitosan in diverse applications has been reviewed with particular emphasis for those

• E-mail: barros@ipb.pt.ipmf@ipb.ptandbarreiro@ipb.pt t E-mail: vera@ctcp.ptandMJoseF@ctcp.pt 1 E-mail: jamaral@ipb.pt

152 M. C. Barros, I. P. Fernandes, V. Pinto et aI.

exploring its antimicrobial power. Furthermore, the mechanism to explain the antimicrobial activity of this emerging biopolymer is also discussed. The viability of using chitosan to effectively provide a functional coatil1g for leather products was presented through an experimental case study. Results confirmed the potential of using this strategy to create antimicrobialleather products to be used, e.g., in the footwear il1dustry.

Keywords: Chitosan; antimicrobial activity; functional coating, leather; footwear

CHITOSAN: STRUCTURE AND ÁPLICATIONS

The use of biopolymers is currently attracting considerable attention for diverse applications due to their great potential, sometimes combining several properties like biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and antimicrobial activity [1 ,2]. Examples of biopolymers are cellulose, starch, proteins, lignin and chitin. Biopolymers can be considered renewable since they are obtained fiom biomass which is available everywhere and in large amounts (by-products of agricultural, marine and forestry activities). The promotion of its use will contribute to create a more sustainable industry and society.

Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide discovered in 1859 by Rouget and it is mainly produced by N-deacetylation of chitin, which is widely distributed in nature, as the structural component of the exo-skeletons of arthropods, including crustaceans and insects, in marine diatoms and algae, as well as in some fungai cell walls [3]. Structurally, chitin is a linear homo-polysaccharide consisting of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine repeated units, linked by ,8-(1-4) glycosidic bonds. On the contrary, chitosan is a linear hetero-polysaccharide comprising both D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine linked by ,8-(1-4) glycosidic bonds. In fact, chitosan is a terrn that describes a heterogeneous group of polymers since they can present various deacetylation degrees (DD), different distribution of the acetamide groups within the polymer chain and various molecular weights. These structural differences will influence properties such as solubility and viscosity, and consequently its processability having in view industrial applications.