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TRANSCRIPT
1/28/2016
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Biology 105: Biological Molecules
Lecture 3
Reading: Chapter 2, Pages 29-40
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Outline
• Organic Compounds
• Functional Groups
• Biological Molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Amino acids and Proteins
– Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
• RNA and DNA
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Organic Compounds
• What do you think of when someone says “organic”?
• In biology
– Molecules of one or more elements covalently bonded to one or more carbon atoms
– Organic vs Inorganic
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Carbon Review
• How many electrons in its outer shell?
– How many does it need to be stable?
• How many covalent bonds can it form?
• Can link together to form a
backbone
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Carbon
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Biological Molecules – Functional Groups
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Polar Functional Groups
• Oxygen containing – Carboxyl (-COOH)
– Hydroxyl (alcohol) (-OH)
– Phosphates (-PO4)
– Carbonyl • Ketone (-CO)
• Aldehyde (-CHO)
• Nitrogen containing – Amino (-NH2)
• Sulfur containing (-SH)
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Macromolecules
• Giant molecule of life – Nucleic acid, protein, polysaccharide
– Formed by the joining together of smaller molecules
• Monomers
• Polymer
• Polymer Party
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Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates
– Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
• Lipids – Triglycerices, Phopholipids, Steroids
• Proteins – Made of amino acids – Enzymes, Channels, Pores, Transporters, Regulatory,
Structural – Ex. Keratin, Collagen, Actin
• Nucleic Acids – Made of nucleotides – DNA & RNA
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Carbohydrates
• Contain
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
– Oxygen
– Ratio of: C1H2O1
• Example: Glucose C6H12O6
Image From: http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/food/what-can-i-eat/understanding-carbohydrates/
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Carbohydrates
• Simple Carbohydrates
– Monosaccharide
– Disaccharide
• Complex Carbohydrates
– Polysaccharide
– Polymers
• Made up of Glucose
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Macromolecules – Polymers
• Dehydration Synthesis
– Water is removed
– H from one molecule
– OH from the other molecule
12 Image From: http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/04%20Biochemistry/00%20Biochemistry--WHOLE.htm
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Polymer Formation
• Dehydration Synthesis
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Macromolecules – Polymers
• What do you think occurs when polymers are broken down?
– Hydrolysis
• Hydro = Water
• Lysis = Breaking down
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Polymer Breakdown
• Hydrolysis
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Carbohydrates
• 4 Functions of carbohydrates
1) Rapidly mobilized source of energy
2) Energy storage
3) Structural
4) Coupled with proteins to form glycoproteins
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Simple Carbohydrates
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Glucose – Ring Structure
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CHO
OHH
HHO
OHH
OHH
CH2OH
O
H
HO
H
HO
H
OH
OHHH
OH
CH
CH2OH
HO
OOH
OH
OHCH
CH2OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OHC
CH2OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
H
6
6 6 6
6
1
1
1
1 1
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Glucose
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Disaccharides
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Disaccharide - Lactose
• Glucose + Galactose Lactose
• Lactase
• What happens if you do not have this enzyme?
– Lactose intolerance
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Image From: http://youcaneathealthytoo.com/lactose-intolerance-cartoons/
Disaccharide - Lactose
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Image From: http://www.newhealthguide.org/Lactose-Intolerance.html
Complex Carbohydrates
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Complex Carbohydrates
• Functions
2) Energy Storage
– Glycogen (animals)
– Starch (plants)
3) Structural
– Cellulose (cell walls of bacteria and plants )
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Structure of Complex Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides – Long chains of saccharides (sugars)
– 100s to 1000s
• The difference between the complex carbohydrates is in the structure – Branched
– Unbranched
– Coiled
– Hydrogen Bonded
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Structure of Complex Carbohydrates
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Complex Carbohydrate - Glycogen
• Function
– Stored in animals for energy
• Structure
– Coiled and Branched
• Very easy to digest (break down)
• Stored mainly in liver and muscle
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Complex Carbohydrate - Glycogen
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Complex Carbohydrate - Starch
• Function
– Stored in plants for energy
• Structure
– Coiled, may have some branching
• Stored in amyloplasts
• Used for energy
• Plants that are high in starch
– Potatoes, rice, carrots, corn
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Complex Carbohydrate - Cellulose
• Function
– Carbohydrate used by plants for structure
• Structure
– Hydrogen bonds stabilize chains into tight bundles
• Important fiber in our diet
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Image From: http://lecherialaslapas.com/rios-dairy-breed/
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Complex Carbohydrate - Cellulose
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Complex Carbohydrates - Summary
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Review Questions
• What is the complex carbohydrate stored in animals?
