bluetooth technology, standard and applications. assignment 2011 - 2 c15

8/6/2019 Bluetooth Technology, Standard and Applications. Assignment 2011 - 2 C15

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Mobile Radio Communications

University of Wales, Newport

Bluetooth Technology

Standard and Applications

By

Student No 10020605


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Mobil io ommuni tions

ni sit of l s, ort P g I Student o 10020605

Assi m i f:

Module Title: Mobile dio ommuni tions

Module ode: G106801

Assignment umber: 1

Topi forInvestig tion: Bluetooth Technolog , St ndardand Applications.

Aimof the Assignment: Toresearch and investigate the topicof Bluetooth and its

applicationsandpresent it bymeansofa formal technical

report.

overage Scope: 1. Introduction

2. Descriptionandexplanationusing blockdiagrams here

necessary

3. onclusion

Dateof Submission: Monday 7 March 2011 - 4.00 p.m.

SubmissionMethod: Printed Paper

General comments: The topicmust becovered from theviewpoint ofpresenting

toa target audienceof juniorengineerswhoare technically

competent but may havenodetailedknowledgeof Blue tooth

technology, standardand itsapplications.

Full drawing illustrationsmust be included.

Thecompletedworkmaybenomore than 15 pagesofprinted

material.

Printedworkmust bereportedusing 12 point Arial font using

1.5 linespacing.

Grading Subjects: Introduction/background

Literaturereviewwith references

nderstanding of the issues involvedwith thenetwork,Standardsand Protocols.

Analysisanddevelopment ofmodel andcontributions

onclusionsandpresentationandstructureof thereport.


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Mobile adio ommunications

niversityof ales, ewport Page II Student o 10020605

S mm

Thepurposeof thisreport is toshow how thisstudy has looked into the technologyof

Bluetooth, the Bluetooth standard, the Bluetooth applicationsandpresent it bymeans

ofa formal technical report.

Thereport will bepresented in threebasicsections giving:

1. Introduction/ Background

Thissectionwill show how theword Bluetooth cameabout and list what thisreport is

about.

2. Description & Explanation

Themainbodyof thereport will be in thissectionandwill go intodetail of the

Bluetooth technologystudy.

3. onclusion

Finallyanyconclusionsdrawnwill bediscussed here.

It isassumed that the 15 pagesofprintedmaterial mentioned in theassignment brief

onlyrefers to thepart of thedocument between the introductionand theconclusion

section inclusively. Therefore the final document mayb emuch largerto includeall the

othersections that makeup thisreport.

Acknowl m nts

Inproducing thisreport I feel that I couldnot ofproduce thiswithout theuseof the

internet and the Googlesearch engine forfinding thedocumentsre ferred to in thereferencematerial sectionof thisreport.

The following softwarewasuse in thecompilationof thisreport:

Microsoft ord 2010 sed towrite, format andcompile thisdocument.

Microsoft Paint sed toconvert andresize images.

Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 Theslidesareproducedbyusing PowerPoint .

Internet Explorer Browsing the informationsuperhighway

( orld ide eb).

Adobe eader Toopenportabledocument format (PDF) files found in

theresearch.


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Mobile adio ommunications

niversityof ales, ewport ontents A Student o 10020605

Contents

1. Introduction/ Background ................................................................................. 12. Bluetooth Description & Explanation ................................................................ 2

2.1. What is Bluetooth? ......................................................................................... 22.2. Why this technology iscalled Bluetooth? ....................................................... 42.3. Bluetooth Enabled Products ........................................................................... 5

2.3.1. Basic Technical Questions Answered ........................................................ 6a. What Is Pairing?................................................................................... 6b. HowMany Devices an ommunicateona Single etwork? ............. 6c. What isa Scatternet? ........................................................................... 6d. What isa Piconet? ............................................................................... 7e. What isa Parked State? ...................................................................... 7

2.4. Bluetooth Standardsand Protocols ................................................................ 82.4.1. The BiggerPicture................................ ................................ ...................... 8

a. WPA .................................................................................................. 8b. OSI....................................................................................................... 8

