bioethics, a bridge between the facts and moral behaviour
DESCRIPTION
Ethics guides us to make choices or judgements from the wrong to right.Bioethics refer a study of the ethical issues arising from health care, biological and medical sciences.TRANSCRIPT
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BIOETHICS
Presented by Course Teacher
Monoj Sutradhar Dr. D Dayal Doss
Jr. M.sc(Plant Biotechnology) Prof
PALB 3243 Dept of Plant Biotechnology
UAS,GKVK,Bangalore UAS,GKVK,Bangalore
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ETHICS AND MOALS AGRICULTURAL BIOETHICS ANIMAL BIOETHICS HUMAN BIOETHICS BIOETHICS PRINCIPLE
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INTRODUCTION
The study of the ethical and moral implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical advances, as in the fields of genetic engineering and drug research is bioethics.
The term “bioethics” was introduced in the 70’s by Van Rensselaer Potter for a study aiming at ensuring the preservation of the biosphere.
It was later used to refer a study of the ethical issues arising from health care, biological and medical sciences.
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ETHICS Discipline concerned with right or wrong conduct. Guides to moral behavior. Making choices or judgments.
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ETHICS VS MORALS
Morals are an individual frame work for decision making that includes personal values.
Ethics are a generalized conceptual frame work for decision making.
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Main topics in Bioethics
Pre-birth Issues Issues in human reproduction Human cloning Stem cell research The new genetics Organ transplant Experimentation with human subjects &
animals GM crops research
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BIOETHICS IN AGRICULTURE
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BENEFITS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
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GOLDEN RICE
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GOLDEN RICE GENE CONSTRUCT
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GOLDEN RICE ISSUES
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BT BRINJAL Resistant against lepidopteran insects like brinjal fruit and shoot
borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) and Mahyco, an Indian seed company based in Jalna, Maharashtra developed bt brinjal.
The genetically modified brinjal event is termed Event EE 1 was introgressed by plant breeding into various local varieties by University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad andTamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Some of the cultivars of brinjal include: Malpur local, Manjari gota, Kudachi local, Udupi local, 112 GO, and Pabkavi local.
The cry1Ac gene is under the transcriptional control of an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter, which ensures the gene is expressed in all the brinjals tissue throughout its complete lifecycle. NptII and aad are selectable marker genes, nptII to identify transgenic from non-transgenic, and aad is used to identify the transformed bacteria used during the development of the construct. Aad contains a bacterial promoter and is not expressed in the Bt brinjal.
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TERMINATOR SEEDS
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Consumer Issues Food Safety
Allergenicity Negative effects on nutrients Introduction or increase of toxins
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Environmental Issues
Modified crop could become a weed, negatively effecting natural ecosystems.
Transgenes could spread to nearby relatives, negatively effecting natural ecosystems.
Direct or indirect negative effects on non-target organisms.
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SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES
Negative effects on prices Increasing yield in regions where there is already a surplus can push down
prices, hurting farmers
Negative effects on small farms Many technologies are not scale neutral.
Negative effects on organic farms Increased resistance to Bt, an important tool to organic farmers
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HUMANITARIAN ISSUES The most important stakeholders in this whole debate are
those who are suffering from food shortages. Some 80,000 infants die every two days from the effects of
malnutrition. It is estimated that by 2020, farmers will have to produce 40%
more grain than they do know, despite little room for expanding agriculture onto new land.
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GLOBAL STATUS OF GM CROPS
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ANIMAL BIOETHICS
DOLION GLOFISH
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ANIMAL WELFARE THEORY Animal welfare is the theory which maintains that it is
morally acceptable to use nonhuman animals for human purposes as long as they are treated humanely and do not impose unnecessary suffering on them.
The goal of animal welfare is the regulation of animal use.
INDIAN ORGANISATIONS:
• The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI,Chennai)
• Buddha Society for Animal Welfare(BSAW,Bihar)
• Federation of Indian Animal Protection Authority
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ANIMAL RIGHTS THEORY The animal rights theory maintains that we have no
moral justification for using nonhuman animals for human purposes however humanely we treat them.
The goal of animal rights activists is to abolish the use of animals.
ORGANISATIONS: People for Ethical Treatment of Animals(PETA
India,Mumbai) Central Zoo Authority (CZA India, Delhi)
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SIGNIFICANCE Treating animals inhumanely results in economic costs.
Animal cruelty is against the law.
