10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 1/12

Pipes carrying biogas (foreground), natural

gas and condensate

BiogasFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown oforganic matter in the absence of oxygen. It is a renewable energysource, like solar and wind energy. Furthermore, biogas can beproduced from regionally available raw materials such as recycledwaste and is environmentally friendly.

Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteriaor fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage,

municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops.[1] Biogas

comprises primarily of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), moistureand siloxanes.

The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energyrelease allows biogas to be used as a fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in any country for any heating purpose, such

as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.[2]

Biogas can be compressed, the same way natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles.

In the UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel.[3] Biogas isa renewable fuel so it qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world. Biogas can also becleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards when it becomes bio methane.

Contents

1 Production

2 Composition

3 Benefits

4 Applications

4.1 Biogas upgrading

4.2 Biogas gas-grid injection

4.3 Biogas in transport

5 Legislation6 Development around the world

6.1 United States

6.2 Europe

6.3 UK

6.4 Germany

6.5 Indian subcontinent

6.6 China

6.7 In developing nations

7 In popular culture

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 2/12

Biogas production in rural Germany

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

Production

Main article: Anaerobic digestion

Bio gas is practically produced as landfill gas (LFG) or digested gas. Abio gas plant is the name often given to an anaerobic digester that treatsfarm wastes or energy crops. Bio gas can be produced using anaerobicdigesters. These plants can be fed with energy crops such as maize silageor biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and food waste. Duringthe process, an air-tight tank transforms biomass waste into methaneproducing renewable energy that can be used for heating, electricity, andmany other operations that use any variation of an internal combustion

engine, such as GE Jenbacher gas engines.[4]

There are two key processes: Mesophilic and Thermophilic digestion.[5]

In experimental work at University of Alaska Fairbanks, a 1000-litre digester using psychrophiles harvested from"mud from a frozen lake in Alaska" has produced 200–300 liters of methane per day, about 20–30% of the output

from digesters in warmer climates.[6] Landfill gas is produced by wet organic waste decomposing under anaerobic

conditions in a landfill.[7][8]

The waste is covered and mechanically compressed by the weight of the material that is deposited from above. Thismaterial prevents oxygen exposure thus allowing anaerobic microbes to thrive. This gas builds up and is slowlyreleased into the atmosphere if the landfill site has not been engineered to capture the gas. Landfill gas is hazardousfor three key reasons. Landfill gas becomes explosive when it escapes from the landfill and mixes with oxygen. The

lower explosive limit is 5% methane and the upper explosive limit is 15% methane.[9]

The methane contained within biogas is 20 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Therefore,uncontained landfill gas, which escapes into the atmosphere may significantly contribute to the effects of globalwarming. In addition, landfill gas impact in global warming, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained withinlandfill gas contribute to the formation of photochemical smog.

Composition

The composition of biogas varies depending upon the origin of the anaerobic digestion process. Landfill gastypically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas

with 55–75% methane,[11] which for reactors with free liquids can be increased to 80-90% methane using in-situ

gas purification techniques[12] As-produced, biogas also contains water vapor. The fractional volume of watervapor is a function of biogas temperature; correction of measured gas volume for both water vapor content and

thermal expansion is easily done via simple mathematics[13] which yields the standardized volume of dry biogas.

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 3/12

Typical composition of biogas[10]

Compound Molecular formula %

Methane CH450–75

Carbon dioxide CO225–50

Nitrogen N20–10

Hydrogen H20–1

Hydrogen sulphide H2S 0–3

Oxygen O20–0

A biogas bus in Linköping, Sweden

In some cases, biogas contains siloxanes. These siloxanes areformed from the anaerobic decomposition of materialscommonly found in soaps and detergents. During combustionof biogas containing siloxanes, silicon is released and cancombine with free oxygen or various other elements in thecombustion gas. Deposits are formed containing mostly silica

(SiO2) or silicates (SixOy) and can also contain calcium,sulfur, zinc, phosphorus. Such white mineral depositsaccumulate to a surface thickness of several millimeters andmust be removed by chemical or mechanical means.

