HUMAN IMPACT on the

BIOSPHEREPart 3

BIODIVERSITY

http://www.millan.net

The sum of the genetically based

variety of all the organisms in the

biosphere = ___________________

Biodiversity gives __________ to the

ecosystems that we are so dependent

on, enhances their ____________, and

provides an important source of new

_____, ________, and other _________.

BIODIVERSITY

stability

productivity

food medicine products

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY

_______________________

____________

____________

____________

_________________

______________________

HABITAT DESTRUCTION

Deforestation

Fragmentation

pollution

Poaching & over hunting

Invasive species

BIODIVERSITY THREAT

Development of natural areas for cities or

agriculture results in ____________________habitat destruction

http://www.simtropolis.com/idealbb/files/SG_ShoppingCenter.JPG

BIODIVERSITY THREAT

The tropical rainforests once covered more

than 14% of the earth's total land surface,

but now cover less than 6%.

http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1384632.htm

Changes in Brazilian rainforest over 30 years

BIODIVERSITY THREAT

Nearly half of the world's species of plants, animals

and microorganisms will be destroyed or severely

threatened over the next quarter century due to

____________________________

http://www.wri.org/biodiv/pubs_maps_description.cfm?ImageID=1553

rainforest deforestation.

BIODIVERSITY THREAT

Splitting a habitat into smaller disconnected

pieces = _____________________

It results in small “islands”

of natural area isolated

from each other by crop

land, pasture, pavement,

or even barren land.

Habitat fragmentation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation

BIODIVERSITY THREAT

Habitat fragmentation brings wildlife in

more frequent contact with humans.

When it comes

down to

“us or them” . . .

“they” usually lose.

http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/eco/peterrabbit.html

BIODIVERSITY THREAT

One of most important threats to

biodiversity come from apparently

harmless plants or animals that

humans transport into new habitats =

_____________________

New habitats don’t have ____________

and parasites that control the population

in their native habitats, so invasive species

populations _____________ rapidly.

INVASIVE SPECIES

PREDATORS

INCREASE

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wild_rabbit.jpg

24 rabbits turned loose for

hunting in 1859 in Australia,

reproduced at such a rapid

rate they have taken over

the continent.

http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/images/australiamap.gif

Within 10 years they had

multiplied so rapidly, 2 million

rabbits a year could be shot or

trapped without any noticeable

effect on population.

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rabbit-erosion.jpg

They are believed to be

responsible for the

_______________ of 1/8 of

the mammal species,

unknown numbers of plant

species, as well as serious

________________ problems.

It is still a major problem and rabbit diseases have

been purposely introduced to try to control the

population.

http://www.csiro.au/communication/rabbits/qa1.htm

soil erosion.

extinction

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES

_________________ are native to the Caspian Sea

region of Asia. They are believed to have been

transported to the Great Lakes in the ballast water

from a ship.

They were first discovered in 1988, and have since

spread rapidly to all of the Great Lakes

and waterways in many

States and into Canada.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dreissena_polymorpha3.jpg

Zebra mussels

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY ZEBRA MUSSELS

•Clog power plant and public water intakes and

pipes, costing taxpayers millions of dollars

· Damage boat engines

· Blanket shorelines with their sharp shells

and foul smell

· Consume available food for

native species and smother

native mussels

· Threaten water-based

recreational activities

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_mussel

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES

__________________ is native to

Europe and Asia and first appeared

in Massachusetts in 1827.

http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ctoavsimages/newfrontpgpic2.jpg

Across _____________ and much of the

Great Plains, leafy spurge is one of the most

threatening invasive plants, ____________ out

native grassland and damaging

___________________.

LEAFY SPURGE

South Dakota

crowding

grazing land

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES

302,000 acres in

South Dakota are

infested with

LEAFY SPURGE.

