1

GEBR PROJECT REPORT

BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY OF

OMO BIOSPHERE RESERVE

SUBMITTED

BY

NIGERIA NATIONAL MAB COMMITTEE

EDITED BY

B.A. OLA-ADAMS

APRIL 2014

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

1.0 Description of the Omo Biosphere Reserve 2

1.1 Location, Geology and Climate 2

1.2 The Biological Resources of the Reserve 2

2.0 Limitation of the Study 11

3.0 Plants Biodiversity Inventory 15

3.1 Methodology for Flora Data Collection 15

3.2 Structure of the Forest 15

3.3 Floristic Characteristics of Omo Biosphere Reserve 16

3.3.1 Species Richness 16

3.3.2 Family Composition 18

3.3.3 Diversity Indices 19

3.3.4 Similarity Indices 19

3.3 .5 Size Class Distribution among Trees and Shrubs 19

4.0 Mammalian Fauna and Avifauna Diversity 28

4.1 Introduction 29

4.2 Methodology 29

4.2.1 Bird Survey 29

4.2.2 Mammalian Survey 29

4.3 Results 29

4.3.1 Hunting Evidences 30

4.4 Limitations and Recommendations 30

5.0 Insect Fauna of Omo Biosphere 47

5.1 Introduction 48

3

5.2 Methodology 48

5.3 Results and Discussion: 48

5.4 References 57

4

FIGURES

Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing location of Omo Biosphere 9

Figure 2: Map of Omo Biosphere Reserve 10

Figure 3: No of Plant Spices 17

Figure 4: No of Spices in families of Tree spices in Omo Biosphere 17

Figure 5: No of Spicies in families of 18

Figure 6: Tree Omo Biosphere size plants (cm) Distribution 20

Figure 7: Diversity indices 21

TABLES

Table 1: Summary of Species Richness in Omo Biosphere Reserve

Table 2: Flora Characteristics

Table 3: Similarity Indices

Table 4: Current Bird List and Their Status in Omo Biosphere Reserve

Table 5: Current Mammal List and Their Status in Omo Forest Reserve

Table 6: Matrix of Observational Means for Mammal Species in Omo Forest Reserve

Table 7: Insect Species from light trap in Omo Biosphere

Table 8: Checklist of Miicroarthropods in the Study Area

PLATES

PLATES A Make-Shift Bridges 12

PLATES B Make-Shift Bridges 13

5

PLATES C Slippery Road 14

PLATES D Slippery Road 14

PLATES E Use of motorcycle 14

PLATES F An empty gun catridge 31

PLATES G An illegal hunter with a murdered Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) 31

PLATES H Illegal hunters camp at sojukorodo axis of J1 31

PLATES I Dwarf mongoose (Herpestes pulverulenta) been trapped with wire mesh at J4 31

PLATES J Fresh antelope dung 32

PLATES K Forest elephant (Loxodonta Africana cyclotis) play ground observed in J1 33

PLATES L Observing elephant dung in J1 33

PLATES M Timber lorry hauling out illegal forest wood in J3 34

PLATES N Field officer Clifford penning sample record 34

PLATES O Clifford and hunter Francis from J4 identifying animals using West Africa Large

Mammal guard 35

PLATES P Termite Mound in Etemi SNR 49

PLATES Q Termite Mound in Etemi SNR 49

PLATES R Termite Mound in Etemi SNR 50

PLATES S Termite Mound in Etemi SNR 50

PLATES T Mounds of macro Termite Molding in Etemi SNR 50

PLATES U Log Attacked by Ambrosia bettle 51

PLATES V Gruds extracted from wood at Temitami 51

PLATES W Gruds extracted from wood at Erin Camp 51

PLATES X Woody Aphids on Sterculia spp 51

PLATES Y Woody Aphids on a plant 51

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PLATES Z Eriophid gall mite attack 52

PLATES Za Attack by leaf minners 52

PLATES Zb Woody Rhids on streculia spp

PLATES Zc Woody Rhids on streculia spp

PLATES Zd Epidphid call mite attack

PLATES Ze Attack by Leave Mines

APPENDIX

Appendix 1: Plants species in Omo Biosphere Reserve

Appendix 2: Distribution of Families in Omo Biosphere Reserve

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INTRODUCTION

1.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE OMO BIOSPHERE RESERVE

1.1 LOCATION, GEOLOGY AND CLIMATE

Omo Biosphere Reserve, which derives its name from River Omo that traverses it, is located north of

Sunmoge, between latitudes 6o 35’ to 7

o 05’ N and 4

o 19’ to 4

o 40’ E in the Ijebu area of Ogun State in

southwestern Nigeria. The Reserve was constituted in 1925 as part of a bigger Shasha Forest Reserve.

Shasha was later split into Omo, Oluwa and Shasha Forest Reserves, the last two lying to the east and north-

east of the present Omo. To the north and north-west of the Reserve are Ife and Ago-Owu, and Oshun Forest

Reserves, respectively. Omo covers about 130 500 hectares, which includes a 460 ha Strict Nature Reserve

(Okali and Ola-Adams 1987), plus about 6 500 ha of enclaves and cut out areas with a total of about 20,000

inhabitants (Dike 1992); is roughly triangular in shape, and tapers southwards with its southernmost tip

about 20 km from the Atlantic coast. River Oni forms its eastern boundary while the western boundary at the

southern tip is, for about the first 50 km, formed by River Omo (formerly River Shasha) before the Reserve

broadens out such that River Omo is centrally located for the rest of the length of the Reserve (Fig. 1).

Geologically the Reserve lies on crystalline rocks of the undifferentiated basement complex which in the

southern parts is overlain by Eocene deposits of sand, clay and gravel. The terrain is undulating and the

maximum elevation of 150 m above sea level is towards the west while the lowest parts of the Reserve are in

the south where the River Omo joins River Oni before flowing into the Lekki Peninsular on the Atlantic

coast. The Lagos-Ore-Benin Highway passes through the southern tip of the Reserve. The mean annual

rainfall ranges from about 1600 to 2000 mm with two annual peaks in June and September, with November

and February being the driest months.

1.2 THE BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF THE RESERVE

The Reserve is in the mixed moist, semi-evergreen rainforest zone, in the Congolian sub-unit of the Guinea-

Congolian Centre of Endemism or Phytochorion (White 1983, Mackinnon and Mackinnon 1986). The

Guinea-Congolian zone is extremely rich in species and has very high levels of endemism. The area is the

richest in Africa for butterflies, a high proportion of which species are endemic, highest in richness of bird

species and richest in mammal diversity (Mackinnon and Mackinnon 1986). Sanford (1969) observed 24

orchid species 12 of which are characteristic of wet forest sites while 3 are exclusive to Omo in his study of

orchid species in 31 sites in Nigeria.

8

The northern part of Omo Biosphere Reserve is, considering the north-south length, relatively dry forest.

Hall (1977) has concluded that much of the variation in forest species composition was associated with soil

differences and that a primary division of the Nigerian high forest should be made according to the

underlying soil type-Ferrallitic or Ferruginous Tropical Soil. Forests on Ferruginous Tropical soil could,

according to him, be usefully divided based on rainfall, but allowance for other factors was needed. Forests

on Ferrallitic soil, on the other hand could be divided on a geographical basis which mainly reflect factors

other than rainfall. Hall’s ordination of Nigerian high forests based on pre-exploitation species composition

put Omo sample plots in the wet sub-group of the ferruginous tropical soil group.

Five hundred and four plant species were encountered during the biodiversity inventory (BRAAF 1999). Of

the 504 species, 245 species were trees, 71 shrubs, 118 herbs, 50 climbers and 20 climbing shrubs and

Iianas. 29 species of orchids, 28 species of Pteridophytes, 27 species of Bryophytes, 17 species of fungi

(mushroom) and 3 species of lichens were inventoried during the biodiversity survey.

Forty-four trees and shrubs are restricted to the core zone and eleven trees and shrubs are restricted to

the buffer zone of the biosphere reserve. Out of the 279 species of ground flora recorded at all sampling

sites, 84 and 25 species are restricted to the core and buffer zones respectively. The families with

abundant individuals within the reserve include Compositae, Poaceae, Violaceae, Rubiaceae, Lilliaceae

Araceae, Ebeneceae and Papilionoideae. The most common tree species include Diospyros spp.,

Strombosia pustulata, Rinorea dentata Voacanga africana and Drypetes spp.

The estimated basal area and standing wood volume at Omo Forest Reserve were 28.97 m2 and 16.8 m2

per hectare, respectively. The estimated mean annual increment in the reserve is 5.113 ± 0.4551 m3/ha/yr.

Timber exploitation, establishment of monoculture stands of tree crops, clearance for cultivation and gap

formation, created by wind throw (36.7%), snapping (35.3%), branch fall (21.4%) and standing dead trees

(6.6%), within the reserve have seriously altered the forest structure, species composition and the habitat.

No less than 35,775 logs of sixty five tree species are removed annually from Omo Forest Reserve

(NFEWSG, 1994). Some of the trees harvested include Khaya ivorensis, Cordia millenii, Sterculia sp.,

Nauclea diderrichii, Mansonia altissima, Terminalia sp., Celtis sp., Brachystegia sp., Alstonia congensis and

Milicia excelsa.

