Sumaitt PUTCHAKARNInstitute of Marine Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen,

Chonburi 20131 THAILANDE-mail: sumaitt@bims.buu.ac.th, sumaitt@hotmail.com

Biodiversity of Marine Invertebrates Dwelling in the Coral Reefs along

the Gulf of Thailand

First ASIAHORCs Joint Symposium, July 18-21, 2009

- Biodiversity and habitats lost due to environmental impacts

The Gulf of Thailand- Contains a very high biodiversity of marine

organisms- Provides many marine habitats

The Gulf of Thailand

Estimated known species of invertebrates in Thailand

PhylumWorld record

speciesEstimated species in

Thailand Known species in

ThailandPorifera 7,000 700 160Cnidaria 9,000 1,000 401Ctenophora 90 10 NDPlatyhelminthes 15,000 1,500 66Nemertea 750 75 NDAschelminthes 12,000 1,200 157Entoprocta 60 10 NDEctoprocta 3,300 330 NDPhoronida 15 2 NDBrachiopoda 250 25 1Sipunculida 250 25 1Echiurida 60 6 1Mollusca 100,000 10,000 1,618Annelida 12,000 1,200 84Arthropoda 75,000 7,500 1,098Echinodermata 7,000 700 385Pogonophora 125 ND NDChaetognatha 50 5 NDHemichordata 80 8 NDUrochordata 1,600 160 20

Biodiversity of Marine Invertebrates Dwelling in the Coral Reefs along the Gulf of Thailand

History: 3 episodes Episode I: The foreign Scientists Expedition to Siam

Episode II: Thai Scientist explorations

Episode III: Conclusion & Need for further Researches

- Three echinoids recorded from Siam in 1872 by A. Agassiz

Temnopleurus toreumaticus

Heterocentrotus mammillatus

??Salmacis rarispina

??

Episode I: The foreign Scientists Expedition to Siam

- The first describe mollusc from Thailand is boring bivalve, Pholas siamensis by the Danish malacologist, Lorenz Spengler in 1788

Episode I: The foreign Scientists Expedition to Siam

- The first describe marine sponge from Thailand is Prostylissa siamensis by the French zoologist, Dr. E. Topsent in 1925

The first station:The Danish Expedition to Koh Chang and Gulf of Siam, 1899–1900

The Danish Expedition to Koh Chang and Gulf of Siam, 1899–1900

Episode I: The foreign Scientists Expedition to Siam- The Danish Expedition to Siam, 1899–1900

provided many important marine biodiversity data for Thailand- Rudolph Bergh treated the tectibranch and nudibranch

snails (23 species, 8 of which were new)- Herman Lynge reported 375 species of calms and

mussels, 27 of which new- Mary Rathbun reported 103 species of crabs, 28 of which

new- Th Mortensen covered 16 species of sea urchin, 12 of

which new- R. Koehler reported 29 species of Ophiuroids in 1930- S,G. Heding & A. Panning reported 6 species of

phyllophorid holothurians, 4 of which new in 1954

Episode II: Thai Scientist exploration

- L. Kasinasak reported 37 species of echinoderms from Gulf of Thailand in 1965

- S. Putchakarn reported 56 species of echinoderms from Eastern Coast of Thailand in 1998

- S. Srithunya & et.al. reported the first biodiersity in the coral reefs in the Gulf of Thailand (Pattaya area), 55species of scleractinian corals, 2 fire corals and more than 100 invertebrates species in 1980-1983

- L.M. Chou & et al. reported 50 species of scleractinian corals, 1 fire coral from Koh Nok in Pattaya area in 1991

- S. Putchakarn reported 56 species of marine sponges from the Gulf of Thailand in 2006

Episode II: Thai Scientist exploration

- S. Putchakarn & et.al. reported 428 species of 15 phyla of marine invertebrates associated in coral reefs along the coast of Chonburi Province including Porifera 54, Cnidaria 151, Ctenophora 1, Platyhelminth 8, Nemertea 2, Annelida 21, Siphuncula 1, Echiura 1, Entoprocta 1, Phoronida 1, Mollusca 63, Arthropoda 21, Ectoprocta 3, Echinodermata 71, and Chordata, Urochordata 32

Phylum Porifera, Class Demospongiae51 species

Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883)

Phylum Porifera, Class Calcarea

3 speciesClathrina sp.

