black history month doc-2013

7/27/2019 Black History Month Doc-2013

1/27

The Atlantic slave trade or trans-atlantic slave trade took place across the Atlanticocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries.

The vast majority of slaves transported to the New World were Africans from thecentral and western parts of the continent, sold by Africans to European slave

traders who then transported them to the colonies in North and South America. Thenumbers were so great that Africans who came by way of the slave trade becamethe most numerous Old-World immigrants in both North and South America beforethe late eighteenth century.

The South Atlantic economic system centered on making goods and clothing to sellin Europe and increasing the numbers of African slaves brought to the New World.This was crucial to those European countries who, in the late seventeenth andeighteenth centuries, were vying in creating overseas empires.

The first Africans imported to the English colonies were also called indenturedservants or apprentices for life. By the middle of the seventeenth century, they andtheir offspring were legally the property of their owners. As property, they weremerchandise or units of labor, and were sold at markets with other goods andservices.

The Portuguese were the first to engage in the New World slave trade, and otherssoon followed. Slaves were considered cargo by the ship owners, to be transported


2/27

to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible, there to be sold to labor incoffee, tobacco, cocoa, cotton and sugar plantations, gold and silver mines, ricefields, construction industry, cutting timber for ships, and as house servants.

The Atlantic slave traders, ordered by trade volume, were: the Portuguese, theBritish, the French, the Spanish, the Dutch, and the Americans. They hadestablished outposts on the African coast where they purchased slaves from localAfrican tribal leaders. Current estimates are that about 12 million were shipped

across the Atlantic, although the actual number purchased by the traders isconsiderably higher.

The slave trade is sometimes called the Maafa by African and African-Americanscholars, meaning "holocaust" or "great disaster" in Swahili. Some scholars, such asMarimba Ani and Maulana Karenga use the terms African Holocaust or Holocaust ofEnslavement. Slavery was one element of a three-part economic cyclethetriangular trade and its Middle Passagewhich ultimately involved four continents,four centuries and millions of people.

African slavery

Slavery was practiced in some parts of Africa, Europe,Asia and the Americas beforethe beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. There is evidence that enslaved peoplefrom some African states were exported to other states in Africa, Europe and Asiaprior to the European colonization of the Americas.The African slave trade provideda large number of slaves to Europeans.

The Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa, although it was thelargest in volume and intensity. As Elikia Mbokolo wrote in Le Monde diplomatique:"The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes.Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and acrossthe Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries(from the ninth to the nineteenth). ... Four million enslaved people exported via the

Red Sea, another four million[20] through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean,


3/27

perhaps as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and elevento twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean."

According to John K. Thornton, Europeans usually bought enslaved people whowere captured in endemic warfare between African states.There were also Africanswho had made a business out of capturing Africans from neighboring ethnic groupsor war captives and selling them. People living around the Niger River weretransported from these markets to the coast and sold at European trading ports in

exchange for muskets (matchlock between 15401606 but flintlock from then on)and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol.However, the European demandfor slaves provided a large new market for the already existing trade. Further, whilethose held in slavery in their own region of Africa might hope to escape, thoseshipped away had little chance of returning to Africa.

1

Sislin Fay Allen became Britain's first black WPC, joining the Metropolitan Police in1968.

Sislin Fay Allen was an inspiration for many when she became the MetropolitanPolice's first black female police officer, based at Croydon in the late 1960s.

In 1968, Sislin Fay Allen, a nurse at Croydons Queens Hospital, became Britainsfirst Black policewoman.


4/27

2

Wangari Maathai - First African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize

She became the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for hercontribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. Through her work at

these various volunteer associations, it became evident to Maathai that the root ofmost of Kenya's problems was environmental degradation

Wangari Maathai was the founder of the Green Belt Movement and the 2004 NobelPeace Prize Laureate. She authored four books: The Green Belt Movement;Unbowed: A Memoir; The Challenge for Africa; and Replenishing the Earth. As wellas having been featured in a number of books, she and the Green Belt Movementwere the subject of a documentary film, Taking Root: the Vision of Wangari Maathai(Marlboro Productions, 2008).