As at 1995, over 26,000 hectares had been cleared and planted up with mainly Gmelina arborea (22,562

ha), Pines (31.5 ha) and indigenous species (1310.5 ha). Plantations of cola and cacao species are also

9

established around the enclaves. Small patches of forest are also cleared annually for the cultivation of

cash crops and arables. Results of enrichment line plantings have shown that only certain light demanding

species are capable of satisfactory growth as line plants. Such plants include Triplochiton scleroxylon,

Terminalia ivorensis and perhaps Tectona grandis. Although, Khaya ivorensis has shown a consistent

growth, the Meliaceae (except Cedrela) are unsuitable for line planting owing to their slow growth and

susceptibility to shoot-borer attack.

The core of the biosphere reserve has remained inviolate since tts establishment. The buffer has also

remained relatively undisturbed. However, there has been large-scale disturbance within the transition

zone.

Forty-two mammals, 15 reptiles and 3 other species can be found in the reserve. There are 110 Avian

species in 38 families. The Accipitidae, Columbidae and Esterildidae contained more than 20% of all the

species in the reserve. The Blue Headed Wood Dove is most abundant in the core while the Green Frutt

Pigeon is most abundant in the taungya farms. Some of the wildlife species in the reserve include

Loxodonta cyclotis (Forest Elephant), Carcopithecus albogularis (White throated monkey), Potamochoerus

porcus (Red-river hog), Cephlopus spp. (Duicker), Genetta genetta (Small spotted genet cat), Viverra civetta

(Civet cat), Atherurus africanus (Brush-tailed porcupine), Manis spp. (Pangolin), Vananus niloticus (Monitor

lizard), Python regius (Rock python) and Sus scrofa (Boar).

Some of the avian species include Macheirhampus alcinus (Bat Hawk), Haceyon senegalensis (Senegal King-

fisher), Apus apus (or Micropus apus) (European Swift), Adea cinera (Grey Heron), Tripicranus albocristatus

cassini (whtte-crested Hornbill), Smithomis capensis (Black-capped Broadbill), Actophilomis africana (Lily-

trotter), Pitta angolensis (Angola Pitta) , Psittacus erithacus (Grey Parrot), Pterocles exustus (Chestnut-

bellied Sandgroose) and Lamprotamis spendidus (Pendid Glossy Starling).

Sixty-four fish species have been recorded in the water bodies in the reserve including Alestes

macrolepidotus, Labea eoubie, Tilapia melanopleura, T.zillii, Sarotherodon galilaeus and Heterotis niloticus.

The results of day surveys (BRAAF 1999) show that of the 43 insect species listed, the largest number was

observed in two main orders, the Hepidoptera and Hemiptera, wtth each recording 14 species. The list of

42 nocturnal insect species from the mercury light trap catches showed a preponderance of lepidopterans,

hemipterans, homopterans, heteropterans and celeopterans.

10

Inventory of soil micro-organism diversity has revealed the presence and relative distribution of a wide

array of aerobic/facultative bacteria and fungi. The bacterial densities of all the soil samples were in the

order of 103 cfu/8. The compositional diversity of the bacteria and fungi in the soils of the reserve vary

appreciably. In all, twenty bacteria species were isolated ranging from Gram positive bacteria such as

Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp. to Gram variable such as Corynabacterium xerosis. The core (SNR)

yielded the highest number of bacteria (17) and fungi (13) species and this is probably because it is the

least disturbed area of the reserve. The highly dominant genera of soil microarthropods are Pilizetes, Oppia

and Haplozetes. The number of nematodes per sample and the total number of genera found in the

reserve were surprisingly few. Meloidogyne larvae, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Hoplolaimus galeatus,

Autylenchus sp., Macroposthonea sp., Rotylenchus sp. and Xiphienma setarkae were found in the

biosphere reserve.

Some lower plants are also found only in the core of biosphere reserve. These include mushrooms (fungi)

such as Boletus edulis, Clitocybe infundibuliformis, Cookenia sp., Cortinarius violaceus and Stereophyllum

radiculosum and Pteridophytes such as Cyclosorus quadrangularis, Platycerum alcicome, Pteridium

aquilinum and Tectaria angelicifolia. The Bryophytes restricted to the core of the biosphere reserve and

buffer zone include Fissidens calabariae, F. glauculus, Calymperes rabenhorstii, Legeunea sp and

Mastigolejeunea sp.

The orchid species found in the reserve include Ancistorhynchus sp, Angraecum sp., Bulbophyllum sp.,

Calyptrochilum sp., Polystachya sp., Rangaeris sp., Bolusiella iridifolia, Diaphananthe rutila, Graphorkis

lurida, Solenangis scandens and Tridactyle anthomaniaca.

Timber Resources

Forests are primarily exploited, especially since colonial times, for export timber.

Redhead (1971) has grouped timber yielding forests into four and Omo is placed, along with Akure-Ofosu,

Idanre, Ijebu-Ife, Onishere, Oluwa and Otu,all in southwestern Nigeria, in Group 2-forests in the 1524-2032

mm annual rainfall zone (see also Hall 1977). The following species were considered as ‘economic’ in 1952

when various silvicultural treatments were commenced at Omo to maximise the timber resources of the

Reserve (Okali and Ola-Adams 1987, Lowe 1993):

Afzelia bipindensis, Antiaris africana, Brachystegia nigerica, Chlorophora excelsa, Cordia platyhyrsa,

Entandrophragma angolense, Eribroma oblonga, Erythrophleum spp., Guarea cedrata, G. thompsonii,

Khaya ivorensis, Lophira alata, Lovoa trichilioides, Mansonia altissima, Mitragyna ledermannii, Nauclea

11

diderrichii, Nesogordonia papaverifera, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Sterculia rhinopetala, Terminalia

ivorensis, T. superba and Triplochiton scleroxylon. It was observed in the report by Ola-Adams and

Iyamabo (1977) that whereas in 1950 only 17 species were thought to be of economic importance as

commercially acceptable timber trees, by 1975 the number so regarded had increased to 47.

Omo is divided into five timber working areas-l, 47,49,53 and 58 and later into Jl,

J3, J4 and J6 (fig. 2). Exploitation of area J6 began as early as 1914. Selected tree species:

Khaya ivorensis, for export, Lophira alata, Nauclea diderrichii, Sacoglottis gabonensis and Uapaca spp.

used locally, mainly for railway sleepers, were logged. Logging was initially near rivers to enable the logs

float down to the base camp. Later, tractors were used for logging. Richards (1939) reported seeing primary

forests mainly in swampy areas and in areas far away from rivers during the Cambridge Expedition of 1935

(but see Okali and Ola-Adams 1987). At present most of the Reserve (except the Strict Natural Reserve) has

been selectively logged at one time or the other.

The fact that tropical forests are exhaustible was realised very early in the exploitation history and to ensure

continuous timber supply, many African forestry departments tried to take up the challenge of silviculture in

moist forests, beginning in the 1950’s. Some of the methods relied on natural regeneration, others utilized

techniques for improving the dynamics of the stands, and others used artificial regeneration (Schmidt 1991).

The forest management technique based on natural regeneration used in Nigeria was the Tropical

Shelterwood System, TSS (Okali and Ola-Adams 1987, Schmidt 1991). The objective of TSS was to

enhance the natural regeneration of valuable species before harvesting by gradually opening up the canopy

by poisoning of undesirable trees and freeing of regeneration by climber-cutting, to obtain at least 100 one-

metre high seedlings per ha over 5 years (Schmidt 1991). Okali and Ola-Adams (1987) list 13 forest sites so

treated in Nigeria between 1952 and 1972. The Omo site, Investigation No. 208, was instituted in 1952 and

covered 192 ha. Kio (1978) concluded that

TSS was effective in influencing regeneration and growth of natural forest stands. Selective poisoning or

exploitation accelerated development of poles and trees and climber-cutting improved stocking of saplings.

TSS had, however, to be dropped because it led to exuberant growth and spread of climbers following

canopy opening and thereby the failure of valuable species to grow adequately. Poisoning also eliminated

trees which later turned out to be commercially valuable. In many parts of Africa positive management of

natural forests have more or less disappeared due to lack of funds or the in viability of the management

techniques.

Exploitation has, however, continued at a faster pace in response to increasing local demand.

The difficulties associated with the management of natural tropical forests led most forest managers to

conclude that silvicultural methods of enhancing natural regeneration following logging are ineffective, and

12

are therefore not cost effective (Nnachi 1993). In view of the diminishing extent of accessible land available

for forestry, rate of logging well beyond the maximum sustainable yield in virtually all regions of Nigerian

forests, and the variable and slow response of natural forests to silvicultural treatment, forest plantations are

widely regarded as an economically attractive alternative form of forestry management. There has been a

shift towards industrial plantations based on fast growing soft wood and light hard wood species. The

emphasis on fast growing species reflects a desire on the part of forest managers for plantations that have (i)

short rotation, providing a rapid return on investment; (ii) have simple stand structures, facilitating

silvicultural treatment; (iii) provides a uniform product and can be harvested in a single felling.

Plantations were started in southwestern Nigeria at the beginning of this century.

Species used were mainly Tectona grandis (teak) and Nauclea diderrichii. Several other species such as

Anogeissus leiocarpus, Milicia excelsa, Cedrella odorata, and Triplochiton scleroxylon were also included

in early trials. Gmelina arborea was introduced into Nigeria in 1932 to provide pit props at the Enugu

(Eastern Nigeria) coal mines and following an expansion of interest in the species as a pulp wood, it has

become the dominant industrial plantation species in the southern states of Nigeria. First plantings of the

species began in Omo in 1966. There were 216,026 ha of industrial forest plantations in Nigeria as at 1990

(FORMECU 1991). Ogun State, where Omo is located has 29 740 ha of plantations, 21994 of which are in

Omo.

