Dal Pastro Filippo 1035010

Marsullo Matteo 1035499

Strada Marco 1039963

Zandarin Simone 1041186

Outline of the project Substitute 10% of Italian petrol by mean of non-

fossil energyBiodiesel

Preliminary Analysis

Thermoeconomic Analysis

LCA Analysis

Electric Car

Preliminary Analysis

LCA Analysis

2

Outline of the presentation Bases for comparison

Environment

Energy

Economy

Final comparison between biodiesel-diesel cars, electric cars and traditional ones kgCO2/kmP

kgCO2eq/kmP

kgWater/kmP

TJPrimary Energy/kmP

€Fuel Costs/kmP

Note: P stands for Person

3

No Substitution: Biodiesel Proposed solution: Blend Diesel-

Biodiesel (to cover 10% of fuels consumption)

Why Biodiesel?

European Directive 2009/28/CE

No engines substitution

Established technology (I generation)

Future perspective (III generation)

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Biodiesel

Preliminary Analysis

Thermoeconomic Analysis

LCA Analysis

4

Preliminary Analysis Biodiesel Quantity of fuel to cover 7,06E+10

Km/year

diesel 3,29E+06 t_diesel/year

biodiesel 3,85E+06 t_BD/year

→ 3,85E+06 t_BD/year

Land occupied

100% rapeseed 3429723,188 ha

100% sunflower 4151770,175 ha

80% rap - 20% sun 3574132,586 ha

Land currently occupied in Italy

Italian surface 3,00E+07 ha

Italian agricultural land 1,78E+07 ha

of which used (SAU) 1,27E+07 ha

Italian agricultural land to produce biodiesel → 20,08%

Mixture Calculation t/year

New diesel quantity 2,03E+07

New biodiesel quantity 5,09E+06

Mixture (%) 20,05

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Biodiesel

Preliminary Analysis

Thermoeconomic Analysis

LCA Analysis

Sources: - aci.it - Sofo - Università degli Studi della Basilicata - Enea - Ministero dello Sviluppo economico - Dispense – corso Energetica Applicata 5

LCA Biodiesel – 1° Phase

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Biodiesel

Preliminary Analysis

Thermoeconomic Analysis

LCA Analysis

Functional unit : kgBD

System boundaries:

Technological => rapeseed oil biodiesel, 200000 t/year,

B20 blend, Ballestra production plant

Geographical => Italy

Temporal => nowadays – 2020,

10 years plant life, no end of life

Data category : secondary Sources: - Desmet-Ballestra brochure - Progetto di ricerca – Ing. Secco – UNIPD - Carraretto et al. – Energy (2004) - UNIPD - Vlysidis et al. – Energy (2011) - Cherubini et al. – Resources, Conservation and Recycling (2009) 6

LCA Biodiesel – 2° Phase

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Biodiesel

Preliminary Analysis

Thermoeconomic Analysis

LCA Analysis

Agricultural Phase

Oil Extraction Phase

Biodiesel Production Phase

Transportation

Engine

WaterSeedsFuel

Fertilizer

HexaneSteam

MethanolCaustic Solution

Fuel Steel

SeedsCrop

Meal and SkinsStack Gas

GumsWaste Water

GlycerolHydrochloric Acid

Emissions

Emissions

7

LCA Biodiesel – 3° Phase Input Output

Seeds 0.0049 kg/kgBD Biodiesel 1 kg/kgBD

Rapeseed oil 1.025 kg/kgBD Glycerol 0.1026 kg/kgBD

Methanol 0.141 kg/kgBD Meal 1.639 kg/kgBD

Water 4319.65 kg/kgBD Waste 2.461 kg/kgBD

Primary Energy 22.82 MJ/kgBD CO2 0.895 kg/kgBD

Agricultural phase 12%

Oil extraction phase 12%

Biodiesel production

phase 5%

Transportation 2%

Engine 69%

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Biodiesel

Preliminary Analysis

Thermoeconomic Analysis

LCA Analysis

8

LCA Biodiesel – 4° Phase

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Biodiesel

Preliminary Analysis

Thermoeconomic Analysis

LCA Analysis

Emissions assigned only to principal product (biodiesel)

Water consumption is entirely due to agricultural phase

Waste water comes from oil extraction and BD production (chemical phases)

Wastes comes from oil extraction : non-oil part of biomass

Cars already exist : water, primary energy and raw materials not included

Oil extraction phase is the main source of emissions (excluding engine) : it is suggested to perform an analysis to evaluate if an optimization is possible

9

Thermoeconomic Analysis Biodiesel Allows to assign to each stream an

economic value

Exergy is the physical parameter used to perform the analysis

What is Exergy?

Physical parameter that permits to evaluate the quality of different forms of energy

Maximum work obtainable from a particular form of energy, using environment as a reference state

Thermoeconomic analysis consists of:

Thermodynamic analysis

Economic analysis

Exergoeconomic indicators

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Biodiesel

Preliminary Analysis

Thermoeconomic Analysis

LCA Analysis

Sources: - Zhang et al. – Bioresource Technology (2003) - Coronado et al. – Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2013) - Apostolakou – Fuel Processing Technology (2009)

10

Thermoeconomic Analysis Biodiesel

Exergoeconomic Factors [-]

Mixer 2 0.002945

Mixer 1 0.004359

Reactor 0.01252

Pump 3 0.01349

Separator N 0.02773

Separator P 0.0473

Wash 0.08677

Heat Exch 2 0.08971

Neutralization 0.1067

Heat Exch 1 0.1161

Pump 4 0.1622

Pump 2 0.2441

Pump 1 0.2627

Distillation 0.9209 Pump 3 : methanol recycle

!