2.4.2. TheOSI Model ................................ ................................ ........................... 92.5. Security........................................................................................................ 11

3. Conclusion...................................................................................................... 184. ReferenceMaterials....................................................................................... 195. Appendices..................................................................................................... 20

5.1. Appendix A - ................................................................................................. 205.2. Appendix B - ................................................................................................. 215.3. AppendixC -................................................................................................. 225.4. Appendix D - ................................................................................................. 23

Eq tions, bles, Sli es &Fi es

EQ

ATION1-H+B =BL

ETOOTH............................................................................................ 1EQ

ATION2-COMBINED RUNICSYMBOLS.............................................................................. 4

TABLE 1-BLUETOOTHCLASSES............................................................................................. 2

SLIDE 1-BLUETOOTHSURFACE MOUNT MODULE.................................................................... 3SLIDE 2-BLUETOOTH............................................................................................................ 3SLIDE 3-SECURITY RISKS &TRANSMISSIONEXPOSURE LIMITS.............................................. 17


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MobileRadioCommunications

UniversityofWales, Newport Contents B Student No 10020605

FIGURE 1-ASCATTERNET................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 6FIGURE 2-DETAILED SCATTERNET......................................................................................... 7FIGURE 3-WIRELESS NETWORKS.......................................................................................... 8FIGURE 4-OSIMODEL,IEE802STANDARDS &BLUETOOTHMAPPING................................ ..... 9


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UniversityofWales, Newport Page 1 Student No 10020605

1. Introduction/Background

Thename Bluetooth is taken from thenameof the Danish King Harald Blaatand

whosname translated into English means Bluetooth . Just as King Harald Blaatand

united thewartornregion, Bluetooth wouldunite theworldofcomputersand

telecommunications.

What is Bluetooth?

Is it a technology, astandard, an initiative, anapplicationoraproduct?

Thisreport will showwhat Bluetooth is, how it isusedand inwhat typeofdevices that

incorporate Bluetooth and theapplications that Bluetooth isused in.

Equation1 - +b = Bluetooth

What is themeaning of the orh+b in theequationabove?

Thereport will reviewsomeof the l iteratureandmaymakereferences to it.

Thereport will try to giveanunderstanding of the issues involvedwith anetwork, its

standardsandprotocols that maybe involved.

Thereport will alsomakeananalysisof Bluetooth, thedevelopment of the Bluetooth

model, itscontribution tocommunicationsandmakesomeconclusions.

Thereport will bepresentedinastructuredmanorwhich maycontainslidesand

information touchedon inanearlierreport on Personal AreaNetworks which was

authoredbymyself foradifferent communicationsmodule .

However, thisreport will beamuch more indepth stu dyof the Bluetooth element that

was touchedupon in the Personal AreaNetworks report.


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2.Bluetooth Descri tion &Ex lanation

2.1. What isBluetooth?

Is Bluetooth a technology, astandard, an initiative, anapplicationoraproduct?

Bluetooth isawireless technology, which isorientated towardsmobilitysuch as

headsets tomobilephones, therebyeliminating short distancecabling. Bluetooth

connectsbetween twodevicesonaone toonebasis thussimplyreplacing thecable

connectionandwasconceivedasawi relessalternative to theRS232 serial port.

Bluetooth hasaan IEEE standardand that standard that is fullycompatiblewith

Bluetooth v1.1 is IEEE 802.15.1

The Bluetooth initiative involves thefollowing companies:

Global technology leaders Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Intel and Toshiba founded the

Bluetooth SIG in 1998. Thesecompaniesarenowsupportedbyover1,000 other

organizationswith awiderangeofexpertise, including Widcomm, Inc.

Bluetooth applicationsutilise typical dataratesare 1Mbit/s, 2Mbit/sand 3Mbit/s

depending on the Bluetooth versionandalsoutilises frequency hopping.