The Taungya system of farming is used for plantation establishment. Taungya, or agri-silviculture is defined

as a method of raising forest crops in combination with agricultural crops. Usually, agricultural crops are

planted before the tree crops which number up to 79 species worldwide (King 1968). In the early years of

Omo, tree crops planted included Nauclea diderrichii, Lovoa trichilioides, Khaya ivorensis, and

Entandrophragma spp. But since it was decided to massively plant Gmelina it has been the major, if not the

exclusive species.

Dawkins (1961) had indicated that when optimum utilization is needed, intensive replacement of natural

forest ecosystems takes precedence over extensive improvement. This was the situation in Nigeria at the

time agri-silviculture was introduced. There were also intense demands on forest reserves for food

production. The introduction of agri-silviculture was the only method of ensuring the survival of the forest

estate in these areas. It now appears that with the prevailing scarcity of land for agriculture and forestry

under single land use, Taungya has come to stay and ways have to be found to accommodate other roles that

forestry plays in the environment. Taungya may prove to be one of the cheapest means of establishing

forests of all kinds and at the same time supplying food for the general population (Roche 1993). Tree-crop

plantations, such as cocoa, could also be established along with the trees.

13

Jaiyesimi (1966) advocated the establishment of forest villages to ensure the success of agri-silviculture.

When Omo Forest Reserve was first proposed in 1916, there were 37 camps and small villages along the

banks of the Omo and Oni Rivers of which only four- Ajebandele, Molofe, Oke Ode and Sunmoge, plus the

forestry camp at Akilla then contained more than ten houses (Lowe 1993). According to Lowe, these

settlements were said not to exist before the 1880’s and were occupied by hunters, fishermen and rubber

collectors. There are several settlements inside the Reserve today, the most prominent of which are “J4”

where the Omo Sawmill is located, and Oshoku and Etemi, both of which are close to the Strict Natural

Reserve. Several trades have developed in the settlements and these include carpentry, tailoring, firewood

collection, petty trading, food vending, palm (especially Raphia) wine tapping and traditional medical

practice.

Lowe (1993) observes that plantations of the exotic tree, Gmelina arborea were begun at Ajebandele with a

view to forming pulpwood plantations to supply a pulp/paper mill at Iwopin on the Lekki Lagoon on the

Atlantic coast. By 1980 two thousand hectare had been planted and a World Bank Project was started with

the intention of planting, ultimately, about 40% of the area of the Reserve to produce both sawlogs and

pulpwood. At present, a total area of about 21 994 ha has been planted. The Iwopin Paper Mill was

commissioned in 1994 and the Gmelina plantation has been supplying the Omo Saw Mill with timber.

A forestry station was opened at Akilla and compensatory plantations of Nauclea were initiated there from

1918 to 1939 when the plantation area totalled 456 ha. Meanwhile, a timber company was formed which

established two sawmills at Sunmoge and Eba. The sawmill machinery were eventually transferred to

Aponmu near Ondo. In 1935 a timber concession was granted for the exploitation of Blocks J4 and 56.

These concessions changed hands several times and there were company re-groupings. The Omo Sawmill

was erected in 1951 and commenced production in 1953. The Sawmill was sold to private operators in the

early 1970’s but was taken over by Ogun State Government as Gateway Sawmills Ltd. The Sawmill,

plantations and the unplanted, natural forest blocks are today managed by the Ogun State Plantation Project.

A Chinese company was awarded a concession to exploit 100 km2 of Block Jl, an area largely unexploited

for several decades and also part of the area marked out as a buffer zone around the SNR for the

conservation of forest elephants

14

Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing location of Omo Biosphere.

15

Figure 2: Map of Omo Biosphere Reserve.

16

2.0 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The most difficult challenge facing the research team was the very poor network of roads as showns

in the photographs below.

Someyimes make-shift bridges have to be put to cross over streams (plates A&B) and bailey bridges

over some rivers.

The roads especially during the rainy season could be very slippery and impefe movement of

vehicles. In such cases only vehicles with auxillary gear could move through such areas (Plate

C&D).

In a few cases, the teams had to cross a stream with cut-out canoe ot take a motorcycle to reach this

settlement (Plate E).

The period of study was far too short and fronts limiting to permit detailed studies and labouratory

analysis.

17

18

19

PLATE E

20

4.0 PLANTS BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY

3.1 METHODOLOGY FOR FLORA DATA COLLECTION

Sampling technique employed in this study was systematic cluster sampling as employed by

Akindele et al (2001) in the Forest Resources Study (FRS) of Nigeria. It involved establishment of a cluster

in the Biosphere Reserve and environs (SNR (Biosphere core), J4 and J1-J3). The cluster consisted of a

half-kilometer (500 m) base line with a 200 meters square tract at either end. A distance of 100 meters

therefore separated the two tracts in the cluster. Each tract contained within its corners four sample plots of

50 m x 50 m to cover as much as possible the variations observed within the reserve. The cluster therefore

comprised of 16 sample plots with a total area of four hectares in each study site (SNR, J4 & J1-J3). All

living trees within the range of specified dbh ( ≥ 10 cm) were identified by their botanical names with the

help of a taxonomist. In few cases where trees botanical names were not known, sample of such trees were

collected for further identification at Forest Herbarium Ibadan (FHI). At the centre of each plot, a quadrant

of 5m x 5m was laid to enumerate trees (dbh < 10cm) and other ground flora (shrubs, ferns, herbs and

climbers).

3.2 STRUCTURE OF THE FOREST

Omo Biosphere Reserve has two distinct undisturbed vegetation types – a dry evergreen mixed

deciduous in the northern parts and a wet evergreen forest in the greater southern parts of the reserve. Along

the two river courses – Omo and Oni Rivers, riparian vegetation occurs. The characteristic species in such

areas include Nauclea diderrichii and Mitragyna ciliata. In areas of high water table with uneven or highly

dissected landscape, water is retained in the troughs. The common plant species in the troughs are mainly

aquatic species including Pistia stratiotes, Eicchhornea grassipes etc. With increasing exploitation of

timber, the forest has become so fragmented to include vegetation types at various successional and

developmental stages including broken forest, shrub thickets, secondary regrowth forest, fallows of various

21

ages, plantations of various ages mainly Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, Nauclea diderrichii, Pinus

carribea, Terminalia superba, Theobroma cacao, Cola nitida and Cola acuminata. Farmlands are widely

dispersed around the villages and hunting camps. The major crop species grown in the area include Zea

mays, Manihot esculenta, Musa sapientum, Musa paradisiacal and Cucumis melo. The list of plant species

recorded is shown in Appendix 1.

3.3 FLORISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OMO BIOSPHERE RESERVE

3.3.1 SPECIES RICHNESS

Over 350 plant species were encountered in all the study sites (excluding the monocultural

plantation). About 137 tree species, 52 climbers and 63 shrubs were enumerated in the study area (Table 1).

The observation in each study site is as shown in fig 1. The number of tree and shrub species in SNR, J4 and

J1-J3 were 80, 54 and 66 species respectively. The ground flora species were 15, 20 and 77 for SNR, J4 and

J1-J3 respectively (Table 2). This trend shows that more plant species are enumerated in the relatively

undisturbed forests (SNR) than in other areas which have been subjected to varying levels of exploitation.

Table 1: Summary of Species Richness In Omo Biosphere Reserve

S/N Habitat No of Species

1 Trees 137

2 Climbers 52

3 Shrubs 63

4 Herbs 111

5 Ferns 28

6 Palm 1

7 Ground flora 112

22

Table 2: Flora Characteristics

Trees and shrubs Ground flora

No of

spp

No of

Families

Diversity

Index

No of

spp

No of

Families

Diversity

Index

J1J3 66 49 3.135 77 21 8.320

J4 54 43 2.608 20 13 4.035

SNR 80 51 3.46 15 9 2.106

All

sites 200 52 4.189 112 43 10.871

3.3.2 FAMILY COMPOSITION

About 43 families of ground flora and 52 species of trees and shrubs were recorded in all the sites

(Table 2). Families with ten or more per family in the trees and shrub category include: Apocylaceae (12),

Ebenaceae (15), Euphorbiaceae (17) and Rubiaceae (18). The number of families of all tree species and

ground flora in each study site and the number of tree species is as shown in fig 2 and 3 respectively.

Fig 3: No of plant species

Fig 4: Number of species and

families of tree species in OBR

0

50

100

150

200

250

J1J3 J4 SNR All sites

No

of s

pe

cie

s

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

No

of f

am

ilie

s

No of tree spp

No of Families

7481

157

312

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

No o

f pla

nt

specie

s

J4 J1J3 SNR All sites

23

Fig 5: Number of species and families of ground flora in OBR

3.3.3 DIVERSITY INDICES

Simpson’s diversity indices of trees were presented in Table 2. The diversity index for all sites is 4.1.

However, there is variation between sites ranging from 2.608 in J4 to 3.46 in SNR. The diversity was higher

in SNR (3.46), followed by J1J3 (3.135) and J4 (2.608). The difference in SNR compared to other sites

could be attributed to total protection of the area.