Practical and cost-effective technologies to remove siloxanes

and other biogas contaminants are currently available.[14]

Benefits

When biogas is used, many advantages arise. In North America, utilization of biogas would generate enoughelectricity to meet up to three percent of the continent's electricity expenditure. In addition, biogas could potentiallyhelp reduce global climate change. Normally, manure that is left to decompose releases two main gases that cause

global climate change: nitrogen dioxide and methane. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) warms the atmosphere 310 times

more than carbon dioxide and methane 21 times more than carbon dioxide.[citation needed]

By converting cow manure into methane biogas via anaerobic digestion, the millions of cows in the United Stateswould be able to produce one hundred billion kilowatt hours of electricity, enough to power millions of homesacross the United States. In fact, one cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate three kilowatt hoursof electricity; only 2.4 kilowatt hours of electricity are needed to power a single one hundred watt light bulb for one

day.[15] Furthermore, by converting cow manure into methane biogas instead of letting it decompose, global

warming gases could be reduced by ninety-nine million metric tons or four percent.[16] In Nepal biogas is beingused as a reliable source of rural energy, says Bikash Haddi of Biogas promotion center.

Applications

Biogas can be utilized for electricity production on sewage

works,[17] in a CHP gas engine, where the waste heat from theengine is conveniently used for heating the digester; cooking; spaceheating; water heating; and process heating. If compressed, it canreplace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuelan internal combustion engine or fuel cells and is a much moreeffective displacer of carbon dioxide than the normal use in on-site

CHP plants.[18]

Methane within biogas can be concentrated via a biogas upgrader tothe same standards as fossil natural gas, which itself has had to gothrough a cleaning process, and becomes biomethane. If the local gas network allows for this, the producer of the

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 4/12

"Biogaståget Amanda" train near Linköping

station, Sweden

biogas may utilize the local gas distribution networks. Gas must be very clean to reach pipeline quality, and must beof the correct composition for the local distribution network to accept. Carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide,and particulates must be removed if present.

Biogas upgrading

Raw biogas produced from digestion is roughly 60% methane and 29% CO2 with trace elements of H2S, and is not

high quality enough to be used as fuel gas for machinery. The corrosive nature of H2S alone is enough to destroythe internals of a plant. The solution is the use of biogas upgrading or purification processes whereby contaminantsin the raw biogas stream are absorbed or scrubbed, leaving more methane per unit volume of gas. There are fourmain methods of biogas upgrading, these include water washing, pressure swing absorption, selexol absorption, and

amine gas treating.[19]

The most prevalent method is water washing where high pressure gas flows into a column where the carbon dioxideand other trace elements are scrubbed by cascading water running counter-flow to the gas. This arrangement coulddeliver 98% methane with manufacturers guaranteeing maximum 2% methane loss in the system. It takes roughlybetween 3-6% of the total energy output in gas to run a biogas upgrading system....

Biogas gas-grid injection

Gas-grid injection is the injection of biogas into the methane grid (natural gas grid). Injections includes biogas:[20]

until the breakthrough of micro combined heat and power two-thirds of all the energy produced by biogas powerplants was lost (the heat), using the grid to transport the gas to customers, the electricity and the heat can be used

for on-site generation[21] resulting in a reduction of losses in the transportation of energy. Typical energy losses innatural gas transmission systems range from 1–2%. The current energy losses on a large electrical system range

from 5–8%.[22]

Biogas in transport

If concentrated and compressed, it can also be used in vehicletransportation. Compressed biogas is becoming widely used inSweden, Switzerland, and Germany. A biogas-powered train,named Biogaståget Amanda, has been in service in Sweden since

2005.[23][24] Biogas also powers automobiles and in 1974, a Britishdocumentary film entitled Sweet as a Nut detailed the biogasproduction process from pig manure, and how the biogas fueled a

custom-adapted combustion engine.[25][26] In 2007, an estimated12,000 vehicles were being fueled with upgraded biogas worldwide,

mostly in Europe.[27]

Legislation

The European Union presently has some of the strictest legislation regarding waste management and landfill sites

called the Landfill Directive.[citation needed] The United States legislates against landfill gas as it contains VOCs.The United States Clean Air Act and Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) requires landfill owners toestimate the quantity of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emitted. If the estimated NMOC emissions

