Biology the Science of Biology the Science of LifeLife

Cells: 2.1.1. 2.1.2, 2.3.4,2.1.8-Cells: 2.1.1. 2.1.2, 2.3.4,2.1.8-2.1.10 2.1.10

Classification: 5.5.1, 5.5.2, Classification: 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.55.5.5

Text: Ch. 1 (3-13), Ch. 23 Text: Ch. 1 (3-13), Ch. 23 (468-472)(468-472)

Syllabus statementsSyllabus statements

2.1.1 – Outline the cell theory2.1.1 – Outline the cell theory 2.2.2 – Discuss the evidence for cell theory2.2.2 – Discuss the evidence for cell theory 2.3.4 – Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells2.3.4 – Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2.1.8 – Explain that cells in multicellular 2.1.8 – Explain that cells in multicellular

organisms differentiate to carry out specialized organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but functions by expressing some of their genes but not othersnot others

2.1.9 – State that stem cells retain the capacity to 2.1.9 – State that stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathwaysdifferent pathways

2.1.10 – Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells2.1.10 – Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells

Syllabus statementsSyllabus statements

5.5.1 –Outline the binomial system of 5.5.1 –Outline the binomial system of nomenclaturenomenclature

5.5.2 – List the seven levels in the 5.5.2 – List the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, hierarchy of taxa – kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species – class, order, family, genus, species – using an example from two different using an example from two different kingdoms for each levelkingdoms for each level

5.5.5 – Apply and/or design a key for a 5.5.5 – Apply and/or design a key for a group of up to eight organismsgroup of up to eight organisms

Study of LifeStudy of Life

What is alive?What is alive?• 6 shared characteristics6 shared characteristics• Order, Response, Growth and Order, Response, Growth and

Development, Use of Energy, Development, Use of Energy, Homeostasis, AdaptationHomeostasis, Adaptation

How do we organize living things?How do we organize living things?• Hierarchy of LifeHierarchy of Life

Hierarchy of LifeHierarchy of Life

Atoms, molecules, Atoms, molecules, cellular organelles, cellular organelles, cells, tissues, cells, tissues, organs, organ organs, organ systems, organismsystems, organism

The 6 characteristics of lifeThe 6 characteristics of life1. Order 1. Order

All living things made of one or more cellsAll living things made of one or more cellsCells are the basic unit of lifeCells are the basic unit of life

2. Response 2. Response Exhibit sensitivityExhibit sensitivityResponse to stimuli = pupil dilation, plants grow to light, blinkResponse to stimuli = pupil dilation, plants grow to light, blink

3. Growth Development & Reproduction3. Growth Development & ReproductionDNA common hereditary moleculeDNA common hereditary molecule

4. Energy Utilization4. Energy UtilizationUptake and Transformation Uptake and Transformation Photosynthesis and Respiration (Green Plants & All Photosynthesis and Respiration (Green Plants & All

organisms)organisms)

5. Homeostasis5. HomeostasisMaintaining constant internal conditions Maintaining constant internal conditions (Temp, Water balance, O (Temp, Water balance, O22/CO/CO22 ) )

Behaviorally or BiologicallyBehaviorally or Biologically

6. Adaptation6. Adaptation

Change in response to Environmental ConditionsChange in response to Environmental Conditions

Desert organsims minimize water lossDesert organsims minimize water loss

EnergyEnergy

Photosynthesis (Green Plants)Photosynthesis (Green Plants)sunlight +water + carbon dioxide sunlight +water + carbon dioxide oxygen + sugars oxygen + sugars

Respiration (All living things)Respiration (All living things) oxygen + sugars oxygen + sugars ATP +water + carbon dioxide ATP +water + carbon dioxide

ATP is molecular energy storageATP is molecular energy storage

Cells are the basic unit of Life!!Cells are the basic unit of Life!!

Cells 0-100 millionths of a meter (10-Cells 0-100 millionths of a meter (10-100 micrometers 100 micrometers m))

Not observed until we had Not observed until we had technology to do sotechnology to do so

Microscopes invented in mid 17Microscopes invented in mid 17thth centurycentury

First light microscopes then electron First light microscopes then electron microscopes more recentlymicroscopes more recently

Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery

1590 – Zachariah 1590 – Zachariah JansenJansen

--Invented Invented compound (2 lens) compound (2 lens) microscopesmicroscopes

Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery

1665 – Robert 1665 – Robert HookeHooke

--Examined cork Examined cork

-First to see dead -First to see dead cells, called cellulae cells, called cellulae (small rooms) for little (small rooms) for little compartmentscompartments

Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery

1650-1700 – Anton 1650-1700 – Anton von Leewoenhoekvon Leewoenhoek

-Dutch botanist -Dutch botanist used lens x200, x300used lens x200, x300

-First to examine -First to examine living cells, pond water, living cells, pond water, sperm, bloodsperm, blood

-Called -Called animalcules (little animalcules (little animals) in p.w.animals) in p.w.