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture,

leafy spurge infestations in the Dakotas, Montana

and Wyoming alone cost agricultural producers

and taxpayers at least $144 million annually in

production losses, control expenses and

other impacts to the economy .

http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/map/eues1.htm

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE

SPECIES• Kudzu

• There's so much of this fast-growing vine

in the Southeastern U.S., you might think it

was a native plant. Actually, it took a lot of

hard work to help kudzu spread so widely.

Now that it covers over seven million acres

of the deep South, there are a lot of

people working hard to get rid of it! But

kudzu is used in ways which might

surprise you...

Kudzu

• Kudzu was introduced to the United States

in 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in

Philadelphia, PennThe large leaves and

sweet-smelling blooms of kudzu captured

the imagination of American gardeners

who used the plant for

ornamental purposes.

BIODIVERSITY THREATThe addition of ________________

= harmful materials that can enter the biosphere through land, water or air can also threaten biodiversity.

pollutants

http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg

http://www.iol.ie/~carigeen/pollution.jpg

Example:

_____ was first modern insecticide

It was cheap, stayed active for long time, and kills many different insects

Used to control agriculture pests

and disease carrying

_______________

DDT

http://www.michigan.gov/images/mosquito_65147_7.jpg

MOSQUITOES

When DDT was sprayed, it

drained into rivers and

streams at LOW

concentrations.

http://www.ci.cypress.ca.us/public_works/stormwater_images/kids_watershed.jpg

DDT in the environment gets into organisms through the ___________, is stored in __________, and

doesn’t ______________.

http://www.geocities.com/~greyhawk_1/sh_eagle-9.jpg

food chaintissues

degrade

______________________________

= the ____________ of a harmful substance

____________as it passes to organisms at

_______________levels in food chain or web.

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

Plants pick up

DDT from water

& store it

Herbivores eat

plants and store

some DDT

Carnivores eat

herbivores and

store more DDT

→ →

concentration

increases

higher trophic

Go to Section:

Fish-Eating Birds

Magnification of

DDT Concentration

10,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000,000

1

1000

LargeFish

Small Fish

Zooplankton

Producers

Water

Section 6-3

Figure 6-16 Biological Magnification of DDT

The wide spread use of DDT threatened many species… especially fish eating birds like osprey, brown pelican, and

bald eagles.

DDT causes birds to lay

eggs with ___________

shells so eggs would

break when sat on.

American Bald Eagle was declared

endangered in 1967. It has since been

reclassified as _____________________

fragile

“threatened”

http://image10.webshots.com/11/3/94/67/2146394670011493049pwlCDV_ph.jpg

In 1962, American biologist

_______________ published the

book,_____________ which

told of DDT’s harmful effects.

The book led to a large public outcry and

eventually resulted in DDT being _________

in the United States in the 1970’s

The book was one of the important events in

the birth of the _________________________.

Rachel Carson

Silent Spring

banned

http://www.kimball.k12.sd.us/Heroes%20Web%20Page/Pictures/Rachel%20Carson.jpg

environmental movement

WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

REMEMBER!

Everything is connected.

BIODIVERSITY is a measure

of the __________ of an ecosystem.

_______ DIVERSITY = BETTERImage from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ©2006

HEALTH

MORE

CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY

Wise management of natural resources =

__________________

Protecting endangered species requires

detailed information about ecological _________________

We can’t protect a species without understanding how it ____________ with the _________________.

conservation

relationships

interactsecosystem

Examples of efforts to keep a species from

becoming extinct:

___________________

(raised and protected in zoos until

population is stable, then returned to wild

CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY

Captive breeding

http://www.blackfootedferret.org/

Today

conservation

efforts focus on

protecting entire

ecosystems not

just individual

species

______________ =

are places that are

MOST endangered

CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY

Image from: Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall© 2006

HOT SPOTS

• Urban planning so there is less “ Sprawl”

• Set aside land for parks/preserves

• Research to understand species/ecosystem interactions

• Concentration of $

on HOT SPOTS to

maximize results for

$ spent

WHAT CAN BE DONE?

http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/piplosign6403.jpg