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 5/12

exceeds 50 tonnes per year, the landfill owner is required to collect the landfill gas and treat it to remove theentrained NMOCs. Treatment of the landfill gas is usually by combustion. Because of the remoteness of landfillsites, it is sometimes not economically feasible to produce electricity from the gas. However, countries such as theUnited Kingdom and Germany now have legislation in force that provides farmers with long-term revenue and

energy security.[28]

Development around the world

United States

With the many benefits of biogas, it is starting to become a popular source of energy and is starting to be utilized inthe United States more. In 2003, the United States consumed 147 trillion BTU of energy from "landfill gas", about

0.6% of the total U.S. natural gas consumption.[27] Methane biogas derived from cow manure is also being testedin the U.S. According to a 2008 study, collected by the Science and Children magazine, methane biogas fromcow manure would be sufficient to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours enough to power millions of homes acrossAmerica. Furthermore, methane biogas has been tested to prove that it can reduce 99 million metric tons of

greenhouse gas emissions or about 4% of the greenhouse gases produced by the United States.[29]

In Vermont, for example, biogas generated on dairy farms around the state is included in the CVPS Cow Powerprogram. The Cow Power program is offered by Central Vermont Public Service Corporation as a voluntary tariff.Customers can elect to pay a premium on their electric bill, and that premium is passed directly to the farms in theprogram. In Sheldon, Vermont, Green Mountain Dairy has provided renewable energy as part of the Cow Powerprogram. It all started when the brothers who own the farm, Bill and Brian Rowell, wanted to address some of themanure management challenges faced by dairy farms, including manure odor, and nutrient availability for the cropsthey need to grow to feed the animals. They installed an anaerobic digester to process the cow and milking centerwaste from their nine hundred and fifty cows to produce renewable energy, a bedding to replace sawdust, and aplant friendly fertilizer. The energy and environmental attributes are sold. On average, the system run by the Rowellbrothers produces enough electricity to power three hundred to three hundred fifty other homes. The generator

capacity is about 300 kilowatts.[30]

In Hereford, Texas, cow manure is being used to power an ethanol power plant. By switching to methane biogas,the ethanol power plant has saved one thousand barrels of oil a day. Overall, the power plant has reduced

transportation costs and will be opening many more jobs for future power plants that will be relying on biogas.[31]

Europe

The level of development varies greatly in Europe. While countries such as Germany, Austria and Sweden are fairlyadvanced in their usage of biogas, there is still a vast potential for this renewable energy source in the rest of thecontinent, especially in Eastern Europe. Different legal frameworks, education schemes and the availability of

technology are among the prime reasons behind this untapped potential.[32] Another challenge for the further

progression of biogas has been negative public perception. [33]

Initiated by the events of the gas crisis within Europe during December 2008, it was decided to launch the EUproject "SEBE" (Sustainable and Innovative European Biogas Environment) which is financed under theCENTRAL (http://www.central2013.eu/about-central/central-europe-programme/) programme. The goal is to

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 6/12

address the energy dependence of Europe by establishing an online platform(http://tkm.sebe2013.eu/index.php/SEBE_Pedia) to combine available knowledge and launch pilot projects aimed

at raising awareness among the public and developing new biogas technologies.[32]

In February 2009, the European Biogas Association (EBA) was founded in Brussels as a non-profit organisation topromote the deployment of sustainable biogas production and use in Europe. EBA's strategy defines three priorities:establish biogas as an important part of Europe’s energy mix, promote source separation of household waste toincrease the gas potential and support the production of biomethane as vehicle fuel. In July 2013, it had 60

members from 24 countries across Europe.[34]

UK

There are currently around 60 non-sewage biogas plants in the UK, most are on-farm, but some larger facilities

exist off-farm, which are taking food and consumer wastes.[35]

On 5 October 2010, biogas was injected into the UK gas grid for the first time. Sewage from over 30,000Oxfordshire homes is sent to Didcot sewage treatment works, where it is treated in an anaerobic digestor to

produce biogas, which is then cleaned to provide gas for approximately 200 homes.[36]

