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Rules: No talking while the reporters are talking in front Ask questions at the end of the report Listen very carefully because not all the needed informations are on the provided handouts

Objectives

to be able to know the functions of the circulatory system

to be able to determine and describe the parts of the Circulatory system

The circulatory system

The Circulatory System•The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.•The human circulatory system has three main parts:• (1) the heart•(2) the blood vessels•(3) the blood•A watery fluid called lymph, and the vessels that carry it, are sometimes considered a part of the circulatory system

Parts and functions of the circulatory system

Heart

Heart

The heart is a muscular organ a little larger than your fist weighing between 7 and 15 ounces (200 to 425 grams). It is responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions

•The heart is a two sided, four chambered pump. It is made up mostly of muscle. Heart muscle or cardiac muscle is very special. Unlike all the other muscles in the body, the cardiac muscle cannot afford to get tired. Cardiac muscle is always expanding and contracting, usually at between 60 and 100 beats per minute.

The heart consists of the following parts:•Aorta: It is the largest artery and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.•Superior Vena Cava: Deoxygenated blood from the upper parts of the body returns to the heart through the superior vena cava.•Inferior Vena Cava: Deoxygenated blood from the lower parts of the body returns to the heart through the inferior vena cava.•Pulmonary Veins: They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

• Pulmonary Arteries: They carry blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

• Right Atrium: It collects deoxygenated blood returning from the body (through the vena cavas) and then forces it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

• Right Ventricle: It collects deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and then forces it into the lungs through the pulmonary valve.

• Left Atrium: It collects oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and then forces it into the left ventricle through the mitral valve.

• Left Ventricle: It is the largest and the strongest chamber in the heart. It pushes blood through the aortic valve and into the body.

Blood vessels

Blood Vessels-Blood vessels are an integral part of the circulatory system. These components assist in the transportation of blood within the body, often in and out of the heart. There are three basic types of blood vessels: the capillaries, which exchange water and chemicals between the blood and tissues; the arteries, which carry blood away from the beating heart and the veins, which transport blood from the capillaries to the heart, thus enabling the heart to continue beating.

blood

Blood-The blood consists chiefly of a liquid called plasma and three kinds of solid particles known as formed elements. Plasma is made up mostly of water, but it also contains proteins, minerals, and other substances.

Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs. Blood is the fluid of growth, transporting nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body. Blood is the fluid of health, transporting disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys.

blood types

There are four different blood types. These are:•Type A•Type B•Type AB•Type O

A person with type A blood can donate blood to a person with type A or type AB. A person with type B blood can donate blood to a person with type B or type AB. A person with type AB blood can donate blood to a person with type AB only. A person with type O blood can donate to anyone.

The three types of formed

elements in Blood

Red Blood Cells (RBC or erythrocytes)

Red blood cells perform the most important blood duty. A single drop of blood contains millions of red blood cells which are constantly traveling through your body delivering oxygen and removing waste. If they weren't, your body would slowly die.

White Blood Cells (WBC or Leukocytes)

The white blood cells are continually on the lookout for signs of disease. When a germ does appear, the white blood cells have a variety of ways by which they can attack. Some will produce protective antibodies that will overpower the germ. Others will surround and devour the bacteria.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Platelets are irregularly-shaped, colorless bodies that are present in blood. Their sticky surface lets them, along with other substances, form clots to stop bleeding. When bleeding from a wound suddenly occurs, the platelets gather at the wound and attempt to block the blood flow.

Circulations

CIRCLE OF BLOOD

The body's circulatory system really has three distinct parts:

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

CORONARY CIRCULATION

• PULMONARY CIRCULATION - is the movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again.

• SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION - supplies nourishment to all of the tissue located throughout your body, with the exception of the heart and lungs because they have their own systems.

• CORONARY CIRCULATION - refers to the movement of blood through the tissues of the heart.

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

• Deoxygenated blood goes back to the heart, entering the right atrium throughout vena cavae.