• What monomer is starch composed of?
33 Image From: http://www.sweetpotatobites.com/tag/santa-monica-seafood/
Lipids
• Mainly made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Usually have many carbons and hydrogens
• Not soluble in water
• 3 types
1) Triglycerides
2) Phospholipids
3) Steroids
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Lipids - Triglycerides
• Function
– Energy storage
– Insulation
– Protection of vital organs
• Structure
– Three fatty acids joined to one glycerol
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Lipids - Triglyceride
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Lipids - Triglyceride
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Lipids - Triglycerides
• Examples
– Butter, lard (animal fat), vegetable oils
• Differences are in the structure of the fatty acids
– Chain length
– Number of double bonds
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Fatty Acids
• Saturated Fatty Acids
– Carbon chain has NO double bonds
– CH3-(CH2-CH2)n-COOH
• Unsaturated fatty acids
– Carbon chain has at least one double bond
– Monounsaturated VS Polyunsaturated
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Fatty Acids
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Fatty Acids
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Triglycerides
• Animal Fats
– Solid at room temperature
• Vegetable Oils
– Liquid at room temperature
• Hydrogenated Oils
– Example – Crisco
– Trans fats
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Trans Fats
• Hydrogenation
– Adding hydrogen to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils
• Sources of trans fats
– Cookies, french fries, cakes, popcorn, many other packaged good
• “Partially hydrogenated oil”
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Trans Fats
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Trans Fats
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Fatty Acids and Health
• Heart disease
– Plaque collecting in the blood vessels
– Plaque from oxidized cholesterol
• LDL vs HDL
– LDL and HDL levels vary with the type of fatty acids you eat
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Fatty Acids and Cholesterol
• Trans fats
– Raise LDL and lower HDL
• Saturated fats
– Raise LDL
• Polyunsaturated fats
– Slightly lower HDL
• Monounsaturated fats
– Do not increase either
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Omega-3 Fats
• Type of unsaturated fat
• Has a carbon double bond located 3 carbons from the end
• Healthiest type of fat
• Reduce LDL
• Sources
– Fatty fish (salmon, tuna), walnuts, flax
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Review Questions
• What fat is the least healthy?
• What type of fatty acid does not contain a double bond?
• Triglycerides are so named because they are formed by a reaction between 3 fatty acid molecules and one __________ .
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Lipids - Phospholipids
• Function
– Backbone of cell membranes
• Structure – Glycerol + 2 FAs + charged phosphate group + “R” group
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Lipids - Phospholipids
• Amphipathic
– Phosphate end of molecule is polar
– Lipid (FA) end is nonpolar
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Lipids - Phospholipids
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Lipids - Phospholipids
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Lipids - Phospholipids
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Image from: http://mquay.blogspot.com/
Lipids – Steroids
• Functions – Signaling between cells (hormones), control
metabolic processes and cellular functions
– Part of cell membrane (cholesterol)
• Structure – 4 ring backbone with side chains attached
• Examples – Hormones
– Cholesterol
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Lipids - Steroids
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Lipids – Steroids
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Lipids - Steroids
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Lipids - Steroids
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Lipids - Steroids
• Anabolic steroids
– Testosterone type compounds to enhance athletic performance
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Image From: http://crazygain.com/roid-rage/
Review Question
• What type of lipid is an important component of membranes?
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Proteins • Functions
– Numerous and varied
– Facilitate chemical reactions (enzymes)
– Transport
– Movement of muscles
– Structure
– Cell signaling
– Nutrition
– Defense
– Components of cell membrane
– Immune response
– Hormones (insulin) 64
Proteins
• Polymers made up of amino acids
• There are 20 amino acids
– Each with a different substitution for “R”
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H2N CH C
R
OH
O
Proteins – Amino Acid Structure
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Proteins – Amino Acids
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Proteins
• Amino acids that form proteins are linked by bonds
– Peptide bonds
– Formed through dehydration synthesis
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Proteins
• Peptides
• Polypeptides
• Proteins
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Protein Structre
• 4 different levels of structure that affect their function in the body
– Primary
– Secondary
– Tertiary
– Quaternary
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Protein Structure
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Protein Structure - Primary
• Amino acid sequence
– Determines its function and structure
– AAs have different properties and structures
• AAs bound together by a peptide bond
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Protein Structure - Secondary
• Structural features within a polypeptide chain
• Do the AA form coils or sheets?