Germany

Germany is Europe's biggest biogas producer[37] as it is the market leader in biogas technology.[38] In 2010 therewere 5,905 biogas plants operating throughout the whole country, in which Lower Saxony, Bavaria and the eastern

federal states are the main regions.[39] Most of these plants are employed as power plants. Usually the biogasplants are directly connected with a CHP which produces electric power by burning the bio methane. The electrical

power is then fed into the public power grid.[40] In 2010, the total installed electrical capacity of these power plants

was 2,291 MW.[39] The electricity supply was approximately 12.8 TWh, which is 12.6 per cent of the total

generated renewable electricity.[41]

Biogas in Germany is primarily extracted by the co-fermentation of energy crops (called ‘NawaRo’, anabbreviation of ‘nachwachsende Rohstoffe’, which is German for renewable resources) mixed with manure, themain crop utilized is corn. Organic waste and industrial and agricultural residues such as waste from the food

industry are also used for biogas generation.[42] In this respect, Biogas production in Germany differs significantly

from the UK, where biogas generated from landfill sites is most common.[37]

Biogas production in Germany has developed rapidly over the last 20 years. The main reason for this developmentis the legally created frameworks. Governmental support of renewable energies started at the beginning of the1990s with the Law on Electricity Feed (StrEG). This law guaranteed the producers of energy from renewablesources the feed into the public power grid, thus the power companies were forced to take all produced energy

from independent private producers of green energy.[43] In 2002 the Law on Electricity Feed was replaced by theRenewable Energy Source Act (EEG). This law even guaranteed a fixed compensation for the produced electricpower over 20 years. The amount of ca. 0.08 Euro gave particular farmers the opportunity to become an energy

supplier and gaining a further source of income in the same place.[42]

The German agricultural biogas production was given a further push in 2004 by implementing the so-called

NawaRo-Bonus. This is a special bonus payment given for the usage of renewable resources i.e. energy crops.[44]

In 2007 the German government stressed its intention to invest further effort and support in improving the

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 7/12

renewable energy supply to provide an answer on growing climate challenges and increasing oil prices by the‘Integrated Climate and Energy Programme’.

This continual trend of renewable energy promotion induces a number of challenges facing the management and

organisation of renewable energy supply that has also several impacts on the biogas production.[45] The firstchallenge to be noticed is the high area-consuming of the biogas electric power supply. In 2011 energy crops for

biogas production consumed an area of circa 800,000 ha in Germany.[46] This high demand of agricultural areasgenerates new competitions with the food industries that did not exist yet. Moreover new industries and marketswere created in predominately rural regions entailing different new players with an economic, political and civilbackground. Their influence and acting has to be governed to gain all advantages this new source of energy isoffering. Finally biogas will furthermore play an important role in the German renewable energy supply if good

governance is focused.[45]

Indian subcontinent

In India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion of manure in small-scaledigestion facilities is called gobar gas; it is estimated that such facilities exist in over two million households in India,fifty thousands in Bangladesh and thousands in Pakistan, particularly North Punjab, due to the thriving population oflivestock. The digester is an airtight circular pit made of concrete with a pipe connection. The manure is directed tothe pit, usually directly from the cattle shed. The pit is then filled with a required quantity of wastewater. The gaspipe is connected to the kitchen fireplace through control valves. The combustion of this biogas has very little odouror smoke. Owing to simplicity in implementation and use of cheap raw materials in villages, it is one of the mostenvironmentally sound energy sources for rural needs. One type of these system is the Sintex Digester. Some

designs use vermiculture to further enhance the slurry produced by the biogas plant for use as compost.[47]

In order to create awareness and associate the people interested in biogas, an association "Indian Biogas

Association" (www.biogas-India.com)[48] was formed. The “Indian Biogas Association” aspires to be a uniqueblend of; nationwide operators, manufacturers and planners of biogas plants, and representatives from science andresearch. The association was founded in 2010 and is now ready to start mushrooming. The sole motto of theassociation is “propagating Biogas in a sustainable way”.

The Deenabandhu Model is a new biogas-production model popular in India. (Deenabandhu means "friend of thehelpless.") The unit usually has a capacity of 2 to 3 cubic metres. It is constructed using bricks or by a ferrocementmixture. In India, the brick model costs slightly more than the ferrocement model; however, India's Ministry of Newand Renewable Energy offers some subsidy per model constructed.