The diversity indices of ground floral was high in J4 (8.320) compared with SNR (2.106) and JIJ3

(4.035) (Fig 5). The diversity index in SNR was not pronounced due to the close canopy restricting the light

intensity from reaching the forest floor which could have promoted growth of light demanding species.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

J1J3 J4 SNR All sites

No

of

gro

un

d f

lora

sp

p

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

No

of

fam

ilie

s

No of ground flora spp

No of Families

24

3.3.4 SIMILARITY INDICES

The highest value of 0.9542 was recorded between SNR and J1J3, followed by J4 and J1J3, SNR and

J4 with 0.6481 and 0.6087 respectively (Table 3). Therefore, SNR and J1J4 are more similar compared to

other sites.

Table 3: Similarity Indices

J1J3 J4 SNR

J1J3 1

J4 0.6481 1

SNR 0.9542 0.6087 1

3.3 .5 SIZE CLASS DISTRIBUTION AMONG TREES AND SHRUBS

The size class distribution shows a preponderance of small sized trees in each of the sites (Fig 4).

Most of the smaller diameter trees and shrubs are found in J1-J3 (56%) while the larger diameter trees are

predominantly found in SNR (8.5%). The diameter distribution curve follows an inverted J-shape. This is

typical of tropical natural forest (Husch et al; 2003).

25

Fig 6: Tree dbh size class (cm) distribution

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 -19 20 - 29 30 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 & Above

dbh size classes (cm)

Fre

quen

cy (

%)

JI&J3

J4

SNR

26

Fig 7: Diversity indices

3.135

4.035

2.608

8.32

3.46

2.106

4.189

10.871

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Div

ersi

ty i

ndic

es

J4 J1J3 SNR All sites

Trees & Shrubs

Ground flora

27

Appendix 1: Plants species in Omo Biosphere Reserve

SPECIES FAMILY HABITAT

Adhatoda robusta Acanthaceae Ferns

Afzelia Africana Caesalpiniodae Tree

Afzelia bipindensis Caesalpiniodae Tree

Allablackia florinbuda Guttiferae Tree

Alstonia boonei Apocynaceae Tree

Alstonia congensis Apocynaceae Tree

Anchomanes difformis Araceae Herbs

Angylocalyx olygophyllus Papilionoideae Shrub

Aningeria robusta Sapotaceae Tree

Annona senegalensis Annonaceae Tree

Anthocleista vogeli Loganiaceae Tree

Anthonotha macrophylla Caesalpinioideae Tree

Baphia nitida Papillionoideae Tree

Baphia pubescens Papillionoideae Tree

Bateria fistulosa Papilionoideae Herbs

Berlinia heudeloti Caesapinioidae Tree

Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Herbs

Bridelia micrantha Euphorbiaceae Tree

Brillantanisia nitens Acanthaceae Herbs

Buchholizia coriaceae Capparaceae Tree

Cactus sp Cactaceae Tree

Canthium glabriflorum Rubiaceae Tree

Canthium hispidium Rubiaceae Tree

Carapa proccera Meliaceae Tree

Carpolobia lutea Polygalaceae Shrub

Casearia barteri Samydaceae Tree

Cathium hyspidum Rubiaceae Tree

Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Tree

Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Herbs

Celtis mibreadii Ulmaceae Tree

Celtis whiltii Ulmaceae Tree

Celtis zenkeri Ulmaceae Tree

Chazaliella insidens Rubiaceae Herbs

Chyranthus macrobotrys Amaryllidaceae Tree

Cleistoholis patens Annonaceae Tree

Coffea canphora Rubiaceae Tree

Cola gigantean Sterculiaceae Tree

Conopharyngia pachysiphon Apocylaceae Tree

Conopharynga pemduliflora Apocylaceae Tree

Cordia millenii Boraginaceae Tree

Corynanthe pachyceras Rubiaceae Tree

28

Costus angolensis Costaceae Herbs

Craterispermum ceriannthum Rubiaceae Shrub

Crateva adansonii Capparaceae Tree

Cryptoleptis sanguinolena Periplocaceae Tree

Cryptosperma senegalense Araceae Tree

Deinbollia pinnata Sapindaceae Tree

Dicranosis grandiflora Thymeliaceae Shrub

Diospyros atropurpurea Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros barteri Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros canaliculata Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros chronchs Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros chrysantha Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros cofertiflora Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros dendo Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros gilgiana Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros guavanlensis Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros insculpta Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros mesiphyormis Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros monbutteris Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros nigerica Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros piscatorial Ebenaceae Tree