Bluetooth is typicallyused in PDAs, mobilephoneandsome laptops

Class, PowerLevel & Operating Range

Class 3 devices 100 mWupto 100 metres

Class 2 devices 10 mWupto 10 metres

Class 1 devices 1 mWup to 1 metres

able1 - BluetoothClasses

Bluetooth usually hasa typical limit of 10 metres (33 feet)but depending on the

powerclass Bluetooth canconnect up to 100 metres (330 feet)away andoperates in

the 2.400 to 2.4835 GHz frequencyband.

The Bluetooth technology hasproducedaproduct that isused inotherproducts to

make them Bluetooth compliant. Oneof theseproducts isshow n inslide 1 asa

surfacemount module that complieswith v2.0 + EDR (enhanceddatarate)

specifications.

Slide 2 summaries thequestionofwhat Bluetooth is.

Bluetooth isa technology that hasan initiative, astandardandaproduct that isused

inotherproducts.


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A Class 2 Bluetooth module compliant with Bluetooth

Specification V2.0+EDR for various application.

Slide1 - Bluetooth Surface Mount Module

Bluetooth

So what is Bluetooth, is it a technology, a standard, an initiative, or a product?

Bluetooth is a technology

Mobility Orientated

Headsets to Mobile Phones

Eliminating Short Distance Cabling.

Frequency Hopping 1Mhz Channels

Bluetooth is a technology that has an initiative, a standard and a product thatis used in other products.

Slide2 - Bluetooth


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University of Wales, Newport Pa e Student No

2.3. Bluetooth Ena led Products

e number of products t at are Bluetoot enabled is continuously rowin and one

of t e latest tec nolo ical announcements is t e new Casio watc w ic features

Bluetoot tec nolo y. e report on Wed 19th January 2011 11:44 AMat

ttp://www.watc s op.com/watc news/Casios Bluetoot watc could be a turninpoint$ .html says:

A new Casio watch featuring Bluetooth technology could herald a turning point in the

industry, according to a gadget blog, which praised the device

Casio's new Bluetooth-enabled watch could herald a turning point in the timepiece

sector, according to an expert blog.

LatestGadgets.co.uk said that no longer will people be using their watches just to tell

the time, they will have far more important things to do.

"Casio has just unveiled plans for a new watch that will be Bluetooth low energy

enabled using recently developed technology

allowing it to communicate with our smart

phones. All new smart phones will shortly

carry Bluetooth low energy wireless

technology allowing them to pair up with

networks of other devices," the author said.

It added that once the Casio watch is paired with

a smartphone it will be able to maintain the

correct time, notifying the wearer of incoming

calls or emails, while also giving the opportunity

to set phone alerts or alarms through a single

button press.

Recently, Nike and TomTom unveiled a new watch which links via Bluetooth to a

sensor in a running shoe to log data when out on the track.


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University of Wales, Newport Pa e Student No

2.3.1. Basic Technical Questions Answered

a. hat Is Pairing?

Bluetooth pairin is when two Bluetooth devices are wirelessly linked to

each other by the means of sharin an identical password or passkey.

Before the pairin can occur one of the Bluetooth devices must be setinto discoverable mode. Once a Bluetooth device is set into discovery

mode other Bluetooth devices can try to connect with it and a

successful link can only occur if both devices share the same passkey.

It is recommended not leave the device in recovery mode once the

pairin with another device has occurred, otherwise other devices may

try to connect with it. or further readin on pairin see

http://www.bluetomorrow.com/about bluetooth-technolo y/general-

bluetooth-information/bluetooth-pairing.html.

. How any evices Can Communicate on a Single Network?

According to the Bluetooth website:

http://www.bluetooth.com/English/Technology/Works/Pages/Architectur

e__Baseband.aspx a single piconet can have up to slave devices

concurrently communicating, although a much larger number of devices

can be link but in a parked state. Also a device can be linked to more

than one piconet which makes it a part of scatternet and the device can

be a master in one network and a slave in the other or a slave in both .

c. hat is a Scatternet?

A scatternet is a network containing two or more piconets. See igure

- A Scatternet represented below: The picture below represents a

scatternet consisting of three grey circles) piconets, within each piconet

are a number of devices the red dot represents a master devic e, the

green dot a slave device, blue dot is a parked device and the

red/green dot is both the master of one piconet and a slave device in

another piconet.