In Pakistan, the Rural Support Programmes Network is running the Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme[49]

which has installed over 1500 biogas plants and has trained in excess of 200 masons on the technology and aims todevelop the Biogas Sector in Pakistan.

Also PAK-Energy Solution[49] has taken the most innovative and responsible initiatives in biogas technology. In thisregard, the company is also awarded by 1st prize in "Young Entrepreneur Business Plan Challenge" jointly

organized by Punjab Govt. & LCCI.[49][50][51][52] They have designed and developed Uetians Hybrid Model, inwhich they have combined fixed dome and floating drums and Uetians Triplex Model. Moreover, Pakistan DairyDevelopment Company has also taken an initiative to develop this kind of alternative source of energy for Pakistanifarmers. Biogas is now running diesel engines, gas generators, kitchen ovens, geysers, and other utilities in Pakistan.In Nepal, the government provides subsidies to build biogas plant.

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 8/12

Simple sketch of household biogas plant

China

The Chinese had experimented the applications of biogas since 1958. Around 1970, China had installed 6,000,000digesters in an effort to make agriculture more efficient. During the last years the technology has met high growthrates. This seems to be the earliest developments in generating biogas from agricultural waste.

In developing nations

Domestic biogas plants convert livestock manure and night soil into biogas and slurry, the fermented manure. Thistechnology is feasible for small holders with livestock producing 50 kg manure per day, an equivalent of about 6pigs or 3 cows. This manure has to be collectable to mix it with water and feed it into the plant. Toilets can beconnected. Another precondition is the temperature that affects the fermentation process. With an optimum at 36 C° the technology especially applies for those living in a (sub) tropical climate. This makes the technology for smallholders in developing countries often suitable.

Depending on size and location, a typical brick made fixed domebiogas plant can be installed at the yard of a rural household withthe investment between 300 to 500 US $ in Asian countries andup to 1400 US $ in the African context. A high quality biogasplant needs minimum maintenance costs and can produce gas forat least 15–20 years without major problems and re-investments.For the user, biogas provides clean cooking energy, reducesindoor air pollution, and reduces the time needed for traditionalbiomass collection, especially for women and children. The slurryis a clean organic fertilizer that potentially increases agriculturalproductivity.

Domestic biogas technology is a proven and established technology in many parts of the world, especially Asia.[53]

Several countries in this region have embarked on large-scale programmes on domestic biogas, such as China[54]

and India.

The Netherlands Development Organisation, SNV,[55] supports national programmes on domestic biogas that aimto establish commercial-viable domestic biogas sectors in which local companies market, install and service biogas

plants for households. In Asia, SNV is working in Nepal,[56] Vietnam,[57] Bangladesh,[58] Bhutan, Cambodia,[58]

Lao PDR,[59] Pakistan[60] and Indonesia,[61] and in Africa; Rwanda,[62] Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia,[63]

Tanzania,[64] Uganda, Kenya,[65] Benin and Cameroon.

In popular culture

In the 1985 Australian film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome the post-apocalyptic settlement Barter town ispowered by a central biogas system based upon a piggery. As well as providing electricity, methane is used topower Barter town's vehicles.

See also

Anaerobic digestion

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 9/12

Biodegradability

Bioenergy

Biofuel

Biohydrogen

Landfill gas monitoring

MSW/LFG (municipal solid waste and landfill gas)

Natural gas

Renewable energyRenewable natural gas

Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources

Tables of European biogas utilisation

Thermal hydrolysis

Waste management

References

1. ^ National Non-Food Crops Centre. "NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet: Anaerobic Digestion"(http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-renewable-fuels-and-energy-factsheet-anaerobic-digestion), Retrievedon 2011-02-16

2. ^ Biogas & Engines (http://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-type/biogas/), www.clarke-energy.com, Accessed21.11.11

3. ^ "Biomethane fueled vehicles the carbon neutral option" (http://www.claverton-energy.com/biomethane-fueled-vehicles-the-carbon-neutral-option.html) Claverton Energy Conference, 24 October 2009, Bath, UK

4. ^ State Energy Conservation Office (Texas). "Biomass Energy: Manure for Fuel."(http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_biomass-manure.htm), 23 April 2009. Web. 3 October 2009.