-single celled -single celled organismsorganisms

Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery

1707-17781707-1778

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

-swedish physician -swedish physician and botanistand botanist

-founder of taxonomy-founder of taxonomy

-developed -developed classification system classification system for all living organismsfor all living organisms

Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery

1838 – Matthias 1838 – Matthias SchleidenSchleiden

-German botanist-German botanist

-cell theory -cell theory

-plant observations-plant observations

*all plants made of *all plants made of cellscells

Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery

1839 – Theodor 1839 – Theodor SchwannSchwann

-German biologist-German biologist

-Cell Theory-Cell Theory

-All animals are -All animals are made of cellsmade of cells

History continuedHistory continued

18401840 Purkinje: fibers that transmit stimulus Purkinje: fibers that transmit stimulus to myocardial cells of ventricles of to myocardial cells of ventricles of heart bear his name; coined term heart bear his name; coined term ““protoplasmprotoplasm” for the living content of ” for the living content of cells.cells.

1855: Rudolf Virchow: studied pathogenic 1855: Rudolf Virchow: studied pathogenic organisms and showed that “omnis organisms and showed that “omnis cellula e cellula” – all cells arise from cellula e cellula” – all cells arise from preexisting cells preexisting cells (by cell division).(by cell division).

Timeline of Cell DiscoveryTimeline of Cell Discovery

1940’s – Advent of 1940’s – Advent of the Electron the Electron MicroscopeMicroscope

TEM – transmission TEM – transmission of electrons through of electrons through specimenspecimen

SEM – scanning of SEM – scanning of surface with electronsurface with electron

Electron MicrographsElectron Micrographs

Cell TheoryCell Theory

Three principles based on different Three principles based on different studiesstudies

1.1. All organisms made of cellsAll organisms made of cells

2.2. Cells are the basic unit of lifeCells are the basic unit of life

3.3. Cells come from other preexisting Cells come from other preexisting cellscells

BUT… All cells aren’t created equalBUT… All cells aren’t created equal

The two major types of cellsThe two major types of cells

ProkaryotesProkaryotes(All are (All are Prokaryotae)Prokaryotae)

1.1. Very small (1-Very small (1-10um)10um)

2.2. No nucleus No nucleus (nucleoid – DNA in (nucleoid – DNA in central area)central area)

3.3. No membrane No membrane bound organellesbound organelles

4.4. Have cell wallsHave cell walls

EukaryotesEukaryotes(all other (all other kingdoms)kingdoms)

Size 10-100 umSize 10-100 um1.1. DNA in DNA in

chromosomes in chromosomes in nucleusnucleus

2.2. Many M.B.O.Many M.B.O.3.3. Plants & some Plants & some

fungi have cell fungi have cell wallswalls

To have different cells do different To have different cells do different things you need differentiationthings you need differentiation

So cells develop along different pathways So cells develop along different pathways or differentiateor differentiate

This means different cells express different This means different cells express different genesgenes

Remember that every cell in an organism Remember that every cell in an organism has all the same DNA, only some cells has all the same DNA, only some cells express different genes within that express different genes within that genomegenome

Once the developmental pathway of a cell Once the developmental pathway of a cell is started then it is usually fixedis started then it is usually fixed

So which cells can differentiate?So which cells can differentiate?

Stem cells – can self renew and Stem cells – can self renew and differentiatedifferentiate

Human embryos are almost all stem Human embryos are almost all stem cellscells

Some still found in different human Some still found in different human tissues like skin, liver bone marrowtissues like skin, liver bone marrow

Those only used for limited repairThose only used for limited repair

Therapeutic use of stem cellsTherapeutic use of stem cells

Area of rapid development – many uses existArea of rapid development – many uses exist Cord blood from umbilical cord contains Cord blood from umbilical cord contains

hematopoietic stem cells – can become any hematopoietic stem cells – can become any blood cell typeblood cell type

Test the blood and remaining fluidTest the blood and remaining fluid Used to treat some leukemias – chemo to kill Used to treat some leukemias – chemo to kill

the cells that over produce white blood cells the cells that over produce white blood cells then introduce cord blood to blood stream of then introduce cord blood to blood stream of patient patient

Stem cells establish themselves in the Stem cells establish themselves in the marrow and replace defective cellsmarrow and replace defective cells

Possible fates of cord blood stem Possible fates of cord blood stem cellscells

Classifying all this lifeClassifying all this life

Diversity of CellsDiversity of Cells Diversity of Life Diversity of Life

Currently 1.5x10Currently 1.5x1066 identified species identified species Study and grouping of this diversity Study and grouping of this diversity

is the science of taxonomyis the science of taxonomy Taxonomic hierarchy – KPCOFGSTaxonomic hierarchy – KPCOFGS

Many systems – Ours 5 kingdomsMany systems – Ours 5 kingdoms

-know examples of each-know examples of each

5 kingdom system: Prokaryotae5 kingdom system: Prokaryotae Monera (bacteria)Monera (bacteria) Hetero & AutotrophsHetero & AutotrophsA.A. ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

-primitive, -primitive, extremophiles (halo-, extremophiles (halo-, thermo-), don’t need thermo-), don’t need OO22

B.B. EubacteriaEubacteria-most of the bacteria-most of the bacteria-some parasites but -some parasites but all modes of nutritionall modes of nutrition 40,000x magnification