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FARMING ANIMALS Animals are used for meat, milk, fibre, pharmaceuticals,
research, companionship,exhibition.
REASONS BEHIND QUESTIONABLE PRODUCTION PRACTICES
Consumer demand: Safe, cheap, high quality, consistent food
Efficiency: Labor, distribution, price
Animal protection and care: From predators, environmental extremes, veterinary care, nutrition
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WELFARE IN CATTLE PRODUCTION
BRANDING DEHORNING
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DAIRY FACILITIES
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WELFARE IN POULTRY PRODUCTION Laying Hens: Beak trimming, crowding, dust bathing, forced
molting, social disorder
Broilers: Fast growth
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ANIMALS AS RESEARCH MATERIALS
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GM ANIMALS
AquaAdvantage salmon. A growth hormone-regulating gene from a Pacific Chinook salmon and a promoter from an ocean pout inserted in atlantick salmon by AquaBounty.
Genetically modified line of Yorkshire pigs with efficient plant phosphorus digestion by phytase enzyme in saliva.University of Guelph.
Bioluminiscent lab rat,Stanford University,1997
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Nexia Biotechnologies, and later by the Randy Lewis lab of the University of Wyoming and Utah State University.] It is reportedly 7-10 times as strong as steel if compared for the same weight, and can stretch up to 20 times its unaltered size without losing its strength properties. It also has very high resistance to extreme temperatures, not losing any of its properties within -20 to 330 degrees Celsius.
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CLONING Cloning is the process of making genetically identical organisms from a
single parent. Cloning could also help provide scientists with a better understanding of
some genetic diseases The cloning of genetically modified farm animals can have agricultural
and industrial advantages.For instance, genetically modified cows can produce milk with certain drugs inside for mass production.
Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics near Edinburgh in Scotland, the United Kingdom.
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RELIGIOUS ISSUES IN ANIML PRODUCTION Religious slaughter is a major current animal welfare issue.
Significant numbers of Muslim and Jewish people demand meat products from animals killed using practices according to religious requirements.
There are differences between conventional and religious slaughter practices. Although both methods have been subjected to criticism on animal welfare grounds, religious slaughter has received much recent attention.
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TEST TUBE MEAT
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Current concerns about religious slaughter focus on stress of preslaughter handling using certain devices, pain and distress that may be felt during and after neck cutting, as well as prolonged times to loss of brain function and death if stunning is not applied.
Universally agreed correct religious slaughter rules and practices are still under debate, and certification and labeling of meat products remain as other issues to be addressed. Because of the above, moves to minimize welfare problems are under way to improve slaughter practices by providing more training and new regulations.
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DESIGNER MILK Modification of the primary structure of casein, alteration in the lipid profile, increased protein recovery, milk containing nutraceuticals, and replacement for infant formula offer several advantages in the area of processing. Less fat in milk, altered fatty acid profiles to include more healthy fatty acids such as CLA and omega-fats, improved amino acid profiles, more protein, less lactose, and absence of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG) are some opportunities of "designing" milk for human health benefits.
Cow milk allergenicity in children could be reduced by eliminating the beta-LG gene from bovines. Animals that produce milk containing therapeutic agents such as insulin, plasma proteins, drugs, and vaccines for human health have been genetically engineered.
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The ultimate acceptability of the "designer" products will depend on ethical issues such as animal welfare and safety, besides better health benefits and increased profitability of products manufactured by the novel techniques
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HUMAN BIOETHICS
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ORGAN TRANSPLANT AND RESOURCES ALLOCATION
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ONE WHAT CRITERIA SHOULD ORGANS BE ALLOCATED TO PATIENTS FOR TRANSPLANTATION?
One heart available who should get it?
17-year old girl 40-year-old school principal 70-year-old woman
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xenotransplantation
The transplantation of organs, tissues, or cells from one species to another. Mainly from pigs to humans.
Every 12 minutes another name is added to the national organ transplant waiting list
18 people die per day - one person every 80 minutes
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BUT ITS NOT AN OPTION YET
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OVERCOMING REJECTION
Elimination of xenoreactive natural antibodies that bind to endothelial cells of pig organ.
Inhibition of complement produced by the antibodies – introduce protein into pig endothelial cells to prevent lysis of the cells.
Transgenic pigs with this protein have been produced and organs from these pigs usually do not undergo antibody rejection.