Diospyros principum Ebenaceae Tree

Discoglypermna calonuera Euphorbiaceae Tree

Dorstenia prorepens Moraceae Ferns

Dracaena arborea Liliaceae Herbs

Dracaena mannii Liliaceae Tree

Dracaena miculosa Liliaceae Shrub

Drypetes gilgiana Euphorbiaceae Tree

Drypetes floribunda Euphorbiaceae Tree

Drypertes chevallieri Euphorbiaceae Tree

Drypetes aframensis Euphorbiaceae Tree

Drypetes floribunda Euphorbiaceae Tree

Drypetes gigeana Euphorbiaceae Tree

Drypetes gossweileri Euphorbiaceae Tree

drypetes guaveolens Euphorbiaceae Tree

Drypetes nigerica Euphorbiaceae Tree

Drypetes principum Euphorbiaceae Tree

Enatia chroronatha Annonaceae Tree

Entandrophragma angolense Meliaceae Tree

Entandrophragma macrophylum Meliaceae Tree

Entandrophragma utili Meliaceae Tree

Ericoelum macrocarpum Asteraceae Tree

Erythrophleum micranthium Caesalpiniodae Tree

Ficus mucoso Moraceae Tree

29

Ficus sp Moraceae Shrub

Funtumia elastic Apocynaceae Tree

Garcinia gnetoides Guttiferae Tree

Gaertlera evalifolia Rubiaceae Tree

Geophila repens Rubiaceae Herbs

Grewia coriaceae Tiliaceae Tree

Guarea cedrata Meliaceae Tree

Guarea thomsonii Meliaceae Tree

Hallarhena floribundus Rubiaceae Tree

Homalium africanum Samydaceae Tree

Heisteria parvifolia Olacaceae Shrub

Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae Herbs

Hexalobus cripticiformis Annonaceae Tree

Hollarrhena floribunda Apocynaceae Tree

Holoptelia grandis Ulmaceae Tree

Homallium longistylum Samydaceae Tree

Hunteria umbellata Apocynaceae Tree

Hylodendron gabonenese Fabaceae Tree

Icacinia trichantha Icancinaceae Shrub

Irvingia gabonensis Irvinginaceae Tree

Isolona campanulata Annonaceae Tree

Khaya ivorensis Miliaceae Tree

Klainedoxa gabonensis Irvinginaceae Tree

Landophia dulcis Apocynaceae Ferns

Lankesteria spp Acanthaceae Herbs

Leptaspsis cochleata Gramineae Herbs

Lomariospsis palustris Lomariopsidaceae Ferns

Lophira alata Ochnaceae Tree

Macaranga barteri Euphorbiaceae Tree

Memecylon membrannifolium Melastomataeae Shrub

Memecylon afzelii Melastomataeae Tree

Microberlinia bisculcata Caesalpinioidae Ferns

Milicia excels Moraceae Tree

Mitragyna stipulosa Rubiaceae Tree

Musanga cecrepioides Moraceae Tree

Musanga smithii Moraceae Tree

Nauclea diderichii Rubiaceae Tree

Neoboutonia glabrescens Euphorbiaceae Tree

Nephrolepis biserreta Davalliaceae Ferns

Nesogordoonia papaverifera Steculiaceae Tree

Octolobus angustatus Steculiaceae Tree

Oxyanthus unicularis Rubiaceae Shrub

Ozoroa insignis Rubiaceae Shrub

Pachystela brevipes Sapotaceae Tree

30

Palisota mannii Commelinaceae Herbs

Picralima nitida Apocynaceae Tree

Picralima umbrellata Apocynaceae Tree

Pollia condensate Commelinaceae Herbs

Polyspatha paniculata Commelinaceae Herbs

Pseudospondias microcarpa Anacardiaceae Herbs

Psychotria brassi Rubiaceae Shrub

Pteris mildbraedii Adiantaceae Ferns

Pteris similis Adiantaceae Ferns

Pteris togoensis Adiantaceae Ferns

Pterocarpus santalinoides Papillionoideae Tree

Pycnanthus angolensis Myristicaceae Tree

Raphia spp Palmae Shrub

Rauvolfia vomitoria Apocynaceae Tree

Ricinodendron heudelothii Euphorbiaceae Tree

Rinorea sp Violaceae Shrub

Sapium ellipticum Euphorbiaceae Tree

Sarcocephalus diderrichii Rubiaceae Tree

Sarcocephalus nervosus Rubiaceae Tree

Scottelia coriacea Flacourtaceae Tree

Scottelia kamerunesis Flacourtaceae Tree

Spathodea campanulata Bignoniaceae Tree

Sphenocentrum jollyanum Menispermaceae Shrub

Spondianthus preussii Euphorbiaceae Tree

Staudtia stipitata Myristicaceae Tree

sterculia rhinopetala Sterculiaceae Tree

Stemonocoleus micranthus Ceaesalpilioideae Tree

Stombosia grandifolia Olacaceae Tree

Stombosia pustulata Olacaceae Tree

Terminalia ivorensis Combretaceae Tree

Terminalia superb Combretaceae Tree

Triplochiton scleroxylon Steculiaceae Tree

Triumfetta rhomboidea Tiliaceae Herbs

Vitex doniana Verbenaceae Tree

Voacanga Africana Apocynaceae Tree

Xylopia aethiopica Annonaceae Tree

Xylopia quintassi Annonaceae Tree

Zanthoxylum zanthozyloides Rutaceae Tree

31

Appendix 2: Distribution of Families in Omo Bisphere Reserve

Family Frequency

Acanthaceae 3

Adiantaceae 3

Amaranthaceae 1

Amaryllidaceae 1

Anacardiaceae 1

Annonaceae 7

Apocylaceae 12

Araceae 2

Asteraceae 1

Bignoniaceae 1

Bombacaceae 1

Boraginaceae 2

Cactaceae 1

Caesalpiniodae 6

Capparaceae 2

Ceaesalpilioideae 1

Combretaceae 2

Commelinaceae 3

Costaceae 1

Davalliaceae 1

Ebenaceae 15

Euphorbiaceae 17

Fabaceae 1

Flacourtaceae 2

Gramineae 1

Guttiferae 2

Icancinaceae 1

Irvinginaceae 2

Liliaceae 3

Loganiaceae 1

Lomariopsidaceae 1

Melastomataeae 2

Meliaceae 7

Menispermaceae 1

Moraceae 6

Myristicaceae 3

Nyctaginaceae 1

32

Ochnaceae 1

Olacaceae 3

Palmae 1

Papilionoideae 5

Periplocaceae 1

Polygalaceae 1

Rubiaceae 18

Samydaceae 3

Sapindaceae 3

Steculiaceae 5

Thymeliaceae 1

Tiliaceae 2

Ulmaceae 4

Verbenaceae 1

Violaceae 1

33

4.0 MAMMALIAN FAUNA AND AVIFAUNA DIVERSITY

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Omo Biosphere Reserve is an important area as it holds a complex matrix of natural rain forest, buffer

zones and plantations of Teak, Gmelina and Pine. Within this matrix also lie pockets of human settlements

which are growing by the day.

Omo Biosphere Reserve is also rich in animal diversity with about 46 species of mammals, 35 species are

frequently sighted. Large mammals like the threatened African Forest Elephant (Loxodonta africana

cyclotis), African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus) and some species of primates like the Red-capped

Mangabee (Cercocebus torquatus) and Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona). It is also one of the numerous

sites across Nigeria designated as Important Bird Areas (IBA) because of its high bird species richness, with

documented reports of about 203 bird species (NCF REPORT, 2011) of which some species are migratory

while others are residents; about 166 bird species have been recorded presently (Stella and Manu, 2014) .

Omo Forest Reserve also holds a population of the endangered African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus),

the Grey Throated Rail (Canirallus oculeus), the near threatened Yellow - Casqued Hornbill (Ceratogymna

elata) and the other birds species recorded are of least concern (Ezealor et al. 2001). Therefore, a consistent

monitoring of the status of birds within this area is necessary for effective conservation plans.

34

4.2 METHODOLOGY

4.2.1 BIRD SURVEY

Line transects of 2000m were taken from systematically selected sites ( Eseke, Tamitami, Osoko and Etemi-

Oke which covers the Strict Nature Reserve, Biosphere extension areas and buffer zones. Survey was

conducted for 9 days (8th

-17th

April 2014). Transects were taken from pre-existing transect routes and

observer walked very slowly in order to maximise the probability of recording the bird species present.

Surveys started at 06:30- 11:00 hours daily in order to control for the effect of time of day as most birds

become less active as the hours progress (Manu and Cresswell 2007). Bird species seen and heard were

recorded. McKinnon’s list was also generated in order to generate a list of most common species in the

reserve.

4.2.2 MAMMALIAN SURVEY

Line transect was also used for the wildlife survey. Animals seen and heard (vocalization) were recorded.

Footprints, feathers and scats of animals were also used for identification. Also, information was obtained

from local hunters and some researchers on the common mammals still resident in the forest.

4.3 RESULTS

A total of ninety seven (97) bird species were recorded comprising of forest specialist (or forest interior bird

species found only in the forest) and generalist (birds species found in the forest and other habitats like

degraded areas, farmlands, plantations etc.), of which 68 bird species where observed to be common in the

four survey sites while 29 bird species were not common (Table 1).

A total of fourteen (14) mammalian species were recorded (Table 2 and 3). Three species of mammals were

commonly sighted in Omo, they include the Red Capped Mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus), the Mona

35

Monkey (Cercopithecus mona) and species of squirrel. Most information on mammals resident in Omo

forest were obtained from hunters around the reserve due to the length of time allocated for this survey.

4.3.1 HUNTING EVIDENCES

Aside the threat of Biosphere fragmentation and conversion, one other factor that is threatening the wildlife

in Omo Forest Reserve is the hunting pressure. During the survey, sights of gun cartridges were evident and

on one occasion, a freshly killed Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona), Plate F and G.

4.4 LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The challenges of working in the study area include the rough terrain that forces researchers to adopt more

expensive and risky means of transport. An effective survey needs to be conducted both mornings and

evenings. Hence, more funds should be allocated to cover transport.

Also, it is important to consider the vegetation complexity that limits easy sightings. Hence, extensive

survey should put in more time. The length of time for this present survey was too short. Subsequently, more

time should be allocated to give room for detailed results that could extend to areas of abundance,

distribution, composition etc. More time is also necessary for detailed results that includes migratory bird

species.

In addition, there are silent understorey birds and bats that can only be gotten by setting up mist nets. Hence,

it is recommended that some equipments needs to be purchased in further studies that could aid this survey.

Most importantly, a ground study of the reserve outside the Strict Nature Reserve shows a lot of forest loss

due to fragmentation and conversion, it is therefore advisable that the conservation of this area is taken

seriously as this affects the movement of wildlife and exposes them to threats (hunting).

36

Plate F: An empty gun catridge Plate G: An illegal hunter with a murdered

Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona)

Plate H: Illegal hunters camp at sojukorodo axis of J1

37

Plate I: Dwarf mongoose (Herpestes pulverulenta) been trapped with wire mesh at J4

Plate J : Fresh antelope dung

38

Plate K: Forest elephant (Loxodonta Africana cyclotis) play ground observed in J1

Plate L: Observing elephant dung in J1

39

Plate M : Timber lorry hauling out illegal forest wood in J3

Plate N : Field officer Clifford penning sample record

40

Plate O: Clifford and hunter Francis from J4 identifying animals using West Africa

Large Mammal guard .