Bishop Wilfred Wood, the First Black Bishop


5/27

Born in Barbados to Wilfred Coward and Elsie Elmira Wood, in Proute, St Thomas,Wood [later Sir Wilfred] attended Southborough Boys Primary School andCombermere School.

He was ordained a deacon in the Anglican Church here before migrating to Londonin 1962 where he served as a curate, then honorary curate, of St Thomas With St

Stephen, Shepherds Bush, until 1974.

He soon came to wider attention in Britain for speaking out on racial injustice. In1974 he joined the Diocese of Southwark, where he stayed until his retirement.

Aspiration and social mobility since the Windrush

2013

Robert Adams was born in Georgetown, Guyana. He was a British actor on stageand screen. He was the founder and director of the Negro Repertory Arts Theatre,one of the first professional Black theatre companies in Britain.


6/27

Born in Georgetown, British Guiana (now Guyana), Adams worked as a teacher andactor before coming to England in 1934 to try and make it as a professional actor. InLondon, he worked as a labourer and became a champion wrestler before breakinginto acting in 1935.

An early role was in the 1936 play Toussaint L'Ouverture by C. L. R. James, actingalongside Paul Robeson. He went on to star with Robeson in films, including Song ofFreedom, and he took the lead in a television adaptation of Eugene ONeills TheEmperor Jones. The role of Brutus Jones, a Pullman porter who becomes the rulerof a Caribbean island, had already been played by Robeson on stage and screen.The BBCs version was transmitted live from Alexandra Palace on 11 May 1938, andAdams became the first black actor to play a leading dramatic role on Britishtelevision.


7/27

Ottobah Cugoano

The first African to demand total abolition

Of Slavery.

Ottobah Cugoano, also known as John Stuart (c.1757 - after 1791), was an Africanabolitionist who was active in England in the latter half of the eighteenth century.Captured and sold into slavery at the age of 13 in present-day Ghana, he wasshipped to Grenada. In 1772 he was purchased by an English merchant who tookhim to England, where he was freed. Later working for the Cosways, he becameacquainted with British political and cultural figures, and joined the Sons of Africa,abolitionists who were Africans.

Bill Morris, Baron Morris of Handsworth

Bill Morris, is a former British trade union leader. He was general secretary of theTransport and General Workers' Union from 1992 to 2003, and the first black leader

of a British trade union.


8/27

Bill Morris was born in Manchester, Jamaica. After the death of his father, William, apart-time policeman, his mother, Una, emigrated to England to find work settling inHandsworth, Birmingham. Morris joined her in the UK in 1954, finding work at a localcar parts manufacturer, Hardy Spicer Engineering Ltd. Morris married Minetta in1957. She died in 1990. They have two sons.

Morris joined the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1958, and became ashop steward in 1962. After serving on the TGWUGeneral Executive Council (GEC)from 1972 to 1973, Bill Morris joined the union as a full-time official. He served asdistrict officer of theNottingham District from 1973 to 1976 and district secretary ofthe Northampton District from 1976 to 1979. In 1979, he became national secretaryof the Passenger Services Trade Group, which was responsible for staff working forbus and coach companies. He was elected deputy general secretary in 1986,working under general secretary Ron Todd.

Diane Julie Abbott (born 27 September 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who

has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hackney North and Stoke Newington


9/27

since 1987, when she became the first black woman to be elected to the House ofCommons.

Diane Abbott - The first black woman to be elected to the House of Commons.

Abbott was born to Jamaican immigrants in London in 1953. Her father was a welderand her mother a nurse. She attended Harrow County Grammar School for Girls,and then Newnham College, Cambridge, where she read history.

