biology 1 – health and lifestyle - castle rock high … · web viewa balanced diet contains the...
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End of Year Revision BookletYear 8 topics
Biology:Health and Lifestyle
Structure and Function of Body Systems
Chemistry: Reactions
Physics:LightSpaceEnergy
Biology 1 – Health and LifestyleNutrientsQ: Match the nutrient to the correct use
Nutrient UseCarbohydrates Provides energy
Protein Helps your body to grow
Vitamins Bulking food that helps food pass through the gut
Minerals Repair and growth
Lipids Provides energy
Water Needed in all cells and bodily fluids
Fibre Help the body use other nutrients efficiently
Q: What is the other name for a lipid? …………………………………………...
Q: What are the two types of Carbohydrate? …………………………………………... …………………………………………...
Food testsQ: What is the name of the test used to test for the presence of the following nutrients?
Protein ………………………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...
Lipids …………………………………………...…………………………………………...…………………………………………...
Starch …………………………………………...………………………………………………...……………………………………...
Sugar …………………………………………...…………………………………………………...…………………………………...
Q: What would a Positive test for the following nutrients look like?
Protein ………………………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...
Lipids …………………………………………...…………………………………………...…………………………………………...
Starch …………………………………………...………………………………………………...……………………………………...
Sugar …………………………………………...…………………………………………………...…………………………………...
Energy in FoodQ: A balanced diet contains the right amount of each of the food groups. Place the following food groups in the correct order of how much of our diets they should make up, from most to least.
Protein Lipids Carbohydrates Fruit and vegetables
……………………………… ……………………………… ………………………………… ……………………………… Most Least
Q: Describe how you would compare the amount of energy in two different unknown crisps.
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Q: Give two examples of control variables you would use in the above experiment.
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Digestive systemQ: Label the following diagram of the digestive system
Q: What is the name of the process whereby food is pushed through the gut by squeezing the food from behind?
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Q: In which organ do the following processes take place?
Process OrganFood is churned around with acid to break down into a
slurry
Water is absorbed from the food
Bile salts are stored
Bile salts are produced
Nutrients are absorbed from the food
Faeces are stored before being excreted.
Regulates blood sugar levels
Q: Explain why our small intestine is unable to digest starch directly
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Q: Explain how the body does digest starch molecules in the small intestine
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Q: What are the small finger-like protrusions covering the wall of the small intestine called? …………………………………..
EnzymesQ: What nutrient do the following enzymes help to digest?
Lipase ……………….....…………………………………………...…………………………………
Protease ……………….....…………………………………………...…………………………………
Carbohydrase ……………….....…………………………………………...…………………………………
Q: Amylase is the protein used to digest starch. Where in the body is Amylase found? …………………………………………..
Q: What does Amylase break starch down into? …………………………………………..
Q: Complete the following sentence using these words:
Lactobacillius Lactose Lactic acid.
………………………………….. is a bacteria used in making yoghurt. It breaks down ………………………………….., which is a type
of sugar into ………………………………….., which has a low pH giving the yoghurt it’s sharp taste.
Transport of NutrientsQ: Connect the correct diagram to the correct statement.
Q: Describe briefly, in your own words, what is happening in the set of diagrams above.
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Q: Where in the body does this occur? ………………………………….………………………………………….....………
Key= Starch
= SugarWater
Visking tubing
After some time, the sugar will have spread out. There is now the
same concentration of sugar inside and outside
the tubing.
The sugar is small enough to fit through the holes in
the Visking tubing, so travels into the water
through diffusion.
When we add amylase, it starts to digest the starch
and break it down into sugar
Start with starch in the visking tubing. Starch is
too big to fit through the gaps, so can’t escape into
the water.
Q: Give one way in which we can cause our enzymes to work at their highest efficiency.
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Q: What would happen to the rate of digestion if the surface area of a food item was increased?
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Q: Which part of the digestive system is designed to increase the surface area of our food?
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Q: What is meant by the term “denature” in respect to enzymes? Give two ways in which you could denature an enzyme.
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Biology 2 - Structure and Function of Body SystemsLevels of OrganisationQ: Place the following levels of organisation on the pyramid, from most complex (top) to least complex (bottom)
Organism Organ Tissue Cell Organ system
Q: Match the correct cell to the following statements
Red blood cell Nerve cell Bone cell.
….………………………………………….....………Cells don’t have a nucleus so they can carry more oxygen
….………………………………………….....………cells are very long so they can send messages faster.