41

TABLE 4: CURRENT BIRD LIST AND THEIR STATUS IN OMO BIOSPHERE RESERVE

ORDER FAMILY COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC

NAME

PRESENCE/

ABSENCE

HABITAT

STATUS

ABUNDANCE

STATUS

PASSERIFORMES

THRESKIORNITHIDAE Hadada Ibis Bostrychia

hagedesh

X FG NC

ARDEIDAE Black kite Milvus migrans X FG C

ACCIPITRIDAE Palm-nut Vulture Gypophierax

angolensis

- FG NC

African Harrier Hawk Polyboroides

typus

- FG NC

Lizard buzzard Kaupifalco

monogrammicus

- FG NC

Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter

melanoleucus

- FG NC

African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer - FG NC

NUMIDIDAE Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani - FS NC

PHASIANIDAE Double -Spurred

Francolin

Francolinus

bicalcaratus

- FG NC

Latham’s Forest

Francolin

Francolinus

lathami

- FS NC

RALLIDAE White-Spotted

Flufftail

Sarothrura

pulchra

- FS NC

Grey-Throated Rail Canirallus oculeus - FS NC

Nkulegu Rail Himantornis

haematopus

- FS NC

Black Crake Amaurornis

flavirostra

- FG NC

COLUMBIDAE African Green Pigeon Treron calvus X FS C

Tambourine Dove Turtur

tympanistria

X FG C

Blue- headed Wood

Dove

Turtur brehmeri X FG C

Blue- Spotted Wood

Dove

Turtur afer X FG C

Red-Eyed Dove Streptopelia

semitorquata

- FG NC

PSITTATIDAE Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus - FS NC

MUSOPHAGIDAE Yellow-Billed Turaco Tauraco

macrorhynchus

X FS C

Green Turaco Tauraco persa X FS C

CUCULIDAE Klass’s Cuckoo Chrysococcyx

klaas

X FG NC

42

African Emerald

Cuckoo

Chrysococcyx

cupreus

X FG C

Olive Long-Tailed

Cuckoo

Cercococcyx

olivinus

X FS NC

Yellowbill Ceuthmochares

aereus

X FS C

Senegal Coucal Centropus

senegalensis

X FG C

Black-Throated

Coucal

Centropus

leucogaster

X FS C

Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx

caprius

X FG C

Dusky Long-tailed

Cuckoo

Cercococcyx

mechowi

X FS NC

Red-Chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius X FS C

TROGONIDAE Narina’s Trogon Apoloderma

narina

- FS NC

ALCEDINIDAE African Dwarf

Kingfisher

Ceyx lecontei X FS NC

African Pygmy

Kingfisher

Ceyx pictus - FS NC

Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon

senegalensis

- FG NC

Blue breasted

Kingfisher

Halcyon

malimbica

- FG NC

Shining-blue

Kingfisher

Alcedo

quadribrachys

X FG NC

Chocolate-backed

Kingfisher

Halcyon badia - FG NC

BUCEROTIDAE Red-Billed Dwarf

Hornbill

Tockus camurus X FS NC

African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus X FG C

Piping Hornbill Bycanistes

fistulator

X FS NC

White- thighed

Hornbill

Bycanistes

albotibialis

X FS C

Black- and-White-

Casqued Hornbill

Bycanistes

subcylindricus

X FS NC

Black-Casqued

Hornbill

Ceratogymna

atrata

- FS NC

CAPITONIDAE Speckled Tinkerbird Pogoniulus

scolopaceus

X FG C

Yellow-rumped

Tinkerbird

Pogoniulus

bilineatus

X FG C

43

Yellow- throated

Tinkerbird

Pogoniulus

subsulphureus

X FS C

Yellow-spotted Barbet Buccanodon

duchaillui

X FG C

Hairy-breasted Barbet Tricholaema

hirsuta

X FG C

Red-rumped

Tinkerbird

Pogoniulus

atroflavus

X FG C

Naked-faced Barbet Gymnobucco

calvus

X FS C

Bristle-nosed Barbet Gymnobucco peli X FS C

Yellow-billed Barbet Trachylaemus

purpuratus

X FG C

Vieillot’s Barbet Lybius vieilloti - FG NC

PICIDAE Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos

goertae

- FG NC

Buff-spotted

Woodpecker

Campethera

nivosa

- FS NC

Brown-eared

Woodpecker

Campethera

carrolli

- FG NC

Fire-bellied

Woodpecker

Dendropicos

pyrrhogaster

X FS C

PASSERIFORMES EURILYMIDAE Rufous-sided

Broadbill

Smithornis

rufolateralis

X FS NC

PITTIDAE African Pitta Pitta angolensis - FS NC

HIRUNDINIDAE European Swallow Hirundo

aethiopica

X FG C

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica X FG C

APODIDAE Sabine’s Spinetail Rhaphidura sabini - FG NC

MOTACILLIDAE African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp X FG C

Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava X FG NC

Yellow-throated

Longclaw

Macronyx croceus - FS NC

COLIIDAE Narina’s Trogon Apaloderma

narina

- FS NC

PYCNONOTIDAE Common Bulbul Pycnonotus

barbatus

X FG C

Simple Leaflove Chlorocichla

simplex

- FG NC

Swamp palm bulbul Thescelocichla

leucopleura

- FG NC

Leaflove Pyrrhurus

scandens

- FS NC

Slender-billed Andropadus X FS C

44

Greenbul gracilirostris

Little Grey Greenbul Andropadus

gracilis

X FS C

Little Greenbul Andropadus virens X FS C

Yellow-whiskered

Greenbul

Andropadus

latirostris

X FG C

HoneyguideGreenbul Baeopogon

indicator

X FS C

Red-tailed Greenbul Criniger calurus X FS C

Grey-headed

Bristlebill

Bleda canicapillus X FS NC

Red- tailed Bristlebill Bleda syndactylus X FS NC

Western Bearded

Greenbul

Criniger barbatus - FS NC

IcterineGreenbul Phyllastrephus

icterinus

X FS C

White-throated

Greenbul

Phyllastrephus

albigularis

- FS NC

Western Nicator Nicator chloris X FS C

TURDIDAE Forest Robin Striphrornis

erythrotorax

X FS C

Fire-crested Alethe Alethe

(diademata)

castanea

X FS C

Brown-chested Alethe Alethe

poliocephala

X FS NC

African Thrush Turdus pelios X FG C

Finsch’s Flycatcher

Thrush

Stinzorhina finschi - FS NC

SYLVIIDAE Northern Crombec Sylvietta

brachyuran

X FG C

Green Crombec Sylvietta virens X FG C

Willow Warbler Phylloscopus

trochilus

- FS NC

Olive-green

Camaroptera

Camaroptera

chloronata

X FS NC

Grey-backed

Camaroptera

Camaroptera

brachyuran

X FS C

Rufous-Crowned

Eremomela

Eremomela

badiceps

X FS NC

Kemp’s longbill Macrosphenus

kempi

X FS C

Grey longbill Macrosphenus

concolor

X FS C

45

Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava X FG C

Buff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularis X FS C

Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla X FS C

Green Hylia Hylia prasina X FS C

Violet-backed Hyliota Hyliota violacea - FS NC

Yellow-browed

Camaroptera

Camaroptera

superciliaris

X FG C

MUSCICAPIDAE Lead-coloured

Flycatcher

Myioparus

plumbeus

- FS NC

Fraser’s Forest

Flycatcher

Fraseria ocreata - FS NC

MONARCHIDAE African Paradise

Flycatcher

Tersiphone viridis X FS NC

Red-bellied Paradise

Flycatcher

Tersiphone

rufiventer

X FG C

Dusky Crested

Flycatcher

Elminia

nigromitrata

X FS NC

Blue-headed Crested

Flycatcher

Trochocercus

nitens

X FS NC

Dusky-blue Flycatcher Muscicapa

comitata

- FS NC

White-browed Forest

Flycatcher

Fraseria

cinrascens

- FS NC

Chestnut-Capped

Flycatcher

Erythrocercus

mccalli

X FS C

PLATYSTEIRIDAE Chestnut Wattle Eye Dyaphorophyia

castanea

X FS C

Common Wattle Eye Platysteira cyanea X FG C

TIMALIIDAE Brown Illadopsis Illadopsis

fulvescens

X FS C

Puvel’sIlladopsis Illadopsis puveli X FS C

Pale-breasted

Illadopsis

Illadopsis

rufipennis

X FS C

PARIDAE Yellow White Eye Zosterops

senegalensis

- FS NC

MEROPIDAE Black Bee-Eater Merops gularis - FG NC

Little Bee-Eater Merops pusillus - FG NC

White-throated Bee-

Eater

Merops albicollis - FG NC

NECTARINIDAE Fraser’s Sunbird Deleornis fraseri X FS NC

Collared Sunbird Hedydipna

collaris

X FG C

Olive Sunbird Cyanomitra

olivacea

X FG C

46

Superb Sunbird Cynnyris superbus X FG NC

Splendid Sunbird Cynnyris

coccinigastrus

X FG NC

Green-headed Sunbird Cyanomitra

verticalis

- FG NC

Blue-throated Brown

Sunbird

Cyanomitra

cyanolaema

X FG C

Tiny Sunbird Cinnyris minullus - FG NC

Olive-bellied sunbird Cinnyris

chloropygius

X FG C

Buff-throated Sunbird Chalcomitra

adelberti

- FG NC

MALACONOTIDAE Sabine’s puffback Dryscopus sabini - FS NC

Tropical boubou Laniarius

aethiopicus

X FG NC

Brown-Crowned

Tchagra

Tchagra australis - FG NC

LANIIDAE Red-Billed Helmet-

Shrike

Prionops caniceps - FS NC

ORIOLIDAE Western Black Headed

Oriole

Oriolus

bracchyrhynus

X FS C

Black-winged Oriole Oriolus

nigripennis

X FS C

UPUPIDAE Forest Wood-Hoopoe Phoeniculus

castaneiceps

- FS NC

CORACIIDAE Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus

glaucurus

- FG NC

Blue-throated Roller Eurystomus

gularis

- FG C

DICRUDIDAE Fork- tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis X FS C

Velvet-mantled

Drongo

Dicrurus modestus X FS NC

Square-tailed Drongo Dicrucus ludwigii - FS NC

Pied Crow Corvus albus X FG NC

STURNIDAE Narrow-tailed Starling Poeoptera

lugubris

- FG NC

Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus

leucogaster

- FG NC

Splendid Glossy

Starling

Lamprotornis

splendidus

- FG NC

Forest Chestnut-

Winged Starling

Onychognathus

fulgidus

- FS NC

INDICATORIDAE Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator - FG NC

Least Honeyguide Indicator exilis - FS NC

47

PLOCEIDAE Viellot’s Black

Weaver

Ploceus

nigerrimus

X FG C

Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus - FG C

Blue-billed Malimbe Malimbus nitens X FG NC

Crested Malimbe Malimbus

malimbicus

- FG NC

Red-vented Malimbe Malimbus scutatus X FG NC

Black-necked weaver Ploceus nigricollis - FG NC

Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops - FG NC

VIDUIDAE Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura - FG C

ESTRILDIDAE Grey-headed

(Crowned) Negrofinch

Nigrita

canicapillus

X FS NC

Chestnut-breasted

Negrofinch

Nigrita bicolor X FS C

Pale-fronted

Negrofinch

Nigrita luteifrons X FS NC

White-breasted

Negrofinch

Nigrita fusconotus - FS NC

Green Twinspot Mandingoa

nitidula

- FS NC

Western Bluebill Spermophaga

haematina

- FS NC

Orange-cheeked

Waxbill

Estrilda melpoda - FG C

Bronze Mannikin Spermestes

cucullatus

X FG C

Black-and-white

Mannikin

Spermestes bicolor X FG C

This bird list is compiled by Collina (2014) UNESCO/KOICA project; Stella and Manu (2014)

X Recorded

- Not recorded during the survey but is present in Omo forest (Stella and Manu; 2014).