At Cambridge, she was tutored by historian Simon Schama. After university shebecame an administration trainee at the Home Office (1976 to 1978), and then aRace Relations Officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties (1978 to 1980).Abbott was a researcher and reporter at Thames Television from 1980 to 1983 andthen a researcher and reporter at the breakfast television company TV-am from 1983to 1985. Abbott was a press officer at the Greater London Council under KenLivingstone from 1985 to 1986 and Head of Press and Public Relations at LambethCouncil from 1986 to 1987.

Abbott's career in politics began in 1982 when she was elected to Westminster CityCouncil serving until 1986. In 1987 she was elected to the House of Commons,replacing the deselected serving Labour MP Ernest Roberts as MP for Hackney

North & Stoke Newington. Along with Keith Vaz, Bernie Grant and Paul Boateng shebecame part of the first black and Asian intake in Parliament for almost 100 years.


10/27

Mary Seacole

Mary Seacole's reputation after the Crimean War (1853-1856) rivalled FlorenceNightingale's. Unlike Nightingale, Seacole also had the challenge to have her skillsput to proper use in spite of her being black. A born healer and a woman of drivingenergy, she overcame official indifference and prejudice.

She got herself out to the war by her own efforts and at her own expense; risked herlife to bring comfort to the wounded and dying soldiers; and became the first blackwoman to make her mark on British public life. But while Florence Nightingale hasgone down in history and become a legend, Mary Seacole was relegated toobscurity until recently.

Mary Seacole was born in Kingston, Jamaica in 1805. Her father was a Scottishsoldier, and her mother was a practitioner of traditional Jamaican medicine and hada boarding house where she cared for invalid soldiers and their wives. Mary learnedabout medicine from her mother, soon gaining her own reputation as a 'skilful nurseand doctress'.


11/27

Mandela's life and times

Nelson Mandela is one of the world's most revered statesmen, who led the struggleto replace the apartheid regime of South Africa with a multi-racial democracy.

Jailed for 27 years, he emerged to become the country's first black president and toplay a leading role in the drive for peace in other spheres of conflict. He won theNobel Peace Prize in 1993.

His charisma, self-deprecating sense of humour and lack of bitterness over his harshtreatment, as well as his amazing life story, partly explain his extraordinary global

appeal.

Since stepping down as president in 1999, Mr Mandela has become South Africa'shighest-profile ambassador, campaigning against HIV/Aids and helping to secure hiscountry's right to host the 2010 football World Cup.

Mr Mandela - diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2001 - was also involved in peace

negotiations in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi and other countries inAfrica and elsewhere.


12/27

Joe Clough was born in Jamaica in 1887 and orphaned at an early age. He becamethe first Black bus driver of a London motorbus.

As a boy, he was employed by a Scottish doctor, Dr R C White, to look after hispolo ponies. In 1905 while they were returning from a dance at the governor'shouse in Kingston, they had a conversation that was to change Clough's life.Dr White asked him, 'How would you like to go to England?' 'Well,' repliedClough, 'I'd like that very much'. He was 18 years old.

In winter 1906 Clough came over to Britain as White's servant and companion. Hewould have needed the brand new warm underwear he was wearing when he landedin Bristol. The first things Clough noticed were the trees. On remarking, 'Dr White,why are there so many dead trees about?' he was told that it was winter. Cloughcommented later, 'We don't have trees like that in Jamaica, I'd never seen anythinglike it before.' He was never to see his old home again.

When Clough arrived in London, he drove Dr White around town in his coach andhorses. However, the doctor was keen to try out the new motorcars, which werebecoming popular; so Clough learnt to drive and became the doctor's chauffeur.

Clough remembered later that, after he had left the doctor's employ, the White wouldentertain him in the drawing room, treating him as an equal in spite of the attitudes ofthe day. 'The doctor was a lovely man. After I left him, I could go to see him, go up tothe front door, knock, saying "Is the doctor in?" He treated us just the same as you

and me talking together, no nose in the air.'