….………………………………………….....………cells are incredibly hard as they form the strong structure of the body
Q: Match the correct tissue to the statement:
Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue.
….…………………………………………..... tissues, such as bone and tendons, hold the body together
….………………………………………….....tissues move your limbs, push food through your gut and make your heartbeat!
….………………………………………….....tissues, like your brain and nerves, send messages around your body controlling all it’s important systems
Q: Match the organs to the correct organ system
Wind pipe, Brain, Bones, Muscles, Oesophagus, Veins, Lungs, Tendons, Spinal cord, Stomach, Joints, Heart, Spinal cord, Pancreas, Trachea, Cartilage, Ligaments, Arteries.
Organ system Organ
Nervous system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Circulatory system
Q: Put the following organisms into the correct category of organism.
Dog, Venus Flytrap, Human, Rock, Virus, Hawk, Worm, Bacteria, Book, Fungus, Tree.
Type of organism Organism
Animal
Plant
Microorganism
Not living
Q: Number the following in order from least (1) to most (5) complex
Brain ……………………………
Nerve cell ……………………………
Nervous tissue ……………………………
Nervous system ……………………………
Human ……………………………
Lungs and Gas ExchangeQ: Which of the following diagrams, left or right, shows exhaling and whichshows inhaling?
Exhaling ………………………………..
Inhaling ………………………………..
Q: What is the diaphragm? What is it’s function?
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Q: Describe how the diaphragm and ribcage move when inhaling and exhaling
Action Ribcage Diaphragm
Inhaling
Exhaling
Q: When inhaling, what gas are you extracting from the air? ……………………………………………………………….
Q: When exhaling, what gas are you excreting into the air? ………………………………………………………………..
SkeletonQ: What are the four functions of the skeleton?
1. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
2. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
3. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
4. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
Q: What is meant by an “Exoskeleton”?
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Q: Correctly label each of the following bones
JointsQ: What are the three functions of our joins?
1. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
2. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
3. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
Q: Describe the function of the following joint structures
Structure Function
Muscle
Cartilage
Ligament
Fluid
Tendon
Q: What are the 4 major types of joints in the human body?
1. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
2. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
3. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
4. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
Q: Label each of the following joints with the correct type of joint
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MusclesQ: What is the “Antagonist system” with respect to muscles?
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Q: Describe what happens to your biceps and triceps when you move your arm down.
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Q: Describe what happens to your biceps and triceps when you move your arm up.
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Q: What is meant by “muscle fatigue”?
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Chemistry 1 – ReactionsChemical ReactionsQ: Complete the following sentenced using the two terms below
Chemical change Physical change
In a ……………….………………………………………….. occurs the atoms in a compound rearrange to create new compounds.
In a ……………….………………………………………….., no atoms are rearranged, so the chemical formula remain the same.
Q: Give 3 examples of signs that a chemical or a physical change has occurred.
Physical change Chemical change
Q: Are the following reactions examples of chemical or physical changes?
Reaction Chemical or physical?
Boiling water
Burning methane and oxygen (Bubbles!)
Melting chocolate
Burning chocolate
Lemon juice and bicarbonate of soda.
Word equationsQ: Complete the following table
Common name Chemical name Elements in the compound
Common salt sodium chloride sodium, chlorine
water hydrogen, oxygen
ammonia nitrogen hydride
‘rotten egg’ gas hydrogen sulphide
Q: Fill in the missing words from the following equations
1. …………………….....…………………………………………...……+ oxygen → carbon dioxide
2. lead + oxygen → …………………….....…………………………………………...……oxide
3. copper + oxygen → copper …………………….....…………………………………………...……
4. tin + …………………….....…………………………………………...…… → tin chloride
5. sodium + chlorine → …………………….....…………………………………………...……
Q: The table below shows the name and chemical formulas of some compounds. Fill in the blanks (You can find a periodic table to help you on google!)
Name of compound
Chemical formula
Number of different elements in the
compound
Total number of atoms in the compound
Names of elements in the compound
Magnesium oxide MgO 2
Potassium oxide K2O
FeSPotassium hydroxide KOH 3
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Burning FuelsQ: What does “combustion” mean?
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Q: Complete the diagram below to show what a fire needs to burn, and what it produces
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Q: What is meant by the tern “Hydrocarbon”?
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Q: Give two examples of hydrocarbons.