5. ^ Be Green - Make Gas (http://www.alfagy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=31)

6. ^ Gupta, Sujata (6 November 2010). "Bio gas comes in from the cold"(http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827854.000-cold-climates-no-bar-to-biogas-production.html). NewScientist (London: Sunita Harrington). p. 14. Retrieved 4 February 2011.

7. ^ "Biogas - Bioenergy Association of New Zealand (BANZ)" (http://www.bioenergy.org.nz/biogas.asp).Bioenergy.org.nz. 29 November 2006. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

8. ^ LFG energy projects (http://www.epa.gov/lmop/proj/)

9. ^ Safety Page, Beginners Guide to Biogas (http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/safety/),www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas. Retrieved 22.10.07.

10. ^ Basic Information on Biogas (http://www.kolumbus.fi/suomen.biokaasukeskus/en/enperus.html),www.kolumbus.fi. Retrieved 2.11.07.

11. ^ Juniper Biogas Yield Comparison (http://www.oaktech-environmental.com/Juniper.htm)

12. ^ Richards, B.; Herndon, F. G.; Jewell, W. J.; Cummings, R. J.; White, T. E. (1994). "In situ methane enrichment

in methanogenic energy crop digesters". Biomass and Bioenergy 6 (4): 275–274. doi:10.1016/0961-9534(94)90067-1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0961-9534%2894%2990067-1).

13. ^ Richards, B.; Cummings, R.; White, T.; Jewell, W. (1991). "Methods for kinetic analysis of methane

fermentation in high solids biomass digesters". Biomass and Bioenergy 1 (2): 65–26. doi:10.1016/0961-9534(91)90028-B (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0961-9534%2891%2990028-B).

14. ^ Tower, P.; Wetzel, J.; Lombard, X. (2006-03). "New Landfill Gas Treatment Technology Dramatically LowersEnergy Production Costs"(http://www.appliedfiltertechnology.com/Userfiles/Docs/AFT_SWANA_2006_Paper_Rev1.pdf). Applied FilterTechnology. Retrieved 30 April 2009.

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 10/12

15. ^ State Energy Conservation Office (Texas). "Biomass Energy: Manure for Fuel." State Energy ConservationOffice (Texas). State of Texas, 23 April 2009. Web. 3 October 2009.

16. ^ Webber, Michael E and Amanda D Cuellar. "Cow Power. In the News: Short News Items of Interest to theScientific Community." Science and Children os 46.1 (2008): 13. Gale. Web. 1 October 2009 in United States.

17. ^ Biogas CHP engine fitted to Anaerobic Digestion Plant (http://www.alfagy.com/biogas-chp.html)

18. ^ Biogas CHP engines make money (http://www.alfagy.com/biogas-chp.html)

19. ^ Evaluation of Upgrading Techniques for Biogas, Margareta Persson, October 2003, School of EnvironmentalEngineering, Lund University (http://www.sgc.se/dokument/Evaluation.pdf)

20. ^ Half Britain’s homes could be heated by renewable gas(http://www.nationalgrid.com/corporate/About+Us/climate/press/020209.htm)

21. ^ Biogas flows through germany's grid big time(http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea//news/article/2008/07/biogas-flows-through-germanys-grid-big-time-53075)

22. ^ Transmission loss (http://www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/energy_loss__transmission_loss.html)

23. ^ Biogas train in Sweden (http://www.svenskbiogas.se/sb/docs/english/Biogastrain_produktblad_2005.pdf)

24. ^ Friendly fuel trains (30 October 2005) New Straits Times, p. F17.

25. ^ British Film Institute's database (http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/96790)

26. ^ View online at National Film Board of Canada (http://www.nfb.ca/film/bates_car_sweet_as_a_nut/)

27. ̂a b What is biogas? (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/emerging_biogas_what_is.html), U.S. Department ofEnergy, 13 April 2010

28. ^ "CHP | Combined Heat and Power | Cogeneration | Wood Biomass Gasified Co-generation | Energy Efficiency |Electricity Generation" (http://www.alfagy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=72).Alfagy.com. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

29. ^ Cuellar, Amanda D and Michael E Webber (2008). "Cow power: the energy and emissions benefits of converting

manure to biogas". Environ. Res. Lett. 3 (3): 034002. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/3/034002(http://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F3%2F3%2F034002).