Picture taken from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatternet

igure 1 A Scatternet


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University of Wales, Newport Page Student No

d. hat is a Piconet?

A piconet is a collection of devices occupying a shared physical channel

where one of the devices is the master and the remaining slave devices

are connected to it. Eachgrey circle in igure - etailed Scatternet

represents a single piconet and each dot within the grey circlerepresents a single device.The minimum of a master and single slave

forms a piconet.

e. hat is a Parked State?

A device operating in a basic mode piconet that is synchroni ed to the

master but has given up its default AC logical transport. ooking back

to igure - etailed Scatternet represents the AC logical transport

link and the blue dots the parked devices whichhave given up their

AC logical transport link.

. hat is a aster evice?

A master device on Bluetooth is the device that initiates the connection

however this device can then become the slave device by swapping

roles.

g. hat is a Slave evice?

A slave device is the device that is being connected by the master

device, once connected these roles may be swapped.

igure 2 etailed Scatternet


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2.4. Bluetooth Standards and Protocols

This section will look at the various standards and protocols that make up a

Bluetooth network how the Bluetooth network sits amongst other wireless networks

and whether the standard follows the OSI model.

2.4.1. The Bigger Picture

By looking at the graph in igure - Wireless Networks it can be seen

that Bluetooth only occupies a small space in the bigger picture of

wireless networks, where the range is very limited compared to the

other network types. The range being only in the WPAN area of the

graph and its data rate is also quite limited.

Although new specifications may allow forhigher data rates and a

greater distance essentially the original specifications did not allow for

this.

igure 3 ireless Networks

.

a. PAN

WPAN is short for Wireless Personal Area Network and as the name

suggests it has a limited transmission range.

. OSI

OSI is the standard model for network transport layers.


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2.4.2. The OSI odel

The Bluetooth model maps onto the OSI model as shown in igure -

OSI Model, IEE Standards & Bluetooth Mapping below:

The OSI model has seven layers and the first two layers of this model

are shown mapped to the IEEE standards. The Bluetooth WPANmodel which fully maps the physical layer PHY), only maps the

medium access MAC) sub-layer part of the data link layer as the logical

link in Bluetooth is controlled by a li nk manager.

igure 4- OSI odel, IEE802 Standards Bluetooth apping

The first two layers of the ISO model are:

a. The Physical Layer (PHY)

This layer is the first and lowest layer of the OSI model and due to the

plethora of different hardware technologies makes this layer the most

complex, basically it forms the actual network connection.

. The ata Link edium Access Su -Layer ( AC)

It provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that

make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate

within a multi-point network. Wikipedia)


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2. . . heBluetoothArchitecture

The Figure 5 - Bluetooth ArchitectureModel shownbelowshow the

how thevarious Bluetooth layersare linked togetherto form the

architecture

Figure - BluetoothArchitecture Model

The layersare:

a. he F ayer

Responsible fortransmitting andreceiving packetsof informationon the

physical channel, theRF block transformsastreamofdata toand from

thephysical channel and thebaseband intorequired formats.

b.Baseband ayer

A control path between theba sebandand theRF blockallows the

basebandblock tocontrol the timing and frequencycarrierof theRF

block. Shownasa linkcontroller it isresponsible fortheencoding and

decoding of Bluetooth packets

Also thebasebandresourcemanagerpart of thebaseband layer is

responsible forall access to theradiomedium .


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c. ink Manager ayer

Within the linkmanagerlayeris thedevicemanagerwhich isalsowithin

thebroadband layer.

The linkmanager isresponsible forthecreation, modification, and

releaseof logical linksand theirassociated logical transports ifrequired. This isachievedby talking to the linkmanagerofanassociated

Bluetooth deviceusing the (LMP) linkmanagerprotocol.

