PSY 205Review: Exam #3

7th Edition 8th Edition

Chapter 10 398 - 407 419-428Chapter 12 468–488, 490-505 489-510, 513-527Chapter 13 511-541 533-564Chapter 14 550-580 575-604Chapter 15 595-615 621-644

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Chapter 12

Personality

Chapter 12

• Personality theories:–Why is there a need?

–Describes, measures, and explains individual’s behavior

• Graphology – studying handwriting

Chapter 12

Freud: • Anna O: Freud’s first patient. – Freud took over Anna O’s case from who?

• Who is Charcot?

• What are the Oedipal and Electra complexes?

• Go over notes from videos

Chapter 12

Freud: Structure of Personality

• Id: primitive, instinctive component• Pleasure principle

• Ego: decision-making component• Reality principle

• Superego: moral component

Chapter 12Freud:

Levels of Awareness• Conscious: what you are aware of at the moment

• Preconscious: material just beneath the surface of awareness

• General information: middle name, what you had for dinner, previous conversations with your roommate

• Unconscious: thoughts, memories, and desires below the surface – difficult to retrieve

Chapter 12Freud:

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanism

Definition

Repression Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Projection Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

Displacement Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target

Reaction Formation

Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

Regression A reversion to immature patterns of behavior

Rationalization Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

Identification Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

Chapter 12Freud:

Psychosexual Stages (Figure 12.2, page 477 – 7th Ed.) (Table 12.2, page 498 – 8th Ed.)

• Oral (0-1 years)• Anal (2-3 years)• Phallic (4-5 years)• Latency (6-12 years)• Genital (Puberty onward)

• Know each stage and what behavior occurs if one is ‘stuck’ in that stage

Chapter 12

• Self report inventories: know definition!– MMPI: most widely used self-report inventory• Know characteristics of 10 clinical scales (Palfai’s notes)

– 16PF and NEO personality inventory – who developed the 16PF?

• Projective tests: know definition!– Rorschach– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)– Draw-A-Person

Chapter 12Sheldon’s body types:

– Ectomorphic: characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage; usually referred to as slim. • Cerebrotonia

– Mesomorphic: characterized by large bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist. • Somatotonia

– Endomorphic: characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure.• Viscerotonia

– What are the criticism’s of Sheldon’s theory?

Other things to review:

• Carl Rogers:– Personality-Centered Theory derived from the

humanistic perspective

• Dr. Palfai’s lectures:– Know why interviews are more advantageous than

standardized tests

– What is the advantage of standardized interviews over unstandardized interviews?

Let’s practice!

Chapter 12

• This is an example of an objective personality test, while this is an example of a projective personality test.

• a. TAT; Rorschach• b. Rorschach; TAT• c. Draw-a-Person; Rorschach• d. Rorschach; Draw-a-Person• e. MMPI; Rorschach

Chapter 12

• Modern, empirically driven theories of personality, such as the “Five-Factor Model,” often use this statistical technique to identify a small number of core personality traits.

• a. T-tests• b. Linear Regression • c. Analysis of Variance • d. Factor Analysis• e. Psychoanalysis

Chapter 12

• Freud described these behavioral tendencies as unconscious reactions that protect us from feelings of anxiety and guilt.

• a. Fixations• b. Transference• c. Defense Mechanisms• d. Pleasure Principle• e. Reality Principle

Chapter 12

• Freud often conceptualized the structure of personality like that of an iceberg. In this analogy, the bulk of our behavior is motivated by _________ urges, while our ________ experience merely constitutes the tip of the iceberg.

• a. Sexual; Rational• b. Repressed; Projected• c. Latent; Manifest• d. Subconscious; Preconscious• e. Unconscious; Conscious

Chapter 12• According to Freud, fixation at this psychosexual

stage could contribute to developing a very disciplined personality, and a penchant for organization and neatness.

• a. Oral• b. Anal• c. Phallic• d. Latency• e. Genital

Chapter 12

• Although the validity of his work has since been criticized, this psychologist developed a unique “somatotype” theory of personality that suggests one’s personality type is largely determined by one’s body type.

• a. Raymond Cattell• b. B.F. Skinner• c. Albert Bandura• d. William Sheldon• e. Hans Eysenck

Chapter 14

Psychological Disorders

Chapter 14Psychological disorders:

• Medical model: use terms such as ‘mental illness’ and ‘psychopathology’

• Know the definition of:– Diagnosis– Etiology– Prognosis

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – IV: tool used to classify disorders

• Anxiety disorders – Generalized anxiety– Phobic– Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia– Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – recurrent ideas– PTSD

• According to lecture, what are potential causes of anxiety?

Chapter 14

Chapter 14

• Somatoform disorder

– Hypochondriasis – what is the prognosis (good, bad, varied, unknown)?

• Dissociative Disorders: lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory

– Dissociative amnesia

– Dissociative fugue

• Mood disorders: norepinephrine and serotonin

–Bipolar Disorder: manic episodes as well as periods of depression (7th Ed. see Table 14.1, page 567)(8th Ed. See Table 14.1, page 591)

–Depression• Learned helplessness

Chapter 14

• Schizophrenia: know symptoms– Delusions vs Hallucinations– Paranoid– Catatonic – what is waxy flexibility– Simple/Disorganized

• What is organic psychosis?

Chapter 14

Questions….

Chapter 14

• This model proposes thinking of abnormal behavior as a disease and became the basis for many of the terms we use today, such as mental illness and psychopathology.

• a. Psychodynamic• b. Cognitive• c. Behavioral• d. Humanist• e. Medical

Chapter 14

• Phobias, Panic Disorder, OCD, PTSD, and GAD are all diagnosed within this category of clinical syndromes.