30. ^ Zezima, Katie. "Electricity From What Cows Leave Behind." The New York Times 23 September 2008, natl. ed.:SPG9. Web. 1 October 2009. <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/business/businessspecial2/24farmers.html>.

31. ^ State Energy Conservation Office (Texas). "Biomass Energy: Manure for Fuel." State Energy ConservationOffice (Texas). State of Texas, 23 April 2009. Web. 3 October 2009.<http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_biomass-manure.htm>.

32. ̂a b SEBE Website (http://www.sebe2013.eu)

33. ^ Presentation by German Biogas Association (http://bioenergie.fnr.de/fileadmin/bioenergie-beratung/hessen/dateien/archiv_veranstaltungen/konfliktmanagement_maciejczyk_12_2010.pdf)

34. ^ http://european-biogas.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=4

35. ^ The Official Information Portal on AD 'Biogas Plant Map' (http://www.biogas-info.co.uk/index.php/ad-map.html)

36. ^ Sewage project sends first ever renewable gas to grid Thames Water(http://www.thameswater.co.uk/cps/rde/xchg/corp/hs.xsl/10982.htm)

37. ̂a b "European Biogas Barometer" (http://www.european-biogas.eu/eba/images/stories/biogasbarometer.pdf).EurObserv'ER. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

38. ^ renewables-made-in-germany.com/en/renewables-made-in-germany-start/bio-energy/biogas/ overview.html"Biogas" (http://www.). BMU. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

39. ̂a b /$file/11-06-27_Biogas%20Branchenzahlen%202010_eng.pdf "Biogas Segments Statistics 2010"(http://www.biogas.org/edcom/webfvb.nsf/id/DE_Branchenzahlen). Fachverband Biogas e.V. Retrieved 5November 2011.

40. ^ "Biomass for Power Generation and CHP" (http://www.iea.org/techno/essentials3.pdf). IEA. Retrieved 7November 2011.

41. ^ en.de/files/english/pdf/application/pdf/ee_in_zahlen_2010_en_bf.pdf "Renewable Energy Sources 2010"(http://www.erneuerbare-energi). BMU. Retrieved 5 November 2011.

42. ̂a b Wieland, P. "Production and Energetic Use of Biogas from Energy Crops and Wastes in Germany"(http://www.springerlink.com/content/p01720g04122n251/fulltext.pdf). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 11/12

Retrieved 5 November 2011.

43. ^ "Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland. Rückblick und Stand des Innovationsgeschehens"(http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/ibee_gesamt_bf.pdf). IfnE et al. Retrieved 5 November2011.

44. ^ Wieland, P. 20128/pdf "Biomass Digestion in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production andWaste Treatment in Germany" (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elsc.2006). Engineering in Life Science.Retrieved 5 November 2011.

45. ̂a b Kanning, H. et al. "Erneuerbare Energien - Räumliche Dimensionen, neue Akteurslandschaften und planerische(Mit)Gestaltungspotenziale am Beispiel des Biogaspfades"(http://www.springerlink.com/content/907371418487t402/fulltext.pdf). Raumforschung und Raumordnung.Retrieved 5 November 2011.

46. ^ /FNR510_Grafik_Anbau_2011_engl__300_rgb.jpg "Cultivation of renewable Resources in Germany"(http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/fileadmin/fnr/images/aktuelles/grafiken). FNR. Retrieved 5 November2011.

