blackhat dc 2010 nve playing with sat 1.2 slides

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Leonardo Nve Egea Leonardo Nve Egea [email protected]

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Page 1: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Leonardo Nve EgeaLeonardo Nve [email protected]

Page 2: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

1. because I’m sure that some people will publish more attacks.

.2 because previously presentations about llsatellite.

Page 3: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Warezzman – (in 2004 at Undercon VIII first Spanish hacker CON)

Jim Geovedi & Raditya Iryandi f(HITBSecConf2006)

d l khAdam Laurie (Blackhat 2009 at DC)

lf l bMyself at S21Sec Blog (February 2009)

Page 4: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Orbit based satellites Low Earth orbiting (LEO)Geostationary orbit (GEO)Other: Molniya, High (HEO), etc.

Function based satellitesCommunicationsEarth observationOther: Scientifics, ISS, etc., ,

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Page 6: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

S lli  LEOSatellite LEOMeteorologicalHAM (A  R di  O )HAM (Amateur Radio Operator)

Satellite GEOSatellite GEOUFO (UHF Follow ON) MilitaryInmarsatInmarsatMeteorological (Meteosat)SCPC / Telephony link FDMASCPC / Telephony link FDMA

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Page 8: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

fStandard of European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

Defines audio  and video transmission, and ddata connections.

h f fDVB‐S & DVB‐S2 is the specification for satellite communications.

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Transponder:  Like channels (in Satellite comms) Frecuency (C band or Ku). Ex: 12.092GhzPolarization. (horizontal/vertical)Symbol Rate. Ex: 27500KbpsFEC. 

Every satellite has many transponders onboard which are operating on different frequencies

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Page 11: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Header dHeader Body0x47 Flags PID Flags Adaptation Field Data

Program ID (PID): It permits different programs at same transponder with different components [Example BBC1 PIDs: 600 (video), 601 (English audio), 603 (subtitles), 4167 PIDs: 600 (video), 601 (English audio), 603 (subtitles), 4167 (teletext)]

Special PIDs  NIT (Network Information Table)  SDT (ServiceSpecial PIDs: NIT (Network Information Table), SDT (ServiceDescription Table), PMT (Program Map Tables), PAT (ProgramAssociation Table).

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Temporal video links.

Live emissions, sports, news.

dFTA – In open video.

Page 13: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Hispasat Pre news feed (live news)

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ATLAS Agency to TV feedsfeeds

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Page 16: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Captured NATO feeds

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NATO COMINT official

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fI widely known that the Department of Defense (DoD) and someUS defense

ll d f hcontractors use satellites and  DVB for theircomms.

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Let`s see:

http://telecom.esa.int/telecom/media/document/DVB‐RCS%20Networks%20for%20the%20US%20Defense%20Market%20(R3).pdf

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Page 21: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

US COMINT official

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fFind feeds:Lists of channels in wwwBlind ScanVisual representations of the signal 

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Dr HANShttp://drhans.jinak.cz/news/index.php

Zackyfileshttp://www.zackyfiles.com (in spanish)

Satplazahttp://www.satplaza.comp p

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Two scenarios

Satmodem

Satellite Interactive Terminal (SIT) orAstromodem 

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INTERNETCLIENT

ISP

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DOWNLINK

INTERNETCLIENT

ISP

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DOWNLINK

POTS/GPRS POTS/GPRS UPLINK

INTERNET

UPLINKCLIENT

UPLINKISP

Page 28: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

DOWNLINK

POTS/GPRS POTS/GPRS UPLINK

INTERNET

UPLINKCLIENT

UPLINKISP

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DOWNLINK

ISP’s UPLINK

POTS/GPRS POTS/GPRS UPLINK

INTERNET

UPLINKCLIENT

UPLINKISP

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DVB Data - Astromodem

DOWNLINK & UPLINK ISP DOWNLINK & UPLINK

INTERNET

ISPCLIENT

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Page 32: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides
Page 33: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Anyone with coverage can SNIFF Anyone with coverage can SNIFF the DVB Data, and normally it is yunencrypted.

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What do you need:Skystar 2 DVB Cardlinuxtv‐dvb‐apps WiresharkThe antennaData to point it.p

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I bought it for 50€!!! from an g 5PayTV ex‐”hacker” :P (I l di     t t  b  th t I  ill (Including a set‐top box that I will not use))

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Page 37: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides
Page 38: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

fLinux has the modules for this card by default, we only need the tools to manage it:

linuxtv‐dvb‐apps

My version is 1.1.1 and I use Fedora (Not too l bcool to use Debian :P).