Thedevicemanagerisresponsible for the functional block in the

baseband that controls the general behaviouro f the Bluetooth enabled

deviceand it isresponsible forall operationof the Bluetooth system that

isnot directlyrelated todata transport .

d. osttoController Interface CI Control

TheHCI splits the Bluetooth architectureorstack into two that is tosay

intocontrollerand host Figure 6 - Host ControllerInterface below.

Figure - ostController Interface

.The Bluetooth controllerpart issaid to have limiteddatabuffering

capabilitywith the host. TheHost toControll er interface implementation

isconsideredanoptional service.


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e. L2CAP Resource anager

The CAP resource manager block is responsible for managing the

ordering of submission of Protocol ata Units P Us) fragments to the

baseband. Also the CAP resource managerhas some relative

scheduling between channels to ensure that CAP channels with uality of Service oS commitments are not denied access to the

physical channel due to Bluetooth controller resource exhaustion. This

is required because the architectural model does not assume that the

Bluetooth controllerhas limitless buffering, or that the HCI is a pipe of

infinite bandwidth. CAP resource managers may also carry out

traffic conformance policing to ensure that applications are submitting

CAP Service ata Units S Us within the bounds of their negotiated

oS settings.The general Bluetooth data transport model assumes

well-behaved applications, and does not define how an implementation

is expected to deal with this problem.

. L2CAP Transaction odel

Below is a model of the CAP transactions and how data is passed

between layers is implementation specific and the - CAP Transaction

Model is shown in igure below.

igure 7- L2CAP Transaction odel


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g. Upper Layer

This is the system layer above the CAP where service data units

S Us are used these can be segmented and reassembled.

h. Lower Layer

This is the system layer below the CAP where protocol data unitsP Us are used these can be fragmented and reassembled.

i. Protocol ata Units (P Us)

The P Us or part of the P U called data fragments are used to

communicate between the CAP layer and the lower layers.

A P U is always started by a Basic CAPheader.Types of P Us

are: B-frames, I-frames, S-frames, C-frames and -frames.

j. Service ata Units (S Us)

The S U is used at the upper level which uses S Us to communicate

between the higher level protocols and the CAP layer.

The v Bluetooth Protocols says CAP permits higher level protocols

and applications to transmit and receive upper layer data packets

CAP Service ata Units, S U) up to kilobytes in length. CAP

also permits per-channel flow control and retransmission via the low

Control and Retransmission Modes. Also the S Us can be split into

smaller units called a segment which when put back together make up

the S U.

k. Reassem ly

igure 8 -

L2CAP S U

Reassem ly

igure - CAP S U Reassemblyis where in the S U segments are

being re-established into a S U from the segments received over an

CAP channel. Reassembly also occurs in the lower layer where the

P U fragments are re-established into a P U.


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l. Audio

Audiodoesnot normally go through L2CAP except when it is

packetizedaudiodata, such as internet protocol telephonywhich may

besent, using communicationprotocolsrunning over L2CAP. However

thenewaudiostandards thereare threenewmethods that use L2CAPlink theseare Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol (AVDTP),

Generic Audio/Video Distribution Profile (GAVDP), and Advanced Audio

Distribution Profile (A2DP).


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2. . . Data Packet Formats

Thereareanumberofdatapacket formats that operateoverBluetooth

but thebasic L2CAP headerismadeupasshown in Figure 9- Standard

BasicRate Packet (ConnectionOrientated B-Frame) belowalsoknown

asa SynchronousConnection-OrientedorSCO link.

Figure 9- StandardBasic ate Packet Connection rientatedB-Frame)

Although theminimumpayloadcanbe zerobytes theactual supported

minimum transmissionunit MTU size is 48 octets (ambiguousbytes)

and the MTU limits thepayloadsizesso thisneeds tobe taken into

account.

Figure10 - ConnectionlessChannel Basic ate Packet G -Frame)

Figure 10 - ConnectionlessChannel BasicRate Packet (G-Frame)

shows the L2CAP PDUpacket onaconnectionlesschannel this isalso

knownasan AsynchronousConnection-LessorACL link. The PSM

canbe greaterthan 2 octetsbut will reduce thepayloadsizeby the

sameamount and thepayloadcanbe 0 to 65535 octets.