C Common

NC Not common

FS Forest specialist

FG Forest generalist

48

TABLE 5: CURRENT MAMMAL LIST AND THEIR STATUS IN OMO FOREST RESERVE

ORDER FAMILY SUB-ORDER COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

IUCN

STATUS

PRESENCE/

ABSENCE

CHIROPTERA Pteropodidae MEGACHIROPTERA

Hammer-headed Fruit-

Bat

Hypsignathus

monstrosus LC -

Gambian Epauletted

fruit-Bat Epomophorus gambianus LC -

Franquet’s Fruit Bat Epomops franqueti LC -

Zenker’s Fruit-Bat Scotonycteris zenkeri LC -

Hipposideridae MICROCHIROPTERA

Commerson’s Leaf-

nosed Bat

Hipposideros

commersoni NT -

Cyclops Bat Hipposideros Cyclops LC -

PRIMATE Lorisidae

Potto Perodicticus potto LC -

Galagidae

Demidoff’s Galago Galagoides demidovii LC X

Mona Monkey Cercopithecus mona LC X

Red-crowned Mangabey Cercocebus torquatus LC X

PHOLIDOTA Manidae

Tree Pangolin

Phataginus (Manis)

tricuspis LC -

RODENTIA Anomaluridae.

Beecroft’s Flying-

Squirrel Anomalurus beecrofti LC -

Derby’s Flying-Squirrel Anomalurus derbianus LC -

Sciuridae.

Red-legged Sun-Squirrel

Heliosciurus

rufobrachium isabellinus LC -

Thomas’ Rope Squirrel Funisciurus anerythrus LC -

African Giant Squirrel Protoxerus stangeri LC -

Striped Ground-Squirrel Euxerus erythropus LC -

Emin’s Giant-Rat Cricetomys emini LC X

Gambian Giant-Rat Cricetomys gambianus LC -

Muridea.

Pygmy Mouse Mus minutoides DD -

Black Rat Rattus rattus LC X

Hystricidae.

Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus LC X

CARNIVORA Viverridae

African Civet

Civettictis (Viverra)

civetta LC X

Forest Genet Genetta tigrina poensis LC -

African Palm-Civet Nandinia binotata LC -

Herpestidae.

Cusimanse Mongoose Crossarchus obscurus LC X

Elephantidae

African Forest Elephant

Loxodonta africana

cyclotis VU X

Procaviidae

Western Tree-Hyrax Dendrohyrax dorsalis LC X

Suidae.

Red River-Hog Potamochoerus porcus LC X

Tragulidae

Water Chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus LC X

Bovidae.

African Forest Buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus LC -

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus LC X

49

Maxwell’s Duiker Cephalophus maxwelli LC -

Black Duiker Cephalophus niger LC X

Yellow-backed Duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor LC -

X Recorded

- Not recorded during the survey but is frequently sighted by hunters in Omo forest.

LC Least concern

VU Vulnerable

NT Not threatenend

DD Data deficient

50

TABLE 6: MATRIX OF OBSERVATIONAL MEANS FOR MAMMAL SPECIES IN OMO FOREST RESERVE

FAMILY

COMMON

NAME

SCIENTIFIC

NAME VOCALIZATION

FOOT

PRINT SCATS

SIGHT

INGS

INFORM

ATION

Pteropodidae

Hammer-headed Fruit-

Bat

Hypsignathus

monstrosus - - - - X

Gambian Epauletted

fruit-Bat

Epomophorus

gambianus - - - - X

Franquet’s Fruit Bat Epomops franqueti - - - - X

Zenker’s Fruit-Bat Scotonycteris zenkeri - - - - X

Hipposideridae

Commerson’s Leaf-nosed

Bat

Hipposideros

commersoni - - - - X

Cyclops Bat Hipposideros cyclops - - -

X

Lorisidae Potto Perodicticus potto - - - - X

Galagidae Demidoff’s Galago Galagoides demidovii X - - - -

Mona Monkey Cercopithecus mona X - - X -

Red-crowned Mangabey Cercocebus torquatus - - - X -

Manidae Tree Pangolin

Phataginus (Manis)

tricuspis - - - - X

Anomaluridae.

Beecroft’s Flying-

Squirrel Anomalurus beecrofti - - - - X

Derby’s Flying-Squirrel Anomalurus derbianus - - - - X

Sciuridae. Red-legged Sun-Squirrel

Heliosciurus

rufobrachium

isabellinus - - - - X

Thomas’ Rope Squirrel Funisciurus anerythrus - - - - X

African Giant Squirrel Protoxerus stangeri - - - - X

Striped Ground-Squirrel Euxerus erythropus - - - - X

Emin’s Giant-Rat Cricetomys emini - - - X -

Gambian Giant-Rat Cricetomys gambianus - - - - X

Muridea. Pygmy Mouse Mus minutoides - - - - X

Black Rat Rattus rattus - - - X -

Hystricidae. Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus - X - X -

Viverridae African Civet Civettictis (Viverra) - X - - -

51

civetta

Forest Genet Genetta tigrina poensis - - - - X

African Palm-Civet Nandinia binotata - - - - X

Herpestidae. Cusimanse Mongoose Crossarchus obscurus - X - - -

Elephantidae African Forest Elephant

Loxodonta africana

cyclotis - X - - -

Procaviidae Western Tree-Hyrax Dendrohyrax dorsalis X - - - -

Suidae. Red River-Hog Potamochoerus porcus - X - - -

Tragulidae Water Chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus X - - - -

Bovidae. African Forest Buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus - - -

X

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus - - X - -

Maxwell’s Duiker Cephalophus maxwelli - - - - -

Black Duiker Cephalophus niger X - X - -

Yellow-backed Duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor - - - - -

52

5.0 INSECT FAUNA OF OMO BIOSPHERE

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The forest is the natural home of different organism and animal’s insects inclusive. Insects belong to the

group of hard-bodied invertebrate animals in the phylum Arthropoda which is the largest in the animal

kingdom as it constitute about 90 percent (Borror et al.1985)

Insects are characterized by their body covered with a hard covered with a hard cutide and divided into three

distinct regions, the head thorax and abdomen; Insects have three pairs of legs carried in the thoracic region

and commonly one or two pairs of wings on the dorsal side of the thorax. There are however wingless types

(Apterous). The head bears the mouth parts and a numbers of sensory organs: antennae, palps and eyes. The

abdomen is the posterior body region, segmented and bears the organ of reproduction and intestine.

Insects are the most successful component of the animal kingdom. They are found virtually everywhere-on

trees, crops, under stones, fallen trees, in the soil, in water, on animals including man. Insects have

developed several highly useful adaptations that make them adapted to life in almost every type of habitat.

They are tiny thus they can conceal themselves readily. Their size also allows huge populations to be

supported on a limited food source. They can fly during reproductive period and their tremendous

reproductive potential allows an efficient exploitation of the food source. Ability to fly also gives them the

advantage to move over extensive areas often across borders. Some are very light such that they can be

carried in air currents (Borror et al.1985; Coulson and Witter, 1985)

How ever, insect as well as other arthropods are integral components of forest ecosystems that are normally

involved in basic ecological processes such as food chain, nutrient cycling and succession. These processes

greatly affect site quality and stand characteristics. A great many insect are extremely valuable to man and

human society could not exist in its present form without them. They provide us with honey, beeswax, silk

and other products of commercial value. They help to keep harmful animals in check and have been useful

in medicine and scientific research. However, a few insects are harmful and cause enormous losses each

year in agricultural crops, forest trees, stored products and the health of man and animals. Fortunately, those

that destroy trees are usually held in check in the natural forest by their natural enemies or an unfavourable

environmental condition. The population of a destructive insect is said to be in an endemic stage if it is

present in normal numbers and is doing little or no damage to trees. When the population of a species

reaches the point where annual losses in the forest or field exceed annual growth, the insect reaches

epidemic proportions.

53

In this study, the insect fauna of Omo Biosphere was investigated. The areas covered are:

(a) Strict Natures Reserve at Etemi (Core of Biosphere Reserve).

(b) Managed Nature Reserve (or unrestricted Forest Zone) from Omo River to Tamitami.

(c) Strict Natures Reserve Erin Camp.

Materials: Sweep net, killing jars, vials of preservatives, 2 percent formalin solution, 70 percent ethanol,

forceps, and hand lens, aspirator, beating umbrella, white sheet, sieve, rechargeable lamp and cutlass.

5.2 METHODOLOGY:

Insect specimens were searched and collected as described by Borror,et al, (1985). We walked and collected

insect specimens along transect lines of 1 kilometer in 4 replicates. At intervals of 100 hundred meters,a

quadrat was made on the floor of the forest. Leaf litter within were carefully removed to detect ground

insects. The following places were examined: Leaves, barks of dead woods, floor of the forest, termite

mounds, catching insects on flight with sweep net, sweeping forest under growth with sweep net, from

water, light traps. Insects can be found practically every where and usually in considerable numbers. The

more the different places in which one searches for them, the greater the variety one will be able to collect.

Under our climatic condition, we can collect insects at all seasons. However, there are some that are

abundant during the rains, while some are dry season insects hence one should collect throughout the year.

Since insects are active at different times of the day, specimens were made both during the day (for diurnal

insects) and in the night (for nocturnal insects). Specimens were pinned after each day’s collection

especially the lepidopteron. Other hard bodied insects were preserved in formalin solution till the expiration

of the 10 days survey. All the specimens were pinned onto mounting boards, oven- dried, latter identified

and kept in the museum of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. They were arranged in insect

boxes according to their orders. Some soft bodied larvae of wood boring insects were kept in 3 percent

formalin solution.