13/27

In 1910, Clough applied to work at London General Omnibus Company (L.G.O.C).He became a spare driver. He passed his bus driving test and started driving anumber 11 B.-type bus between Liverpool Street and Wormwood Scrubs. JoeClough was the first Black London bus driver.

This was also the year that he began taking his wife-to-be on weekly visits to themusic hall. The daughter of a local publican, Margaret worked as a domestic servant.She and Joe married in 1911, and enjoyed a happy married life together. Margaretwas always prepared to support her husband in the face of racism. Clough wanted torise above it, however, and met people's stares and comments by raising his hat andwishing the person a good day.

When the First World War started, Clough wanted to join up to help defend his

adopted country. He enlisted in the Army Service Corps based at Kempstonbarracks in 1915. He drove a field ambulance for four years in Ypres on the WesternFront, the area that saw some of the bloodiest battles.

After the war in 1919 Joe, his wife and two daughters moved to Bedford. He wasalmost the only Black inhabitant there until after the Second World War. He firstworked for the National Omnibus Company, before buying his own taxi in 1949.

Joe died in 1976 at the age of 91. In the last decade of his life he had become a localcelebrity thanks to a book, 'The Un-melting Pot' by John Brown, published in 1970,which featured a chapter about Joe and Margaret Clough. Many local peopleremember him with great affection.

Pic Credit Photographed by Kinghams Studios, Bedford, 1912 1914


14/27

Olaudah Equiano

Olaudah Equiano(c. 1745 31 March 1797), was a prominent African involved in theBritish movement for the abolition of the slave trade. He was enslaved as a child,purchased his freedom, and worked as an author, merchant, and explorer in SouthAmerica, the Caribbean, the Arctic, the American colonies, and the United Kingdom,where he settled by 1792. His autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of

Olaudah Equiano, depicts the horrors of slavery and influenced the enactment of theSlave Trade Act of 1807.

Pel - The Worlds favourite footballer

Edson Arantes do Nascimento (name given as Edison on birth certificate, born 21October 1940 (however, Pel himself claims that he was born on 23 October) ,known by his nickname Pel is a retired Brazilian footballer.


15/27

He is widely regarded as the best football player of all time. In 1999, he was votedFootball Player of the Century by the IFFHS International Federation of FootballHistory and Statistics. In the same year French weekly magazine France-Footballconsulted their former "Ballon D'Or" winners to elect the Football Player of theCentury. Pel came in first place. Pel was elected "Athlete of the Century" by theInternational Olympic Committee and Reuters News Agency in 1999, and by Frenchnewspaper L'quipein 1981. He is the most successful League goal scorer in the

World with 541 League goals. In total Pel scored 1281 goals in 1363 games.

Linford Cicero Christie OBE

Linford Cicero Christie OBE (born 2 April 1960). He is the only British man to havewon gold medals in the 100 metres at all four major competitions open to Britishathletes: the Olympic Games, the World Championships, the EuropeanChampionships and the Commonwealth Games. He was the first European to breakthe 10-second barrier in the 100 m and still holds the British record in the event.


16/27

Linford Christie was the first of a new breed of athlete that defied age as a barrier toperform, winning his first major title at the age of 26. He went on to become theWorld's No 1 in the most fiercely competitive and prestigious event in athletics, themen's 100m.

Linford's impressive title collection includes an Olympic, a World Championship,three European, three Commonwealth, ten European Cup and four World Cupmedals. Linford was the first man to retain the World Cup 100m title and in 1997 wona record 7th European Cup title. From 1995 to 1997 he was the inspirational captainof the men's British Athletic team and is the only European to have run under 10seconds.

Linford's impressive title collection includes an Olympic, a World Championship,three European, three Commonwealth, ten European Cup and four World Cup

medals. Linford was the first man to retain the World Cup 100m title and in 1997 wona record 7th European Cup title. From 1995 to 1997 he was the inspirational captainof the men's British Athletic team and is the only European to have run under 10seconds.