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Hydrozoa

7 speciesFire coral, Millepora platyphylla

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Scyphozoa

4 speciesJellyfish, Rhopilema rhopalophorum

Phylum Cnidaria, Order Scleractinia

91 species

Acropora formosa

Phylum Cnidaria, Order Gorgonacea15 species

Melithaea sp.

Phylum Cnidaria, Order Alcyonacea

8 species

Dendronephthya sp.

Phylum Cnidaria, Order pennatulacea5 speciesPteroeides sp. & Armina sp.

Phylum Cnidaria, Order Actinaria15 species

Heteractis malu

Phylum Cnidaria, Order Zoanthidea

6 speciesPalythoa tuberculosa

Phylum Cnidaria, Order Coralimorphalia

6 speciesPseudocorynactis sp.

Phylum Cnidaria, Order Antipatharia

3 speciesAntipathes sp.

Phylum Cnidaria, Order Ceriantharia

3 speciesCerianthus sp.

Phylum Ctenophora

1 speciesBolinopsis sp.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

8 speciesAcanthozoon sp.

Phylum Nemertea

2 speciesBaseodiscus quinquelineatus

Phylum Annelida

21 speciesEunice sp.

Phylum Annelida1 species

Siphonosoma sp.

Phylum Echiura

1 speciesBonellia sp.

Phylum Entoprocta

1 speciesLoxosomella sp.

Phylum Phoronida

1 speciesPhoronis australis

Phylum Mollusca, Class Polyplacophora

1 species

Acanthopleura sp.

Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda

21 species

Haliotis asinina

Phylum Mollusca, Nudibranchia

20 speciesRisbecia tryoni

Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia

17 species

Pteria crocea

Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda

3 species

Octopus sp.

Phylum Arthropoda21 species

Eucrate alcocki

Phylum Ectoprocta3 species

Zoobotryon verticillatum

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Crinoidea

4 species

Stephanometra spicata

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Asteroidea10 species

Luidia maculata

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea16 species

Macrophiothrix variabilis

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echinoidea17 species

Toxopneustes pileolus

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea

24 species

Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra

Phylum Chordata, Class Urochordata

32 species Atriolum robustrum

Inventory Review of Thai Echinoderms 381 species were recorded for Thailand from 28 articles and field observation by the author, including- Crinoidea (feather stars) 39 species- Asteroidea (sea stars) 69 species

- Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) 112 species

- Echinoidea (sea urchins) 67 species

- Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) 94 species

Distribution of echinoderms in Thailand Echinoderms Gulf of Thai Andaman Both

Crinoidea 4 32 3

Asteroidea 16 39 14

Ophiuroidea 27 56 31

Echinoidea 14 25 25

Holothuroidea 26 39 30

Total 87 191 103

Conclusion- Dominant species of marine invertebrates dwelling

in coral reefs along the Gulf of Thailand depended on environment habits, such as water turbidity, seasonal monsoon

Ircinia mutans Iotrochota baculifera

Conclusion- The more surveys, high opportunity to find

out new species or new recorded marine invertebrates for Thai Waters

Eucidaris metularia

Cliona patera

Mycale (Naviculina ) sp. newMelibe sp.

Conclusion- Species lost due to environmental impacts

Conclusion- Species lost due to environmental impacts:

Global warming

Needs for further Biodiversity researches I

- Survey & Monitoring

- Biology and ecology of marine invertebrate researches:

- Life cycle and reproduction

- Feeding behaviors

Needs for further Biodiversity researches II

- Biology and ecology of marine invertebrate researches:

- Color variation

- Associated animals

Needs for further Biodiversity researches III

etc…

Acknowledgement - National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) - Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) - Nagoya University and organizer staffs for

invitation as invited participant

Thank you very much for your attention