• a. Mood Disorders• b. Dissociative Disorders• c. Somatoform Disorders• d. Anxiety Disorders• e. Schizophrenic Disorders

Chapter 14

• A phobia is a fear that targets a specific stimulus. Based on this evolutionary theory, some psychologists believe that we are more likely to develop phobias toward some stimuli (e.g. heights) compared to others (e.g. doors).

• a. Hypochondriasis• b. Conditioned Fear • c. Neuroticism• d. Preparedness• e. Fixation

Chapter 14• This disorder is often characterized by delusional

beliefs, visual or auditory hallucinations, and disturbed emotions ranging from “flat affect” to “inappropriate responding.”

• a. Generalized Anxiety Disorder• b. Bipolar Disorder• c. Major Depression• d. Schizophrenia• e. Dissociative Identity Disorder

Chapter 14

• This subtype of schizophrenia is often characterized by delusions of grandeur (e.g., thinking you’re an important political figure) and irrational fears of persecution (e.g., thinking there’s a government plot against you).

• a. Paranoid• b. Catatonic• c. Disorganized• d. Undifferentiated• e. Chronic

Chapter 14

• After becoming traumatized by witnessing a murder, Silvia suddenly experienced a loss of vision that had no obvious physical origin. This type of psychologically-induced loss of function can be explained by this type of Somatoform disorder:

• a. Somatization Disorder• b. Conversion Disorder• c. Hypochondriasis• d. Dissociative Amnesia• e. Dissociative Identity Disorder

Chapter 15

Treatment of Disorders

Chapter 15• Treating mental disorders

• Thomas Szasz: view of mental illness.

• Common reasons for people seeking treatment – 7th edition = page 597-598- 8th edition = pages 623-624

• Psychoanalysis – Psychodynamic approach– Basis for psychological problems• What type of person benefits from psychoanalysis?

– Free association– Interpretation– Resistance– Transference

• Client-centered therapy– Genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and

empathy

Chapter 15

Chapter 15

• Behavior Therapies– Systematic desensitization• Used to treat phobias

– Aversion therapy

– Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments• Original treatment condition?

Chapter 15

• Dr. Palfai’s slides:

– What is the assumption behind the behavioral therapy model?

– Morphine AKA: Narcotic analgesic

• Pharmacology treatments– Antianxiety – binds to benzodiazepine receptors

• Valium and Xanax• Know that Valium = Diazepam

– Antipsychotic• Thorazine – side effect tardive dyskinesia• Clozapine – treat negative and positive symptoms

– Antidepressant• 3 classes:

– MAO inhibitors– Tricyclics– SSRIs: block reuptake SE, example Prozac

– Mood stabilizers – mania - norepinephrine• Lithium

Chapter 15

Last quiz of the semester!!!

Chapter 15

• At the start of each session the therapist asks Michael to make himself comfortable, to close his eyes, and to simply talk about anything that comes to mind. The psychoanalytic technique that the therapist is using is called:

• a. Interpretation• b. Resistance• c. Transference• d. Free Association• e. Dream Analysis

Chapter 15

• Psychologists & psychiatrists use a variety of techniques to assist their patients; however, most treatments can be classified in one of these three general approaches.

• a. Insight, Behavioral, Biomedical• b. Psychoanalysis, Client-Centered, Cognitive • c. Talk-therapy, Medication, ECT• d. Antianxiety, Antipsychotic, Antidepressant• e. Freudian, Rogerian, Kevorkian

Chapter 15• This common behavioral therapy technique can help

patients overcome phobias through counter-conditioning by gradually bringing them into closer contact with the feared stimulus.

• a. Aversion therapy• b. Social Skills Training• c. Systematic Desensitization• d. Spontaneous Remission• e. Electroconvulsive Therapy

Chapter 15• Albert Ellis developed this highly interactive form of

cognitive insight therapy that focuses on recognizing and changing maladaptive thought patterns that can generate negative emotions.

• a. Psychoanalysis• b. Group Therapy• c. Client-Centered Therapy• d. Unconditional Positive Regard• e. Rational-Emotive Therapy

Chapter 15• Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft – some of the most well-

known treatments for depression – all belong to this newer class of antidepressant drugs.

• a. Tricyclics• b. MAO Inhibitors• c. SSRIs• d. Mood Stabilizers• e. Lithium treatments

Chapter 15• These two fast-acting, benzodiazepine drugs are

commonly prescribed to patients suffering from chronic anxiety problems, such as GAD, OCD, or panic disorder.

• a. Thorazine & Haldol• b. Valium & Xanax• c. Dopamine & Norepinephrine• d. Serotonin & Acetlycholine• e. Gin & Tonic

Chapter 10 & 13

Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Theories of emotions

• James-Lange Theory• Cannon-Bard Theory• Schachter’s Two-factor Theory

• 7th edition: Figure 10.23, page 405• 8th edition: Figure 10.24, page 426

Major types of stress• Frustration: occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal

is thwarted.

• Conflict: occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression.

– Approach – approach– Avoidance – avoidance– Approach – avoidance

• Change: any significant alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment.

• Pressure: involves expectations or demands that one behave a certain way.

Stress and performance

7th edition: Figure 13.5, page 5198th edition: Figure 13.5, page 541

Response to stress7th edition: page 517, Figure 13.48th edition: page 540, Figure 13.4

Response to stress• Which system activates the fight – or –flight response?

• Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome: model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

• Can minor stressors be more damaging than major stressors?

• What is coping?

• What is catastrophic thinking?

Brain – body pathways of stress

7th edition: figure 13.6, page 521

8th edition: figure 13.6, page 543

Final Questions?