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OVERCOMING T CELL REJECTION
Main immunological barrier to successful xenotransplantation
Immunosuppression- greater organ survival time
Further genetic engineering of animal- number of genes may suppress the inflammatory response that causes this type of rejection
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PIGS MOST PROMISING DONORS Risk of transmission of viruses low Reach sexual maturity rapidly Multiple offspring per litter Insulin used to treat diabetes
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FEAR OF ZOONOSES Transmission of infectious agents from one species
to another
Spread of HIV and hepatitis through transplants from humans
Some diseases mild in animals but deadly to humans
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IN PROCESS Thousands of people have received living pig
tissues Insulin to treat diabetes Skin to treat burns, skin cancer Heart valves Liver cells to treat liver disease Islets to treat diabetes Neurons for Parkinson’s disease, stroke
Held back by stem cell research
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HUMAN CLONING Two techniques:
Embryo splitting Nuclear substitution
Embryo splitting
The clone is usually used for tests of abnormality, and will be destroyed subsequently
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NUCLEAR TRANSFER
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STEM CELL RESEARCH Stem cells: undifferentiated, multi-potent, precursor cells, capable
of developing into virtually any body tissue. Three types of stem cells:
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) Fetal stem cells Adult stem cells
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STEM CELL RESEARCH ON DISEASES Independent Citizen’s Oversight Committee (ICOC) includes:
Spinal cord injuries about 35,000 cases in CA Alzheimer’s disease about 470,000 cases in CA Type II (adult) diabetes 10% of adults (20 and up) have it Multiple sclerosis in NorCal, 150 in 100,000 people have it Type I (juvenile) diabetes 1 in every 400-600
children/adolescents Heart disease #1 cause of death in US (12% of adults) Cancer #2 cause of death in US (7.4% of adults) Parkinson’s disease about 500,000 cases in US Mental illness 22% of Americans have mental disorders HIV/AIDS about 1 million cases of HIV in US
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Three main sources: Adult bone marrow Miscarried or aborted embryos/fetus; extra embryos left over
from IVF Embryos from therapeutic cloning
Potential Treatments: They may be used to replace damaged organ tissues (e.g.,
cardiac tissues), repair irreversible injuries (e.g., spinal cord injuries), or cure diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases).
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Ethical issues: Destroying an embryo to harvest ESC is
equivalent to killing a child to obtain his organs. Left-over from IVF are already there. Therapeutic cloning: The embryo is not created
for reproduction. How about the wellbeing of many patients who
may be cured by ESC research?
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Create unnecessary psychological distress Discrimination by employers and insurance
companies Confidentiality and Privacy Social stigmatization
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PRENATAL SCREENING
Sex selection: Gender discrimination and imbalance of sex ratio unless it is done solely for therapeutic purpose.
Discrimination: Lives of the disable are not worth living.
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IVF- IN VITRO FERTILISATION Available since 1986
About 100,000 IVF kids in U.S.
Often creates extra embryos
U.S. - About 400,000 frozen embryos (unregulated)
England – 52,000 (regulated by government
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PRE IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD)
Diagnosing inherited genetic disorders “in vitro” Choosing which embryos will be transferred to the uterus based
upon desired traits Gender decisions “Designer Babies?”
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DESIGNER BABIES AND ARCHITECT PARENTS
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HOW ABOUT GIVING EVERY CHILD AN EQUAL CHANCE The Potential of Children
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BIOLOGICAL WARFARE WEAPONS Anthrax
CutaneousInhalationIntestinal
Smallpox Botulinum toxin Bubonic plague
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CHEMICAL WARFARE WEAPONS Nerve gas agents
Sarin Tabun VX gas
Blistering agents Lewsite gas Mustard gas
Choking agents Chlorine Phosgene
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EFFECTS OF BIO-CHEMICAL WARFARE Muscle contractionAbdominal pains, severe diarrhoea Vomiting with blood Rashes and boils Flu like fever Blurred double vision Nausea Fever, loss of appetite, vomiting
Paralysis Skin blisters and burns Choking and cough leading to death Respiratory failure Formation of painless ulcers Seizures
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EUTHANASIA
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ENVIRONMENTAL BIOETHICS
Environment Your total surroundings; includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors
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The body of moral principles or values followed by a person in regards to their total surroundings
SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT IS AN ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF LIFE ARE NEITHER LESSENED NOR DEPLETED.ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF LIFE:
OXYGEN, FOOD, WATER, NUTRIENTS, WARMTH, SHELTER,
UNSUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT IS AN ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF LIFE ARE LESSENED OR DEPLETED.