• The right atrium pushes the blood through a one-way valve into the right ventricle which pushes the blood into the pulmonary artery which leads to the lungs. Exchange of gases happens in lungs.

• Oxygenated blood passes through a one-way valve into the left ventricle where it will exit through aorta and continue its journey throughout the body.

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

• Oxygenated blood enters blood vessels through aorta. The contraction of left ventricle forces the blood into the aorta which the branches into smaller arteries which run throughout the body.

• The oxygenated blood then enters the capillaries. The waste products are collected and the deoxygenated blood flows into the veins in order to circulate back to the heart.

CIRCULATION PROCESS

OXYGENATED BLOOD ENTERS THE ARTERIES AND CONTINUES TO TRAVEL THROUGH SMALLER ARTERIES AND ARTERIOLES UNTIL IT REACHES THE CAPILLARIES

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE CAPILLARIES ENTERS THE VENULES THEN TRAVELS TO THE VEINS UNTIL IT REACHES THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART

BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH ARTERIES TO THE LUNGS,WHERE IT BECOMES

OXYGENATED AGAIN.

Comparison Between humans

and animals

VERTEBRATE HEART

•Fish• Two-chambered heart

• 1 atrium• 1 ventricle

•Amphibian• Three-chambered heart

• 2 atrium• 1 ventricle

• Fish Heart

• Amphibian’s Heart

• Reptiles• Four-chambered heart but, the

dividing wall(septum) of the ventricles are incomplete• 2 atrium• 2 ventricles

• Birds and Mammals• Four-chambered heart

• 2 atrium• 2 ventricles

• Reptile’s Heart

• Mammalian Heart

heartbeat

HEARTBEAT• The heart beats in a rhythmic

manner, endlessly and without rest during the entire life of a person. Contraction of the walls of the atria pushes blood to the ventricles. Contraction of the ventricles pushes blood out of the heart and into the arteries.

5 Major Stages of Cardiac Cycle

• Early Diastole Semilunar (SL) valves are

closed Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

are open Whole heart is relaxed

• Atrial Systole Atrium Contracts AV Valves open Blood flows from atrium to

ventricles

• Isovolumic Ventricular Contraction Ventricles begin to contract AV an semilunar valves are

closed• Ventricular Ejection

Ventricles are empty and contracting

SL Valves are open• Isovolumic Ventricular

Relaxation No blood enters the ventricles Ventricles stop contracting and

begins to relax SL Valves are closed

Circulatory System: Problems and Diseases

There are two types of circulatory system problems, namely, congenital (present at birth) and acquired (developed after birth).

Aortic Aneurysm

Aortic aneurysm is bulging in the wall of the aorta, the largest artery of the body. Aortic aneurysm is due to aortic dissection (tear in the aortic wall) or defect in the aortic wall. A rupture of the bulging may cause heavy bleeding or hemorrhage. Aortic aneurysm can be developed as a complication of certain other diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis and high blood pressure.

Angina

Angina is pain or discomfort in the chest area, due to blockage in the blood vessels leading to the heart. The symptoms of angina are observed when there is insufficient supply of oxygen and blood to the heart. Chest pain may last for about 10 minutes.

Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia is a heart problem, characterized by irregularity in the heart rhythm. Symptoms may vary from very slow to fast heart rhythm. Arrhythmia can be a congenital or an acquired problem. In case of acquired arrhythmia, it can occur at any stage of life.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arterial wall (usually medium and large arteries) due to formation of plaque or atheroma. The plaque may be composed of cholesterol, calcium and fatty deposits. Atherosclerosis may hamper the blood circulation or at times, it can even stop the blood flow. A person suffering from this problem experiences sharp pain in the affected area.

High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure or hypertension is a condition, when the systolic pressure exceeds 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure exceeds 90 mmHg. It is mostly caused due to hereditary reasons or unhealthy lifestyle habits such as heavy drinking and smoking.

Thank You for your

Cooperation!!

Renz Carmelo IbayFatima Nurmie NintingAllan Christopher Vega

Claire Talictic

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