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Once the antenna and the card is installed and linuxtv‐dvb‐apps compiled  and installed, hthe process is:1‐Tune the DVB Card2‐ Find a PID with data3‐Create an Ethernet interface associated to that PID

We can repeat 2 to 3 any times we want.

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h d1‐ Tune the DVB Card

2‐ Find a PID with data

3‐Create an Ethernet interface associated to that PID

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Tune DVB CardThe tool we must use is szap and we need the 

d ftransponder’s parameters in a configuration file.

For example, for “Sirius‐4 Nordic Beam":# echo “sirius4N:12322:v:0:27500:0:0:0" >> channels.conf# echo  sirius4N:12322:v:0:27500:0:0:0  >> channels.conf

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fWe run szap with the channel configuration file and the transponder we want use (the 

f f l h hconfiguration file can have more than one).

# szap –c channels.conf sirius4Np 4

We must keep it running.

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Page 44: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

fThe transponder parameters can be found around Internet.

http://www.fastsatfinder.com/transponders.html

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h d1‐Tune the DVB Card

2‐ Find a PID with data

3‐Create an Ethernet interface associated to that PID

Page 46: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Find a PID

d b d#dvbsnoop ‐s pidscan

h f d lSearch for data section on results.

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Page 48: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

h d1‐Tune the DVB Card

2‐ Find a PID with data

3‐ Create an Ethernet interface associated to that PID

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fCreate an interface associated to a PID

d b d b#dvbnet ‐a <adapter number> ‐p <PID>

Activate it#ifconfig dvb0_<iface number> up

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Page 51: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Back to de pidscan results

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Create another interface

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fWireshark is our friend

16358 packets in 10 seconds

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Page 55: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

W    h    th    PID  i d t    We can have more than one PID assigned to an interface, this will be very useful.Malicious users can:Malicious users can:Catch passwords.Catch cookies and get into authenticated HTTP g

sessions.Read emailsC h f lCatch sensitive filesDo traffic analysisEtc Etc ….

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Reminder: In satellite communications we have two 

scenarios:

A‐ Satmodem, Only Downlink via Satellite

B‐Astromodem, Both uplink and downlink via Satellite.

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We can only sniff the downloaded data. We l ff dcan only sniff one direction in a connection.

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fDNS Spoofing

h kTCP hijacking

kAttacking GRE

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f h f kDNS Spoofing is the art of making a DNS entry to point to an another IP than it wouldb d hbe supposed to point to. (SecureSphere)

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fData we need to perform this attackDNS Request IDSource PortSource IPDestination IPName/IP asking forg

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´ f ffIt´s trivial to see that if we sniff a DNS request we have all that information and we 

f hcan spoof the answer.

l d d h b h lMany tools around do this job,  the only thing we also need is to be faster than the 

lreal DNS server (jizz).

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Why is this attack important?Think in phisingWith this attack, uplink sniff can be possible▪ Rogue WPAD service▪ Sslstrip can be use to avoid SSL connections.

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fDNS Spoofing

h kTCP hijacking

kAttacking GRE

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TCP session hijacking is when a hacker takes b hover a TCP session between two machines. 

(ISS)

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Seq=S1   ACK=A1   Datalen=L1

Seq=A1   ACK=S1+L1   Datalen=L2

f ff d d k f d

Seq=S1+L1   ACK=A1+L2   Datalen=L3

If we sniff 1 we can predict Seq and Ack of 2 and we can send the payload we want in 2 

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Page 67: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

I iti ll       l  h    f l   ti   ith AInitially we can only have a false connection with A.

In certain circumstances, we can make this attack ,with B, when L2 is predictable.

Some tools for doing this:Some tools for doing this:HuntShijackScapy

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fDNS Spoofing

h kTCP hijacking

kAttacking GRE

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Generic Routing Encapsulation 

l lPoint to point tunneling protocol

f ll d ff13% of Satellite’s data traffic in our transponder is GRE

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This chapter is based in Phenoelit’s discussion b l d llpaper written by FX applied to satellite 

scenario.