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Protein Structure - Tertiary
• Overall folding
– Determined by size and placement of AA in protein
– Chaperone proteins
– Denaturation
• Lose its shape under
some conditions
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Protein Structure - Tertiary
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Protein Structure - Quaternary
• Multiple chains of AAs (polypeptide chains) interacting or binding together to function as one protein
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Protein Structure - Quaternary
• Hemoglobin
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Shape of Protein and Health
• Hemoglobin and Sickle Cell Anemia
– Caused by change of ONE amino acid in the sequence
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Proteins - Enzymes
• Enzymes are proteins that help reactions to happen
• Some require cofactors to function
– Example = iron
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Enzyme Properties
• Usually specific for their substrates
• They are not consumed (destroyed) in the process
• They have optimal conditions
– pH
– Temperature
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Enzyme Example
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Image From: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/568157309215958563/
Enzyme Example
• Pepsin and Trypsin
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pH
Rate
of
reacti
on
Protein Structure
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Enzymes
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Review Question
• Enzymes are a type of __________, which function to __________ .
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Nucleotides
• Function – Energy (ATP)
– Coenzymes that aid enzyme function (NAD+) or are messengers between and within cells (ADP)
• Small compounds – Sugar, attached phosphate groups, nitrogenous base
• 5 different nucleotides – Adenine, Thymine, Uracil, Guanine,
Cytosine
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Nucleotide
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Nucleotide Complex
• Adenosine Triphosphate and Diphosphate – ATP, ADP
– Energy transferring molecules
• Guanosine Triphosphate and Diphosphate – GTP, GDP
– Intracellular signaling molecules and energy transferring molecules
• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) – Energy transfer
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Nucleotide - ATP
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Nucleic Acids
• Polymer
– Chain or chains of nucleotides (monomer)
• Two types
– DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
– RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
• Functions
– Blueprint to make proteins (DNA)
– Protein synthesis (RNA)
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Nucleic Acids – RNA vs DNA
• RNA – Single stranded
– Sugar: Ribose
– Nitrogenous bases • Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
• DNA – Two strands that for double helix
– Sugar: Deoxyribose
– Nitrogenous bases • Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
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Nucleic Acids - RNA
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Nucleic Acids - DNA
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Nucleic Acids - DNA
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Nucleic Acids
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Review: Monomer VS Polymer
• Monomer
– Individual unit that makes up a polymer
– Examples: Starch is a polymer made up of the monomer units of glucose
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Polymer Monomer
Starch Glucose
Cellulose Glucose
Glycogen Glucose
Protein Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA Nucleotides
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Important Concepts
• What are the functions of all the biological molecules?
• What are the types of carbohydrates?
• What is the function of each of the carbohydrates?
• Know what types of organisms the complex carbohydrates are found in, the digestibility of the different complex carbohydrates
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Important Concepts
• Know what parts of the body is glycogen mainly stored in
• Know the cause and symptoms of lactose intolerance
• Know what monomers join to form the complex carbohydrates
• Know the structure of the complex carbohydrates (branched, tightly packed and stabilized by hydrogen bonds, coiled, etc)
• Know the types of lipids, their functions and their structures
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Important Concepts
• What is the general structure of triglycerides?
• What are the molecules that make up triglycerides?
• Know the general structure of phospholipids and the molecules that make up the phospholipids and know the properties of phospholipids
• Know the general structure of steroids (ie. that it is a four ring structure) and be able to identify the structure (don’t need to be able to draw it)
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Important Concepts
• What are the monomers that are joined to make proteins and what type of bond joins them
• What is the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
• What monomer units comprise nucleic acids, know the general structure of nucleotides
• Know the molecules that form nucleotides
• Be able to identify from a picture any of the biological molecules
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Important Concepts
• What are the different types of fatty acids • Which fatty acids are healthy and which are not
as healthy – What is the order from healthiest to least healthy
• Know the structure of trans fat and the source of trans fat
• What is the effect of trans fat on the body • What is trans fat called on ingredient labels • Know the functions of the 3 types of lipids • Know the functions of proteins
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Important Concepts
• What are enzymes, what is their function and their properties
• What are the structure differences between RNA and DNA
• What is the function of DNA and RNA
• Which molecules join together to form what molecules (monomer and polymers)
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Definitions • Monosaccharide • Disaccharides • Polysaccharide • Amyloplasts • Saturated fatty
acids • Unsaturated fatty
acids • Monounsaturated
fatty acids • Polyunsaturated
fatty acids • Omega 3s
• Trans fats • Peptide • Polypeptide • Protein • Peptide bond • Enzyme • Active site • Substrate • Product • Cofactors • Lactose • Lactase
• Alpha helix • Beta pleated
sheets • Amphiphathic • Chaperone • Denaturation • Dehydration
synthesis • Hydrolysis • Monomer • Polymer
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The End
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Image From: http://thelibertarianrepublic.com/3-reasons-my-panda-costume-is-terrifying/