11

Thermoeconomic Analysis Biodiesel

Exergoeconomic Factors [-]

Mixer 2 0.002945

Mixer 1 0.004359

Reactor 0.01252

Pump 3 0.01349

Separator N 0.02773

Separator P 0.0473

Wash 0.08677

Heat Exch 2 0.08971

Neutralization 0.1067

Heat Exch 1 0.1161

Pump 4 0.1622

Pump 2 0.2441

Pump 1 0.2627

Distillation 0.9209 Separator N : H2O+methanol, biodiesel, oil

Separator P : H2O+methanol, glycerol

!

!

12

Thermoeconomic Analysis Biodiesel

Exergoeconomic Factors [-]

Mixer 2 0.002945

Mixer 1 0.004359

Reactor 0.01252

Pump 3 0.01349

Separator N 0.02773

Separator P 0.0473

Wash 0.08677

Heat Exch 2 0.08971

Neutralization 0.1067

Heat Exch 1 0.1161

Pump 4 0.1622

Pump 2 0.2441

Pump 1 0.2627

Distillation 0.9209 Distillation : methanol recirculation

€

13

Substitution: Electric Car Proposed solution: substitute

traditional car whit Electric Car (to cover 10% of fuels consumption)

Why Electric Car? Electric power plants are more efficient

than combustion engines

Stack gases treatment systems are more efficient in electric power plants than in ICE cars

Italian drivers covers less than 30 km per day

14

Preliminary Analysis Electric Car

Cars to be substituted 24.53 %

Time of substitution

(25% new registration per year are electric) 18.21 years

Surplus of electric energy to be produced 4.84*1010 MJ/year

T = total fuel energy consumption (100%)

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Electric Car

Preliminary Analysis

LCA Analysis

Sources: - aci.it - Enea – Quaderno Trasporti (2011) - Tegon – Tesi (2010) - UNIPD

15

LCA Electric Car – 1° Phase

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Electric Car

Preliminary Analysis

LCA Analysis

Functional unit : kmP

System boundaries :

Technological => Italian electric fleet, grid, existing electric cars

Geographical => Italy

Temporal => Nowadays-2020, 15 years car life, no end of life analysis

Data Category : Secondary

Sources: - aci.it - Enea – Quaderno Trasporti (2011) - GEMIS database - Hongrui et al. – Energy Policy (2012)

16

LCA Electric Car – 2° Phase

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Electric Car

Preliminary Analysis

LCA Analysis

Primary Energy

Electric Energy

Production

Water and Air Emissions

Electric Grid

Constuction Raw Material

Electric Car Usage

Refuelling

Water and Air Emissions

17

LCA Electric Car – 3° Phase

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Electric Car

Preliminary Analysis

LCA Analysis

0.0E+00

2.0E-04

4.0E-04

6.0E-04

8.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.2E-03

1.4E-03

Impact categories • C2 Stratospheric ozone depletion

• C7 Non-renewable resources consumption

• C1 Greenhouse

• C3 Acidification

• C6 Toxicity

18

LCA Electric Car – 3° Phase

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Electric Car

Preliminary Analysis

LCA Analysis

GWP Indexes CO2 => 1 gCO2eq

CH4 => 21 gCO2eq

N2O => 310 gCO2eq

0.0E+00

1.0E-06

2.0E-06

3.0E-06

4.0E-06

5.0E-06

6.0E-06

7.0E-06

R134a => 1300 gCO2eq

PFM => 6500 gC02eq

PFE => 9200 gCO2eq

19

LCA Electric Car – 4° Phase

Substitute 10% of Italian

petrol by mean of

non-fossil energy

Electric Car

Preliminary Analysis

LCA Analysis

GEMIS fixes refuelling efficiency to 100%

Utilization phase considers emissions only coming from car construction phase

Long term observation : coal electric production is the most relevant from an environmental point of view (CO2 emissions) even though it covers only 12% of total energy production, it is suggested to improve renewable energy supply

20

Final Comparison Electric Car B20 Blend Car Traditional Car Unit

CO2 1.24*10-1 1.56*10-1 1.87*10-1 kg/kmP

CO2eq 1.41*10-1 1.65*10-1 1.97*10-1 kg/kmP

Water 4.54 3.79*101 2.69 kg/kmP

Primary Energy 2.50*10-6 2.37*10-6 2.73*10-6 TJ/kmP

Fuel Costs 2.55*10-3 8.16*10-2 9.14*10-2 €/kmP

Most suitable solution: Electric Car

Lowest CO2 emissions

Lowest Fuel Costs

21

Final Comparison Environmental comparison :

ICE utilization (even with B20) involves a pollution localized in urban centers

Stack gases treatment systems are more efficient in electric power plants than in ICE cars

B20 production has the most relevant water consumption

Economical comparison : Fuel costs for B20 were calculated without considering taxes

on the whole biodiesel production

Costs do not include electric car sell prices, currently too high to promote a large scale diffusion

Energy comparison : Energy consumption is similar for each technology

considered 22

THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION

GRAZIE PER L’ATTENZIONE

23