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Thermal DecompositionQ: What is meant by the term “Decomposition”?
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Q: What is meant by the word Thermal in the term “Thermal decomposition?
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Q: Do the following equations show decomposition?
Calcium+Oxygen→Calciumoxide ……………….....……………………………………
AluminiumIodide→Aluminium+ Iodine ……………….....……………………………………
ZincCarbonate→Zinc oxide+Carbondioxide ……………….....……………………………………
Q: Combustion and decomposition usually release carbon dioxide. What test do we use to show it’s presence?
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Q: What would a positive result for this test look like?
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Conservation of MassQ: State what is meant by the conservation of mass.
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Q: What units are used to measure mass? …………………………………………...…
Q: How many of these are in a kilogram? …………………………………………...…
Q: What are the units used to measure weight? …………………………………………...…
Q: An open container contained 150g of lead carbonate. After heating for 5 hours, the contents of the container were measured to have a mass of 98g.
How much mass was “lost” from the container? Where did it go?
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Exothermic and EndothermicQ: What is the name of the energy involved in heat?
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Q: If an experiment becomes hot as it progresses, is that an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
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Q: Describe what is happening, in terms of thermal energy, during an endothermic reaction.
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Q: Are the following reactions exothermic or endothermic?
Reaction Exothermic or endothermic?
Burning wood
A cold pack
Melting an ice cube
Evaporating water
Condensing water
Physics 1 – LightLightQ: Describe what is meant by the terms luminous and non-luminous.
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Q: Give two examples of a luminous object and a non-luminous object
Luminous …………………….....…………………………………………... …………………….....…………………………………………...
Non-luminous …………………….....…………………………………………... …………………….....…………………………………………...
Q: Complete the following ray diagram to show how the man can see the light and the dog.
Q: Show on the diagrams below how light transmits, reflects and absorbs into the material.
Transmit
Reflect
Absorb
Q: Define the following terms.
Transparent ………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………………………….………………
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Translucent ………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………………………….………………
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Opaque ………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………………………….………………
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ReflectionQ: Label the diagram below with the following terms
Normal Reflected ray Incident ray Incident angle Reflected angle Mirror
Q: State the law of reflection.
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Q: What is meant by a “Virtual image”
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RefractionQ: Complete the following diagram to show how the light will refract through the block of glass.
Q: Explain why light refracts in this way.
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Air
Glass
Air
Structure of the eyeQ: Label the parts of the eye indicated below
Q: Describe the function of the following structures of the eye
Structure Function
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Retina
Rod
Cone
Optical nerve
Q: What is meant by the term “Photosensitive”?
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Q: What is meant by the term “Photoreceptor”?
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ColourQ: What colours make up white light?
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Q: What is the name of the glass instrument we can use to split white light into its constituent colours?
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Q: Place these colours in order from longest to shortest wavelength.
Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet Red Orange
Longest …………….…………………………………
…………….…………………………………
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Shortest …………….…………………………………
Q: Which of the colours above has the highest energy? …………….…………………………………
Q: What are the primary colours of pigment?
…………….………………………………… …………….………………………………… …………….…………………………………
Q: What are the primary colours of light?
…………….………………………………… …………….………………………………… …………….…………………………………
SpaceThe Night SkyQ: All objects we can see in the sky at night can be sorted into 4 categories. What are these categories?
1. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
2. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
3. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
4. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
Q: What are the two kinds of satellite?
1. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
2. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...……………..
Q: What are the 8 planets in our solar system? Place them in order from closest to the sun to furthest away.
Closest to the sun …………….…………………………………
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Furthest from the sun …………….…………………………………
Q: What are the two types of planets in our solar system?
1. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
2. ………………………….………………………………………….....…………………………………………...………………
Q: What are comets and meteors made from?
Comets …………….……………………………………………….…………………………………
Meteors …………….……………………………………………….…………………………………
Q: What is the difference between a meteor and a meteorite?
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The Solar SystemQ: Which planet is the largest in our solar system? ……………………………………….…………………………………
Q: Which planet is the smallest in our solar system? ……………………………………….…………………………………
Q: Which planet is the only one to harbour life? ……………………………………….…………………………………
Q: Which planet is known for having the largest ring? ……………………………………….…………………………………
The Big BangQ: How many billions of years ago did the big bang occur? ……………………………………….…………………………………
Q: Connect each event to the correct timeframe.