.


17/27

Jesse Owens

(September 12, 1913 March 31, 1980)

The most famous athlete of his time, his stunning triumph at the 1936 OlympicGames captivated the world even as it infuriated the Nazis. Despite the racial slurshe endured, Jesse Owens' grace and athleticism rallied crowds across the globe. Butwhen the four-time Olympic gold medalist returned home, he could not even ride inthe front of a bus.

Dame Shirley Bassey

Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, DBE (born 8 January 1937 is a Welsh singer. Shefound fame in the mid-1950s and was "one of the most popular female vocalists inBritain during the last half of the 20th century"


18/27

Born in January 1937 in Tiger Bay, Cardiff, Wales, Dame Shirley Bassey was theyoungest of seven children. Her parents, a Nigerian sailor and an English woman,divorced before she was three years old, but they kept the family together for themost part, and Shirley was able to sing duets with her brother at family get-togethers.

Bob Marley remains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music,and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafarimovement to a worldwide audience.


19/27

Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley, (6 February 1945 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican

singer-songwriter and musician. He was the rhythm guitarist and lead singer for theska, rocksteady and reggae band Bob Marley & The Wailers (19631981). Marleyremains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music, and iscredited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to aworldwide audience.

Marley's music was heavily influenced by the social issues of his homeland, and heis considered to have given voice to the specific political and cultural nexus ofJamaica. His best-known hits include "I Shot the Sheriff", "No Woman, No Cry","Could You Be Loved", "Stir It Up", "Get Up Stand Up", "Jamming", "RedemptionSong", "One Love" and, "Three Little Birds",as well as the posthumous releases"Buffalo Soldier" and "Iron Lion Zion". The compilation album Legend (1984),released three years after his death, is reggae's best-selling album, going ten timesPlatinumwhich is also known as one Diamond in the U.S., and selling 25 millioncopies worldwide.

Early life and career


20/27

Bob Marley was born in the village of Nine Mile in Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica asNesta Robert Marley. A Jamaican passport official would later swap his first andmiddle names. His father, Norval Sinclair Marley, was a Jamaican of mixed Englishand Syrian-Jewish descent whose family came from Sussex, England. Norval was acaptain in the Royal Marines as well as a plantation overseer, when he marriedCedella Booker, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old. Norval provided financialsupport for his wife and child, but seldom saw them, as he was often away on trips.In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at age70. Marley faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. He oncereflected:

I don't have prejudice against meself. My father was a white and my mother wasblack. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me don't deh pon nobody's side. Medon't deh pon the black man's side nor the white man's side. Me deh pon God's side,the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white

Although Marley recognised his mixed ancestry, throughout his life and because of

his beliefs, he self-identified as a black African, following the ideas of Pan-Africanleaders. Marley stated that his two biggest influences were the African-centeredMarcus Garvey and Haile Selassie. A central theme in Bob Marley's message wasthe repatriation of black people to Zion, which in his view was Ethiopia, or moregenerally, AfricaIn songs such as "Black Survivor", "Babylon System", and"Blackman Redemption", Marley sings about the struggles of blacks and Africansagainst oppression from the West or "Babylon".

.


21/27

Paul Boateng The first black cabinet minister

Paul Yaw Boateng is a Labour Party politician, who was the MP for Brent Southfrom 1987 to 2005, becoming the UK's first black Cabinet Minister in May 2002,when he was appointed as Chief Secretary to the Treasury.

Boateng was born in Hackney, London of mixed Ghanaian and Scottish heritage; hisfamily later moved to Ghana when Boateng was four years old. His father, KwakuBoateng, was a lawyer and cabinet minister under Kwame Nkrumah. There, Boateng

attended Accra Academy High School. Boateng's life in Ghana came to an abruptend with the jailing of his father in 1966 after a coup against Nkrumah. His father wasimprisoned without trial for four years. Boateng, then 15, and his sister fled to Britainwith their mother.