5 kingdom system: Protoctista5 kingdom system: Protoctista

ProtistsProtists

-eukaryotes most -eukaryotes most unicellularunicellular

-hetero & -hetero & autotrophsautotrophs

-algae, amoeba, -algae, amoeba, ciliates, diatomsciliates, diatoms

5 kingdom system: Fungi5 kingdom system: Fungi

Eukaryotes – most Eukaryotes – most multicellularmulticellular

Yeast, mushrooms, Yeast, mushrooms, moldsmolds

Heterotrohpic – Heterotrohpic – acquire food by acquire food by absorbtionabsorbtion

If cell wall is If cell wall is present, made of present, made of chitinchitin

5 kingdom system: Plantae5 kingdom system: Plantae

Multicellular, Multicellular, Autotrophic Autotrophic (Photosynthesis), (Photosynthesis), EukaryotesEukaryotes

Cells have a cell Cells have a cell wall made of wall made of cellulosecellulose

Mosses, ferns, Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering conifers, flowering plantsplants

5 kingdom system: Animalia5 kingdom system: Animalia

Multicellular, Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Heterotrophic, EukaryotesEukaryotes

Lack cell wallLack cell wall

From Largest grouping to SmallestFrom Largest grouping to Smallest

Species – A population of organisms Species – A population of organisms who have the potential to interbreed who have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspringand produce fertile, viable offspring

Largest grouping of a population Largest grouping of a population which can exchange genetic material which can exchange genetic material but genetically isolated from other but genetically isolated from other groupsgroups

Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms

Systematics – a classification process Systematics – a classification process for studying biodiversityfor studying biodiversity

Taxonomy – branch of biology Taxonomy – branch of biology concerned with naming and concerned with naming and classifying organismsclassifying organisms

Group species into larger categories Group species into larger categories from genus up to kingdomfrom genus up to kingdom

The Importance of ClassificationThe Importance of Classification

Common names useless – Common names useless – panther, panther, puma, mountian lion, cougar = puma, mountian lion, cougar = Felis concolorFelis concolor

Shows evolutionary relationships – Shows evolutionary relationships – bears, raccoons sloths (p 47)bears, raccoons sloths (p 47)

Enables predictions of characteristics Enables predictions of characteristics shared by members of group – shared by members of group – e.g.e.g. new primate discovered expect diagnostic char.new primate discovered expect diagnostic char.

The Importance of Classification IIThe Importance of Classification II

ID of organisms by organizing ID of organisms by organizing ecological, anatomical, physiological, ecological, anatomical, physiological, molecular (DNA & protein molecular (DNA & protein specifically) dataspecifically) data

1. Proteins: Cytochrome C; has 104 1. Proteins: Cytochrome C; has 104 Amino acids found in mitochondriaAmino acids found in mitochondria

2. Consider differences in amino acids – 2. Consider differences in amino acids – human vs chimps = 0, human vs. dogs = 13, human vs chimps = 0, human vs. dogs = 13, vs. snakes = 20, vs tuna = 33vs. snakes = 20, vs tuna = 33

Binomial Nomenclature SystemBinomial Nomenclature System

Created by C. LinneausCreated by C. Linneaus Each species has 2 part Latin nameEach species has 2 part Latin name Genus speciesGenus species (computer) (computer) Genus speciesGenus species (handwritten) (handwritten) E.g. E.g. Homo sapiens Homo sapiens = humans= humans

Felis sylvestrisFelis sylvestris = house cat = house cat

Ranunculus acris = Ranunculus acris = buttercupbuttercup

Remember: KPCOFGSRemember: KPCOFGS(memorize the following examples)(memorize the following examples)

LevelsLevels Domestic Domestic CatCat

Common Common ButtercupButtercup

HumanHuman

KingdomKingdom AnimaliaAnimalia PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia

PhylumPhylum ChordataChordata AnthophytaAnthophyta ChordataChordata

ClassClass MammaliaMammalia DicotyledonsDicotyledons MammaliaMammalia

OrderOrder CarnivoraCarnivora RanunculalesRanunculales PrimatesPrimates

FamilyFamily FelidaeFelidae RanunculacaRanunculacaee

HominidaeHominidae

GenusGenus FelisFelis RanunculusRanunculus HomoHomo

SpeciesSpecies sylvestrissylvestris acrisacris sapienssapiens

Remember: KPCOFGSRemember: KPCOFGS(memorize the following examples)(memorize the following examples)

LevelsLevels Domestic Domestic CatCat

Common Common ButtercupButtercup

HumanHuman

KingdomKingdom

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

OrderOrder

FamilyFamily

GenusGenus

SpeciesSpecies

Review PointsReview Points

6 characteristics of Life6 characteristics of Life Levels of the hierarchy of LifeLevels of the hierarchy of Life 3 principles of Cell theory3 principles of Cell theory Difference between prokaryotes and Difference between prokaryotes and

eukaryoteseukaryotes 5 kingdoms and their characteristics5 kingdoms and their characteristics Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,

Genus, speciesGenus, species