5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The results of the survey showed that 21 out of the 71 species (22%) listed are lepidopteron, followed by

Hymenoptera 9 species (13 %), then Hemiptera 8 species (11 %), Isoptera 7 species (9 %),Orthoptera

6species (8 %), Diptera 5 species (7 %), Homoptera 4 (6%), Coleoptera 4 (6 %), Odonata 3 (4 %) in that

order. This shows that the major insect orders are well represented in the forest reserve. Lepidopterans

constitute the largest insect species ,and this observation supports the report of earlier survey by Ewete

(1999). Lepidopterans are plant eaters (phytophagous) and the abundance of different tree species tends to

54

support population. Under the dense forest cover ware observed infestations of leaf miners hence the large

population of micro lepidopterans. The highest population of lepidopterans was observed in the Managed

Nature Reserve (or unrestricted Forest Zone) at Tamitami where plantations of Gmelina arborea are

interspersed with farmlands. Different species of Hymenopterans were recorded during the survey. This

group consists of pollinators, parasite andpredators that play significant role in pollination keeping

dangerous insects and animals in check in the ecosystem (Coulson and Witter, 1984). Hemipterans are sap

suckers; therefore some species are serious pests of fruits and seeds. A large population of the nymphs and

adults of cotton stainer (Dysdercus spp.) was observed at Etemi SNR at the time of the survey as a result of

the release of cotton and seeds of Ceiba petandra that provide food for the cotton strainers. This agrees with

the report of Ewetes survey (1999). On the floor of the forest, was observed propenderance of termite

mounds especially the small mounds that come in different architectural designs Plates 1-4. Among them is

the humus feeding species. All are involved in nutrient cycling. The survey revealed different species of

insects some of which are yet to properly clarified. This shows clearly that Omo Biosphere supports a large

number of biodiversity of insects animals and plant species. It is very important that the Biosphere be

maintained, adequately policed for future research and education development

Constraint: We would like to appeal to the State government to assist to make the road plyable. There are

very many difficult terrains which make movement to and from the forest very difficult. Only motor bikes

could get to those areas which make them to charge exorbitant prices.

Plate 1-5 Termite mounds in Etemi SNR.

Plate P: Termite mowns in Etemi SNR Plate Q: Termite mowns in Etemi SNR

55

Plate R: Termite mowns in Etemi SNR Plate S: Termite mowns in Etemi SNR

Plate T: Mound of Macrotermes.

Plate U: Log attacked by Ambrosia beetles at Tamitami

56

Plate V: Grubs extracted from wood at Tamitami Plate W: Grub extracted from wood at

Erin Camp

Plate X: wooly aphids on Sterculia spp Plate Y : wooly aphids on a plant

57

Plate Z: Eriophid gall mite attack Plate Za: Attack by leaf minners

Table 6: Insect Species and their distribution in Omo Biosphere

S/

N

ORDER FAMILY NAME OF SPECIES DISTRIBUTION

1 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Cymothoe theobene c

2 Lepidoptera Papilionidae Papilio zoroastres c

3 Lepidoptera Papilionidae Papilio pireua c

4 Lepidoptera Acraeidae Acraea rogersi c

5 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Cymothoe haimodia c

6 Lepidoptera Danaidae Danus chrisipus- c

7 Lepidoptera Pieridae Mylothris rembina-Plozt c

8 Lepidoptera Acraeidae Acreae pharsalis Ward c

9 Lepidoptera Euryphe goniogramma c

10 Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae Precisi sophi c

11 Homoptera Ricanidae Pochazia fasciata c

12 Hemiptera Coreidae Aspavia testator F. c

13 Hemiptera Coreidae Leptocorisa sp. c

14 Hemiptera Coreidae Callibaphus loninostus D. c

15 Hymenoptera Coreidae Coleocentrus rufus c

58

16 Orthoptera Tettigonidae Homorocoryphus c

17 Orthoptera Mantidae Homorocoryphus c

18 Odonata Libellidae Libella spp c

19 Odonata Libellidae Erythemis simplicicolis say c

20 Hymenoptera Formicidae Oecophyla longinoda Latr c

21 Homoptera Coccidae Xerya nigroarealata Newt c

22 Orthoptera Acrididae Catantops spissus c

23 Orthoptera Acrididae Catantops melanostictus

schamm

c

24 Hymenoptera Formicidae Componotus abdominalis c

25 Hymenoptera Formicidae Componotus spp a,b,c

26 Lepidoptera Acraeidae Acraea eponia Cr a,b,c

27 Tricoptera Limnephilidae Platycentropus radiates Say c

28 Hymenoptera Formicidae Megaponera sp a,b,c

29 Hymenoptera Formicidae Crematogaster sp a,b,c

30 Hymenoptera Vespidae Balanogaster junues F a,b,c

31 Orthoptera Pygoomorphidae Zonocerus variegates F a

32 Hemiptera Coreidae Anoplocnemis curvipes F a,b,c

33 Hemiptera Coreidae Dysdercus superstitiosus a,b,c

34 Hymenoptera Doctylurina Staudinger Grib a

35 Hymenoptera Apidae Apis millefera adasoni a,b,c

36 Diptera Muscidae Musca domestica a,b,c

37 Diptera Sarcophagidae Sarcophaga tibilis a,b,c

38 Diptera Calliphoridae Crysomyia chloropyga a,b,c

39 Hemiptera Coreidae Leptoglosus cleapealis a

40 Hemiptera Coreidae Riptotus dentipes F a,b,c

41 Hemiptera Coreidae Nezara viridula a,b,c

42 Lepidoptera Phyralidea Margaronia elialis a,b,c

43 Neuroptera Chrysopidae Chrysopa oculat say a

44 Odonata Coengrionidae Argia sp a,b,c

45 Isoptera Termitidae Pseudacanthotermes miltaris

hagan

a

46 Isoptera Termitidae Amitermes evuncifer silvetri a

47 Isoptera Termitidae Neotermes aburiensis a

48 Isoptera Termitidae Macrotermes-subhyalinus-

Ramb

a

49 Isoptera Termitidae Microcerotermes fuscotibialis

(Sjostedt)

a

50 Isoptera Termitidae Nasutitermes arborum a

51 Isoptera Termitidae Cubitermes fungifaber

(Sjostedt)

a

52 Coleoptera Elateridae Ctenicera noxia Hyslop a

53 Coleoptera Bostrychidae Heterobostrychus brunneus

Marr

a

54 Orthoptera Gryllidae Gymnogryllus lucens Walker a

55 Coleoptera Buprestidae Melanophila spp a,b,c

56 Coleoptera Buprestidae Dicerca sp b,c

57 Homoptera Psyllidae Psylla sp b,c

59

58 Homoptera Coccidae Lecanium sp b,c

59 Acaridei Eriophydae Acaria spp b,c

60 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Argynnisselene b

61 Lepidoptera Acraeidae Colias eurytheme boisduval b

62 Lepidoptera Pieridae Leptosia medusa medusa b

63 Lepidoptera Pyralidae Margaronia baldersolis Wk b

64 Lepidoptera Pieridae Belenois calypso b

65 Lepidoptera Pieridae Anopheis creona b

66 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Cymotheo hyarbita b

67 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Cymotheo preussi b

68 Lepidoptera Papilionidae Papilio cypraeofila b

69 Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Hypolimnas dubius De

Beauvais

b

70 Diptera Culicidae Anopheles a,b,c

71 Diptera Culicidae Aedes sp a,b,c

Other Arthropods (Spiders)

1 Araneida Theridiidae Latrodectus sp a,b,c

2 Araneida Thomisidae Misumenops sp a,b,c

3 Araneida Araneidae Nephila Clavipes a,b,c

4 Spirobolida Narceus Narceus spp (Millipede) a,b,c

5 Scolopendromorpha scolopendridae Scolopendra spp (Centipede) a,b,c

Table 2: Insect Species from light trap in Omo Biosphere

S/

N

ORDER FAMILY NAME OF SPECIES DISTRIBUT

ION

1 Lepidoptera Noctuidae Mallocampa schlzei Auriv a

2 Lepidoptera Phyralidae Margaronia baldersolis Wk a

3 Lepidoptera Phyralidae Hypsipyla robusta a

60

4 Trichoptera Limnephilidae Platycontropus radiates a

5 Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptila sp a

6 Homoptera Cicadidae Cicada sp a

7 Lepidoptera Noctuidae Crypyoblabes a

8 Diptera Culicidae Anophele a

9 Diptera Aedes Aede sp a

10 Hymenoptera Formicidae Camponotus spp a

11 Lepidoptera Noctuidae Sthenopsis argenteomaculatus a

Table 8: Checklist Of Miicroarthropods In The Study Area

Mites

Pilizeterz

Oppia

Ifaploterz

Tecncedheus

Eremulus

Scheloribates

Annectararcus

Nothrus

Rhodacarus

Machdobelbata

61

Prosricimata

Arithounon grouns

Japy ( bristle tail)

Ants

Chilorods

Thysanoptera

Spring tails

Crytopygus

Cyphoderus

Dicranocontrus

Isonmndes

Lepidocyrus

Paraella

Bacteri

Staphylococcus aures

Bacillus soecies

Cloynebactarium Xenosis

Fungi

Aspenicillum spector

Rhizinins

Neurosspora

Cladosporium

Nematode

Melodogyne larva

Helicotylenchus dishysteria

Monolaimus caleatus

Eutylenchus sp

Rotylenchus sp

Xidhinema Setaride

62

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