"biology is the only science in which multiplication means the same thing as division."
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MEIOSIS. "Biology is the only science in which multiplication means the same thing as division.". Meiosis. Comes from a Greek word that means: “ to make smaller ” also known as reduction division. Learning Goals: (for this section). 1. Explain the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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"Biology is the only science in which multiplication means the same thing as division."
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Meiosis
• Comes from a Greek word that means:
•“to make smaller”
– also known as reduction division
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Learning Goals:(for this section)
• 1. Explain the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
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• 2. Descibe how chromosomes determine sex.
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• 3.Explain why sex-linked disorders occur in one sex more than in the other.
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• Interpret a pedigree
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meiosis mitosis
sex chromosomes
pedigree
sex cells
homologous chromosomes
Xchromosome
Ychromosome
sex-linked disorder
Section vocab:
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Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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Unit: Heredity
E.U: Organisms reproduce either
asexually or sexually. Sexual reproduction leads to a genetic
variation.
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Why does a pug….
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Look so different from a…
Doberman
pincher?
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Answer?
(And Selective Breeding)
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Two Kinds of Reproduction
• Asexual– One parent cell is needed to
reproduce ex. Mitosis
• Sexual – Two parent cells join together to form
a new individual.– Requires meiosis !
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There are two categories of cells in the human
body:
• 1.) Somatic cells (body cells)– These have 46 chromosomes in every
nucleus of every cell.
–These cells are produced through mitosis, a form of asexual reproduction-(review on next slide)
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Review of mitosis:
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2.) Sex cells:– Eggs in females– Sperm in males
• All contain only 23 chromosomes (1/2 that of body cells)
These cells are produced by meiosis. (this process is needed for sexual reproduction)
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When sex cells are made, chromosomes are copied
once and then the nucleus
divides TWICE.
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How does MEIOSIS happen?
• One cell produces 4 cells with
½ the DNA
• Meiosis: An Interactive Animation
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Each of the new cells has HALF the number of
chromosomes
found in the original cell !
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8 Steps in Meiosis
Steps of Meiosis
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MEIOSIS PRODUCES:
•Sex cells:
–Eggs
–Sperm
Tap me (best meiosis video ever)
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Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
mitosis
meiosis
both
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SEX CHROMOSOMES:
• Contain genes that determine an offspring’s sex
• HUMAN FEMALES HAVE: Xand X
• HUMAN MALES HAVE: X and Y
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What are the chances of getting a boy or a girl?
BRAIN POP
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Karyotype:a picture of human
chromosomes all lined up:
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Sex-linked Disorders
• The Y chromosome is small and does not carry all of the genes of an X chromosome
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Females have 2 “X” chromosomes
recessive
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• Females therefore carry a copy of each gene found on the X chromosome.
• (this allows the recessive disorder gene to be masked)
• Males have only one copy of each gene on their X chromosome– If they inherit the disorder on this
chromosome, they will have the disorder– Examples are Color Blindedness,
Hemophilia (bleeder’s disease), and Cystic Fibrosis
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Colorblind tests
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Hemophilia
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Cystic FibrosisCystic fibrosis is an inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system of about 30,000 children and adults in the United States (70,000 worldwide). A defective gene and its protein product cause the body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus.
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To tell a sex linked disorder in a pedigree…
• Females are carriers of the trait
• Males have the trait
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Pedigree:
• A diagram that shows the occurrence of a trait in several generations of a family.
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Pedigree Rules
• Squares represent males• Circles represent females• Vertical lines connect children to
parents• Solid circle or square indicates that
the person has a certain trait• A half-filled square or circle indicates
the person is a carrier of the trait.
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Pedigree
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Selective Breeding• Organisms with desirable
characteristics are matedHigh egg
layers
White colored
pumpkins
Bigger,fatter,
tastier
Bigger petalsNewer
colors
Faster race horses
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Ex:
People have been breeding dogs for desired traits for thousands of years.
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Example:
• Mate a poodle and a golden retriever
•Hair, not fur
•Smart
•Fur that sheds,
•Retrieves
•Loyal
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Golden Doodle
•Hair, not fur
•Smart
•Retrieves
•Loyal
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