Figure11 - ypical Bluetooth Data Frame

Figure 11 - Typical Bluetooth Data Frame showa frame that hasa

lowerpayload than that of the B-FrameorG-Frame this typical frame.

The first 72 bitscontain theaccesscode, the header is 18 bitsrepeated

three times totalling 54 bitsand thedatacanbe 0 to 2744 bits long.


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The header ismadeupof 18 bits that consistsof 3 bits fo rthe Bluetooth

device Address a total of 8 devices including themasterdeviceand 7

activeslaves. Next 4 bitsare the Type of frame thenext three 1 bit

fieldsrepresent the Flow, Acknowledgement and Sequence bits

finally followedby the 8 bi t Checksum and this 18 bit headersequenceisrepeated 3 times totalling 54 bits.

Thus the largerSDUsarebrokendown to the PDUs fortransmitting

with a fewadditionbits that makeup the Bluetooth transmission

container

I-frames,

S-frames,

C-frames


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2.5. Security

Howsecure isa Bluetooth device?

Security ssue / Vulnerability Bluetooth Comments

SharedMaster

eyAbetterbroadcast keying system is

needed

NoUserAuthentication

Onlydeviceauthentication ismandatory, application

userauthentication isoptional.

evice

ey Sharing

avesdropping

Anotherusermaybeable to gainunauthorisedaccess todatabetween twootherusersbycorrupt

means.

Compromiseofprivacywhena

deviceaddress iscaptured

associatedwith aparticu laruser.

Once theaddress isassociated

with aparticularuser, that useractivitiescanbe loggedwhich willresult in lossofprivacy

End toEndsecuritynot performed

Individual link areencrypted

authorised, howeverapplicationsabove these linkscanbedevelopedandutilised tobreach

securityasdata isdecryptedatintermediate links.

imited Security Services

Audit, non-repudiation, andother

servicesdonot exist.

Viruses

en ial of Serv ice

attacksvia the internet orvia

ema ils

Vulnerabilityofdata to thirdpartyproviders

BodyArea Current Li

its

roposed

Li

its

(Both)Public Wor kers

Basic

restrictions

(Frequency 10

MHz 10

Hz) Wholebody SAR

0.0

W /kg

0.

W/kg 0.

W/kg

ocalized

SAR(), head

and torso

1.6

W/kg

W/kg 10 W/kg

ocalized

SAR, limbs

W/kg

20 W/kg 25 W/kg

Security Trans ission posure Li itsRisks

Slide 3 - Security Risks & Trans ission posure Li its


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3. Conclusion

IEEE 802.15.1: BluetoothIEEE 802.15.3:High datarateWPAN IEEE 802.15.4: LowdatarateWPAN


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4. eference Materials

Personal AreaNetworks report bystudent 10020605

Why thename Bluetooth namewaschosen:

http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070205052400AAJ3AVA

CasioWatch Report:http://www.watchshop.com/watchnews/Casios-Bluetooth-watch-

could-be-a-turning-point 800351083.html

Bluetooth Pairing:http://www.bluetomorrow.com/about -bluetooth-technology/general-

bluetooth-information/bluetooth-pairing.html.

Bluetooth URL:http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/Technology/ Building/Specifications/

BluetoothTutorial URL:http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial.asp

Bluetooth DefinitionsURL:

http://www.bluetooth.com/English/Technology/Pages/Glossary.aspx

Bluetooth OSI Mapping URL:http://progtutorials.tripod.com/Bluetooth Technology.htm

Bluetooth ArchitectureURL:

http://www.bluetooth.com/English/Technology/Works/Pages/Core_System_Architecture.as

px#3

Bluetooth ArchitectureOverviewby Dr.Chatschik Bisdikian

IEEE802.15: Bluetooth overview

http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/1999/Sep99/Misc/IEEE8021509_14_1999 -r2.ppt


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5.Appendices

5.1. Appendix A -


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5.2. Appendix B -


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5.3. Appendix C -


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5.4. Appendix D -

bluetooth technology, standard and applications. assignment 2011 - 2 c15

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