biology f4 chapter1

7/29/2019 BIOLOGY f4 Chapter1

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BIOLOGY

FORM 4


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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Biology

CHAPTER 2 : Cell Structure and Cell

Organisation

CHAPTER 3 : Movement of Substances Across

the Plasma Membrane

CHAPTER 4 : Chemical Composition of the cell

CHAPTER 5 : Cell Division

CHAPTER 6 : Nutrition

CHAPTER 7 : Respiration

CHAPTER 8 : Dynamic Ecosystem

CHAPTER 9 : Endanger Ecosystem


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CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Biology

The word Biology comes from Greek words,

Bios meaning Life and Logos meaning

Knowledge.

Biologyis the scientific study of life

The study of Biology is the study of living

things, the environment and the interaction

between living things and the enviroment


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Importance of Biology.

The study of Biology enable us to

understand ourselves and our surroundingenvironment

understand the interaction between living things

and environment Appreciate and thankful for the diverse variaty of

living things.


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THE FIELDS OF STUDY IN BIOLOGY


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Careers related to Biology

The knowledge of Biology is widely used in the:

a. biotechnology biotechnological knowledge and techniques,

use living organisms to develop useful products.

b. Environmental engineering principles of biology & chemistryto provide solutions to environmental problem

c. Health care radiographers, occupational therapists,

pharmacist, physiotherapists, opticians & doctors

d. Agriculture and forestry livestock farms, forest researchinstitutes & plantations

e. Marine and freshwater biology carry out research into fish

farming and conversation of marine life


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The Scientific Investigation

1. Scientific skills science process skills &manipulative skills

2. Science process skills critical, analytical &

creative thinking skills which enable a

scientist to formulate questions and find out

the answers and explanations to a

phenomena in a systematic manner

3. Manipulative skills psychomotor skills that

enable scientist to carry out a scientific

investigations


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The Scientific Method


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Identifying A Problem

1. Determine the problem to be solved by:a. Observing the situation or phenomena

i. Asking questions to explain the situation

ii. A possible explanation or inferences basedon the past experience or prior knowledge

iii. Inference not a fact, it is only the many

possible interpretations derives from anobservation


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b. Indentifying the variables

2. The problem is the form of a question to be

answered. The question in the problem should

show the relationship between the

manipulated variable and responding variable.

3. The problem stated is the basis for forming a

hypothesis


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Forming a hypothesis

1. A hypothesis is a smart guess or prediction toexplain the problem

2. The hypothesis answers the question posed

by a problem3. It is a statement to explain the relationship

between the manipulated variable and

responding variable in the situation studied

4. This statement is tested in the experiment to

determine its validity


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Planning The Experiment

1. Plan an experiment to test the hypothesis

2. Determine the following steps in planning the

experiment:

a) Apparatus & materials to be used

b) Techniques to be used

c) Procedures to followed

d) Types of measurements (data) to be taken

e) Methods to take the measurements or collect thedata

f) Way of presenting the data (results)


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3. Write out the design plan of the experiment. It

should include the following aspects:

a. Problem statementb. Aim of investigation

c. Hypothesis

d. Variables

e. List of the apparatus & materials

f. Technique used

g. Experimental procedure or method

h. Data to be collected

i. Presentation of data

j. Expected conclusion


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Indentifying & Controlling Variables

1. The variables that have been indentified before

forming the hypothesis have to be controlled during

the experiment

2. To control the variables, the following have to be

considered:a) Manipulated variable: How alter the manipulated

variable in the experiment

b) Responding variable: What to observe, measure

and record in the responding variable

c) Fixed/constant variable: How to maintain the

controlled variable so that it is kept constant

throughout the experiment


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Conducting The Experiment

1. An experiment is carried out as planned totest the hypothesis

2. The following steps have to be observed

during the experiment:

a) The apparatus & materials are handled

correctly, cleaned and stored safely

b) The variables are well controlledc) The results are being collected and recorded

carefully

d) A control experiment is also set up


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Collecting Data

1. The data is collected and recorded accurately

2. The data can be used on descriptive

observations (qualitative data) or numbers

and figures (quantitative data)

3. The data can be presented in the form of

table, graph or diagrams


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Analysing and Interpreting Data

1. Find a suitable explanation for what has

been observed

2. Analyse the relationship between the

manipulated variable and the responding

variable

3. Look for pattern in the data

4. Think critically to explain the results clearly


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Making Conclusion

1. Determine whether the data supports the

hypothesis

2. Decide whether the hypothesis is valid

3. If the results support the hypothesis, then

the hypothesis is accepted. If not, the

hypothesis is rejected

4. Make a general statement about the results

of the investigation, based on the hypothesis


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Writing A Report1. A complete report of the experiment is written according to

the following format:


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Scientific attitudes and noble values

biology f4 chapter1

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