They settled in Hemel Hempstead where he attended Apsley Grammar School. Heread law at the University of Bristol and began his career in civil rights, originally as asolicitor, though he later retrained as a barrister. He worked primarily on social andcommunity cases, involving women's rights, housing and police complaints, including

a period from 1977-1981 as the legal advisor for the Scrap Sus Campaign. Herepresented Cherry Groce, a mother of six who was shot and paralysed by a police


22/27

officer during a raid on her home in the search for her son. He became a partner atthe firm B M Birnberg & Co, and as a barrister, he practiced at Eight King's BenchWalk.

Political career

Boateng was elected to the Greater London Council for Walthamstow in 1981, whichwas then under the leadership of Ken Livingstone. Boateng was only the second

person of Afro-Caribbean descent to be elected to the GLC. As chair of the GLC'spolice committee and vice-chair of its ethnic minorities committee, he advocatedgreater accountability in the Metropolitan Police and spoke out against racism inrelation to their dealings with the black and Asian communities.

.


23/27

Bolt at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Personal information

Nickname(s) Lightning Bolt

Nationality Jamaican

Born

21 August 1986 (age 27)[1]

Sherwood Content, Trelawny,

Jamaica[2]

Residence Kingston, Jamaica

Height 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)[3]

Weight 94 kg (207 lb)[3]

Sport

Sport Track and field
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-IAAFProfile-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelawny_Parish,_Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-website-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-website-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usain_Bolt_2012_Olympics_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-IAAFProfile-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelawny_Parish,_Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-website-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-website-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics


24/27

Event(s) Sprints

Club Racers Track Club

Achievements and titles

Personal

best(s)

100 m: 9.58 WR (Berlin 2009)[4]

150 m: 14.35 WB[5]

(Manchester2009)[6]

200 m: 19.19 WR (Berlin 2009)[7]

300 m: 30.97 (Ostrava 2010)[1]

400 m: 45.28 (Kingston 2007)[1]

Medal record[hide]Men's athletics

Competitor for JamaicaEvent 1st 2nd 3rd

Olympic Games 6 0 0World Championships 8 2 0World Athletics Final 1 0 0CAC Championships 1 0 0World Junior Championhips 1 2 0Pan American JuniorChampionhips

1 1 0

CARIFTA Games (Junior) 7 0 0

World Youth Championhips 1 0 0CAC Junior Championships 4 0 0CARIFTA Games (Youth) 3 2 0

Olympic Games

Gold 2008 Beijing 100 mGold 2008 Beijing 200 mGold 2008 Beijing 4100 m relayGold 2012 London 100 mGold 2012 London 200 mGold 2012 London 4100 m relay

World ChampionshipsGold 2009 Berlin 100 m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_100_metres_world_record_progressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-nowr-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_200_metres_world_record_progressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostravahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-IAAFProfile-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-IAAFProfile-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics_Finalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Junior_Athletics_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Junior_Athletics_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Youth_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_100_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_100_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_100_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_100_metres_world_record_progressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-nowr-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_200_metres_world_record_progressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostravahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-IAAFProfile-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-IAAFProfile-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics_Finalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Junior_Athletics_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Junior_Athletics_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Youth_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_100_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_100_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_100_metres


25/27

Gold 2009 Berlin 200 mGold 2009 Berlin 4100 m relayGold 2011 Daegu 200 mGold 2011 Daegu 4100 m relayGold 2013 Moscow 100 mGold 2013 Moscow 200 mGold 2013 Moscow 4100 m relaySilver 2007 Osaka 200 mSilver 2007 Osaka 4100 m relay

World Athletics FinalGold 2009 Thessaloniki 200 m

CAC Championships

Gold 2005 Nassau 200 mWorld Junior Championships

Gold 2002 Kingston 200 mSilver 2002 Kingston 4100 m relaySilver 2002 Kingston 4400 m relay