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Traditional moral value pays attention to human relations, and does not
realize that the nature is the source of human life, while the people consider
the nature as the objects freely obtained and used.
Environmental ethics ask the human to establish a correct view of nature,
learn to respect, imitate, and protect nature, and get along amiably and
peacefully with the nature.
However, conservation of nature can not be one-sided emphasized without
enterprising, and then walking to other extreme.
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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Ethics with sustainable development asks us to observe and understand the world with ecological thinking, which is considered as the standard to survey the words and deeds, i.e. treatment of the ecological environment should follow the following principles.
basic principles of environmental
ethics
The principle of min harm
The principle of proportionality
The principle of coordination
The principle of moderate
consumption
The principle of distributive
justice
The principle of fair compensation
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6.5.2The essence of sustainable development
economical goal Pursue quality and efficiency
ecology -environment -resource goal
Emphasize for the benign circulation of system , coordinate development with
own bearing capacity
social goal Social justice, moderate growth of population
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Sustainable development is a new development strategy, and clear that the human is one member of nature center, rather than its center. The human must get along amiably and peacefully with the nature. The differences compared to traditional development model is
Green card: the differences between sustainable development and traditionaldevelopment model
material resources-motivated non-material resources-motivated
Simply pursue economic growth Simply pursue economic growth Coordinated development of economic and social environment Coordinated development of economic and social environment
Pay attention to local interests at present
Pay attention to long-term global interests
material-oriented material-oriented people-oriented people-oriented
traditional development modeltraditional development modelsustainable developmentsustainable development
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Global human population growth
Our population has skyrocketed
The agricultural and industrial revolutions drove population growth.
Figure 1.2
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Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Population growth will lead to
starvation, war, disease.
Death rates check population unless birth rates are lowered.
In our day, Paul Ehrlich (The Population Bomb, 1968) is called “neo-Malthusian.”
Figure 1.3
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What is an “environmental problem?” Definitions differ.
The pesticide DDT:
was thought safe in 1945
is known to be toxic today
but is used widely in Africa to combat malaria
Figure 1.5
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Some questions in environmental ethicsShould the present
generation conserve resources for future generations?
Is is OK to destroy a forest to create jobs for people?
Is it OK for some communities to be exposed to more pollution than others?
Are humans justified in driving other species to extinction?
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Environmental Ethics
is concerned with the moral relationships between humans and the world around us. Do we have special duties, obligations, or responsibilities to other species or nature in general? Are our dispositions towards humans different than towards nature? How are they different? Are there moral laws objectively valid and independent of cultural context, history, situation, or environment?
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Three ethical worldviews
Figure 2.4
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DECISION MAKING AND ETHICS:‘ETHICAL REASONING’
1. Fact deliberation
2. Value deliberation
3. Duty deliberation
4. Testing consistency
5. Conclusion
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BIOETHICS- THE BRIDGE BETWEEN FACTS AND VALUES
During the second half of the 20th century, knowledge and technical power in biological sciences had been increasing continuously but reflection about the values at stake had not progressed in the same proportion.
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THE WEST ARGUED, THE AFRICANS DIED The cloning scenario is only highlight of a world wide
debate about genetic engineering of animals, vegetables and every thing except minerals
With religion, green fanaticism and trade interests getting involved, facts are hard to separate from agendas
The real biotech tragedy of 2002: Starvation deaths in Zambia – because of an US-EU row over providing biotech (cloned) corn for famine relief
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UNESCO’s 15 Bioethical principles
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ETHICS COMMITTEES
Conflicts often arise when people are entitled to decide and take part in decision-making processes
Conflicts are more frequent as respect for human freedom and moral diversity increases
Collective deliberation- the main purpose of ethics committees
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ANTI GMO ORGANISATIONS Green Peace( !971,Amsterdam,Netherlands)
Navdanya(1984,India,Uttarakhand)
Friends of the Earth international(1961,Amsterdam,Netherlands)
Alter tour(France)
Citizens Biotechnology Information Centre(Japan)
Council of Canadians(1985,Ottawa)
Institute of Science for Society(2009,Malaysia)
Centre for Food Safety(Pennsylvania,Washington DC)
GM watch centre(Japan)
Organic Consumers Association(1998,USA)
Gene Ethics Network(Australia)
Inter Environment
Earth Island Institute(1982,Berkeley,California)
International Council of Voluntary Agencies
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OGM Dangers(France)
GE Free Canada
Consumers Union of Japan
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