Original paper: h h l h lhttp://www.phenoelit‐us.org/irpas/gre.html

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HQHQ

INTERNETINTERNET

Remote Office Remote OfficeRemote Office

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Find a target:

h k d b#tshark –ni dvb0_0 –R gre –w capture.cap

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GRE PacketIP dest 1 IP source 1

GRE h dGRE header

Payload IP dest Payload IP source

Payload IP Header

Payload Data

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IP dest 1 and source 1 must be Internet reachable  IPs

The payload´s IPs used to be internal.

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INTERNET1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1

10.0.0.54 10.0.0.5

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INTERNET1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1

(*)

10.0.0.54 10.0.0.5

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(*) GRE Packet1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2

GRE h d  (  bit   ith t fl )GRE header (32 bits without flags)

10.0.0.5 10.0.0.54

Payload IP Header

Payload Data

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1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1(1)

10.0.0.54 10.0.0.5

Page 79: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

(1) GRE Packet1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2

GRE h d  (  bit   ith t fl )GRE header (32 bits without flags)

10.0.0.5 10.0.0.54

Payload IP Header

Payload Data

Page 80: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1(1)

(2)

10.0.0.54 10.0.0.5

Page 81: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

(2) IP Packet10.0.0.5 10.0.0.54

IP header

Data

Page 82: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1(1)

(2,3)

10.0.0.54 10.0.0.5

Page 83: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

(3) IP Packet10.0.0.54 10.0.0.5

IP header 2

Data 2

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(4)

1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1(1)

(2,3)

10.0.0.54 10.0.0.5

Page 85: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

(4) GRE Packet1.1.1.2 1.1.1.1

GRE h d  (  bit   ith t fl )GRE header (32 bits without flags)

10.0.0.54 10.0.0.5

Payload IP Header 2

Payload Data 2

Page 86: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

A  Ph li ´ k  l d’  IP   i     bli  IP  Thi  At Phenoelit´s attack payload’s IP source is our public IP. This attack lacks  when that IP isn´t reachable from the internal LAN and you can be logged. y gg

I use internal IP because we can sniff the responses.

To better improve the attack, find a internal IP not used. 

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HHowToScanNSAAndCannotCannotBeTracedTraced

Page 88: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

We can send a SYN packet with any destination IP and TCP port (spoofing a 

ll bl dsatellite’s routable source IP) , and we can sniff the responses.

We can analyze the responses.

Page 89: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

fOR… We can configure our linux like a satellite connected host.

VERY EASY!!!

Page 90: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

What we need:An internet connection (Let’s use it as uplink) with any technology which let you spoofing.

A receiver, a card….

Page 91: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Let’s rock!Find a satellite IP not used, I ping IPs next to another sniffable satellite IP to find a non responding IP.  We must sniff our ping with the DVB Card (you must save the packets)DVB Card (you must save the packets).

Thi   ill b    IP!This will be our IP!

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Configure Linux to use it.g

We need our router ‘s MAC

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f fConfigure our dvb interface to receive this IP (I suppose that you have configure the PID…)

The IP is the one we have selected and in the h dICMP scan, we must get the destination MAC 

sniffed.

Page 94: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

Here we get  the MAC address  we must configure address  we must configure in our DVB interface

Page 95: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

I use netmask /32 to avoid routing problems

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f fNow we can configure our Internet interface with the same IP and configure a default 

h f l h hroute with a false router setting this one with a static MAC (our real router’s MAC).

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Page 98: BlackHat DC 2010 Nve Playing With SAT 1.2 Slides

IT WORKS!

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This is all !!!  

h bSome things you must remember:

h ll fThe DNS server must allow request from any IP or you must use the satellite ISP DNS server.

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f fIf you have any firewall (iptables) disable it.

ll h h k b ff d bAll the things you make can be sniffed by others users.

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Now attacking GRE is very easy, you only need to configure your Linux with IP of one of h h h h llthe routers (the one with the satellite connection) and configure the tunneling.

http://www.google.es/search?rlz=1C1GPEA_en___ES312&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF‐8&q=configuring+GRE+linuxq g g

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ffI’m studying the different methods to trace illegal users. (I only have a few ideas).

In the future I would like to study the b l f d d llpossibilities of sending data to a satellite via 

Astromodem (DVB‐RCS).

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Satellite communications are insecure.

b ff dIt can be sniffed.

l f k b d lk dA lot of attacks can be made, I just talked about only few level 4 and level 3 attacks.

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With this technology in our sky, an anonymous connection is possible.

Many kinds of Denial of Service are possible.

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