Time after Big Bang Event
3 minutes Dust and gases collect in giant clouds – earliest stars formed.
400 thousand years Our solar system formed
300-400 million years Protons and neutrons formed
700 million years First life on Earth
9 billion years Atoms began to form
10 billion years Galaxies start to form
The EarthQ: The Earth rotates on it’s axis. Complete the diagram below and explain why this gives rise to a day and night cycle
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Q: What are time zones and why do we need them?
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Q: Complete the sentences below using the words highlighted.
Ellipse Orbits Seasons Tilted
The Earth …………………………………. Around the sun.
The shape of this is not a perfect circle, it is an ……………………………………
Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring are the 4 ……………………………………, these are caused by the Earth being
…………………………………….. on it’s axes.
Q: Label the diagram below with the correct season for the Northern Hemisphere.
The MoonQ: Label each of the phases of the moon below
Q: Complete the diagram below to show how a total and partial eclipse occurs on Earth. Label the diagram with the following terms.
Umbra Penumbra Total eclipse Partial eclipse
Q: Will earth always have eclipses? Explain your answer.
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RadioactivityQ: There are three parts that make up an atom called sub atomic particles. What are the names of these three parts?
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Q: Two of the subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of the atom. Which subatomic particles are found here?
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Q: Where would you find the third subatomic particle in an atom?
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Q: Label each of the following types of radiation as either Alpha, Beta or Gamma.
Helium nucleus Neutron Energy wave
…………………………………….. …………………………………….. ……………………………………..
Q: Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation all have different “penetration power”. List them in order from highest penetration power to lowest.
Highest ……………………………………..
……………………………………..
Lowest ……………………………………..
Physics 3 – EnergyIs food a fuel?Q: What is the process called where a fuel is burned?
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Q: What are the products of this type of reaction?
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Q: What two nutrients do we use for energy production?
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Q: What is the process called where these nutrients are broken down into energy in the body?
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Q: Considering the above, is food considered a fuel? Explain your answer
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Energy TransferQ: The different types of energy you must remember can be recalled using the following mnemonic
+
+
Most Kids Hate Learning GCSE Energy Names.
What are the 10 different types of energy?
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Q: State the Law of Conservation of Energy.
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Q: A Microwave consumes 100kj of electrical energy.
50kj is converted to thermal energy, 10kj is converted into kinetic energy for the spinning plate and the rest is converted to sound energy. Draw an energy transfer diagram below to show this system.
Q: Which of the above energies are considered waste energy? Explain your answer.
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Conduction and ConvectionQ: Through which states of matter do conduction and convection occur?
Conduction ………………………………...………………………
Convection ………………………………...………………………
Q: Explain what conduction of thermal energy is and explain how it happens.
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Q: Explain what convection of thermal energy is and explain how it happens.
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Heat transfer – RadiationQ: Conduction and convection occur through solids, liquids and gasses. As space is a vacuum, it is not possible for thermal energy to transfer by conduction or convection.
What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is responsible for thermal energy transfer from the sun to the Earth?
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Q: Jeff and Tony are out and about on a hot summer’s day. Tony has worn a white t-shirt while Jeff has worn a black t-shirt. Explain why Jeff overheated and became ill.
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Q: What colour cup would you store hot coffee in on a winter’s day? Explain your answer.
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Energy ResourcesQ: Give three examples of fossil fuels
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Q: Where did these fossil fuels originate from and where do we find them now?
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Q: Explain briefly how these fossil fuels are used to generate electricity.
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Q: Give five examples of renewable energy sources.
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Q: Fossil fuels, when burned, give off a certain greenhouse gas that isn’t emitted when using renewable energy sources. What is the name of this gas?
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Energy and PowerQ: What is power a measurement of?
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Q: Power can be calculated using the equation below. Complete the equation triangle for this equation.
Power (W )=Energy transfered (J )Timetaken (s )
Q: What units are used to measure power?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Q: Complete the following table using the equation above.
Power (W) Energy transferred Time taken (s)
400 4
500 500
1200 12
39,000 60
700 70
Work DoneQ: Explain what is meant by “Work done”. Explain it’s relationship to gravity.
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Q: Work done can be calculated using the equation below. Complete the equation triangle for this equation.
Work done (Nm)=Force(N )x Distance (m)
Q: What units are used to measure work done?
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Q: Levers and gears are examples of “Force multipliers”. Explain what is meant by this term.
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