Pan American Junior Championships

Gold 2003 Bridgetown 200 mSilver 2003 Bridgetown 4100 m relay

CARIFTA Games (Junior)

Gold 2003 Port of Spain 200 mGold 2003 Port of Spain 400 mGold 2003 Port of Spain 4100 m relayGold 2003 Port of Spain 4400 m relayGold 2004 Hamilton 200 mGold 2004 Hamilton 4100 m relayGold 2004 Hamilton 4400 m relay

World Youth ChampionshipsGold 2003 Sherbrooke 200 m

CAC Junior Championships (Youth)

Gold 2002 Bridgetown 200 mGold 2002 Bridgetown 400 mGold 2002 Bridgetown 4100 m relayGold 2002 Bridgetown 4400 m relay

CARIFTA Games (Youth)

Gold 2002 Nassau 200 mGold 2002 Nassau 400 m

Gold 2002 Nassau 4400 m relaySilver 2001 Bridgetown 200 m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_100_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics_Finalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_IAAF_World_Athletics_Finalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Junior_Athletics_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Pan_American_Junior_Athletics_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Youth_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Youth_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_100_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men's_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics_Finalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_IAAF_World_Athletics_Finalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_World_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Junior_Athletics_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Pan_American_Junior_Athletics_Championshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Youth_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Youth_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Junior_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_CARIFTA_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_CARIFTA_Games


26/27

Silver 2001 Bridgetown 400 m

Competitor for the Americas

World Cup

Silver 2006 Athens 200 m

Usain St. Leo BoltOJCD (/jus en/;[8] born 21 August 1986) is a Jamaicansprinterwidely regarded as the fastest person ever. [9][10][11] He is the first man to hold both the100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time measurementsbecame mandatory in 1977. Along with his teammates, he also set the world recordin the 4100 metres relay. He is the reigning Olympic champion in these threeevents, the first man to win six Olympic gold medals in sprinting, and an eight-timeWorld champion. He was the first to achieve a "double double" by winning 100 mand 200 m titles at consecutive Olympics (2008 and 2012),[12] and topped thisthrough the first "double triple" (including 4100 m relays).[13]

Although gaining worldwide popularity for a sprint double victory at the BeijingGames, Bolt has had more victories as 200 m runner. While he had not won anysignificant 100 m title prior to the 2008 Olympics, he had won numerous crowns in

the 200 m event at the youth, junior and senior levels. Further, at the 2013 WorldChampionships in Moscow, Bolt completed a hat-trick of200 m world titles bywinning his 3rd straight gold in the event. His 2009 record breaking margin for100 m, from 9.69 seconds (his own previous world record) to 9.58, is the highestsince the start of fully automatic time measurements.[14]

Bolt's achievements in sprinting have earned him the media nickname "LightningBolt",[15] and awards including the IAAF World Athlete of the Year, Track & FieldAthlete of the Year, and Laureus Sportsman of the Year(three times). He is thehighest paid athlete ever in track and field.[16] He has been called the world's mostmarketable athlete.[17] By winning 3 gold medals at the 2013 World Championships,

Bolt became the most successful athlete in the 30-year history of the athletics worldchampionships.

Reference from Black History Month 2013.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_Continental_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_IAAF_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Distinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_automatic_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_100_metres_world_record_progressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-Focus-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Athlete_of_the_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_%26_Field_Athlete_of_the_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_%26_Field_Athlete_of_the_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureus_World_Sports_Award_for_Sportsman_of_the_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_Continental_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_IAAF_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Distinctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_automatic_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%C3%97_100_metres_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athleticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_metreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_100_metres_world_record_progressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-Focus-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Athlete_of_the_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_%26_Field_Athlete_of_the_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_%26_Field_Athlete_of_the_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureus_World_Sports_Award_for_Sportsman_of_the_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics


27/27

black history month doc-2013

Documents