47. ^ Using vermiculture to improve quality of biogas slurry as a compost(http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/skgsangha)

48. ^ Indian Biogas Association (http://www.biogas-india.com)

49. ̂a b c Pak-Energy Solution (http://www.pakenergysolution.com/)

50. ^ University of Engineering & Technology,Lahore, Pakistan(http://www.uet.edu.pk/newsannouncement/newssection/window.html?RID=newsannouncement/newssection/biogasaward)

51. ^ Young entrepreneurs: Bio gas plant, remote home device win – The Express Tribune(http://tribune.com.pk/story/144678/young-entrepreneurs-bio-gas-plant-remote-home-device-win/)

52. ^ http://freeelectricityin2010.com/fm-98-6-uet-lahore-won-the-business-plan-competition.html

53. ^ "Asia Hits the Gas"(http://www.snvworld.org/en/Documents/20060209%20Article%20on%20Biogas%20Asia%20in%20Renewable%20Energy.pdf)

54. ^ "China Biogas" (http://ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/china-biogas.html)

55. ^ SNV Netherlands Development Organisation(http://www.snvworld.org/en/ourwork/Pages/Renewable%20Energy.aspx)

56. ^ "[Biogas Sector Partnership-Nepal]" (http://www.bspnepal.org.np). Bspnepal.org.np. Retrieved 21 February2010.

57. ^ "Dự án chương trình khí sinh học cho ngành chăn nuôi Việt Nam" (http://www.biogas.org.vn). Biogas.org.vn.Retrieved 21 February 2010.

58. ̂a b http://www.idcol.org (click ‘Projects’)

59. ^ "Home" (http://www.biogaslao.org). Biogaslao.org. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

60. ^ Renewable energy solution for the poor SNV domestic biogas dissemination in Pakistan(http://www.snvworld.org/en/Documents/Biogas%20Pakistan%20Leaflet%202009.pdf)

61. ^ Indonesia Domestic Biogas Programme(http://www.snvworld.org/en/ourwork/Documents/Indonesia%20Domestic%20Biogas%20Programme%20Brochure.pdf)

62. ^ "Renewable Energy " (http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/rwanda/ourwork/Pages/energy.aspx).Snvworld.org. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

63. ^ "Renewable energy " (http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/ethiopia/ourwork/Pages/energy.aspx).Snvworld.org. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

64. ^ SNV Tanzania Domestic Biogas Programme (http://www.snvworld.org/en/Documents/SNV%20-%20Domestic%20Biogas%20Brochure%20Tanzania.pdf)

65. ^ [Biogas First in Kenya for Clarke Energy and Tropical Power http://www.clarke-energy.com/2013/biogas-first-in-kenya-for-clarke-energy-tropical-power/] Accessed 11th September 2013

AEBIG; Asociación Española de Biogas (http://www.aebig.org/)

10/3/13 Biogas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas 12/12

Further reading

Updated Guidebook on Biogas Development. United Nations, New York, (1984) Energy Resources

Development Series No. 27. p. 178, 30 cm.

Book: Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, (2008)

Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser (http://www.zorg-biogas.com/library/biogas-from-waste-and-

renewable-resources)

External links

European Biogas Association (http://www.european-biogas.eu/index.php)American Biogas Council (http://www.americanbiogascouncil.org)

Spanish Biogas Association / Asociación Española de Biogas (http://www.aebig.org)Biogas Video Book (http://www.zorg-biogas.com/library/video-book-about-energy-crop-biogas-plant)

Biogas Videos on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/gobiogas)An Introduction to Biogas, University of Adelaide (http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/)

Biogas from manure and waste products - Swedish case studies(http://www.gasforeningen.se/upload/files/publikationer/rapporter/biogasinfo%20eng%202008%20sammans

att.pdf)The largest danish plant Lemvig Biogas – renewable energy and a sound economy

(http://lemvigbiogas.com/GB.htm)An overview of biogas purification technologies (http://methane-digester.net/?p=62)

Biogas Bonanza for Third World Development (http://www.i-sis.org.uk/BiogasBonanza.php)Biogas China (http://www.i-sis.org.uk/BiogasChina.php)

Small Scale Biogas Plants (http://www.supergas.dk)Biogas Wiki with a lot of useful information about basic principles and documentation from projects of

various sizes (http://biogas.wikispaces.com)Micro Biogas Production in Kenya (http://www.rvesol.com/blog/biogas-reduce-carbon-emissions-sidonge-

kenya/)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biogas&oldid=574320156"

Categories: Anaerobic digestion Biofuels Biodegradation Biotechnology products

Biodegradable waste management Gases Landfill Fuels Fuel gas Methane Waste management

Biomass

This page was last modified on 25 September 2013 at 09:38.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply.

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.