bio gas project report

8/15/2019 bio gas project report

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Assignment 3: Engineers WithoutBoarders

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Table of Contents1. Introduction..........................................................................................................3

2. EA competencies..................................................................................................4

3. Technologies.........................................................................................................4

3.1 Thermal conversion process..........................................................................5

3.2 hemical conversion process............................................................................5

3.3 !i"uid Bio #uels method.....................................................................................$

4. %uppl& and demand.............................................................................................$

5. Advanced 'iological treatment.............................................................................(

5.1 )rocess...........................................................................................................*

5.2 Advanced Biological Treatment+hoices............................................................*

5.3 omposting )rocesses ,Aero'ic-.......................................................................

5.4 /inancials.........................................................................................................10

5.5 aterials la& out.......................................................................................... 10

Tunnels............................................................................................................... 10

omposting Toers............................................................................................ 11

otating rums.................................................................................................. 12

6oused Ba&s7 )iles and E8tended+'eds..............................................................12Bio+dr&ing 9ariations..........................................................................................12

$. %ustaina'ilit&......................................................................................................12

$.1 %ocial %ustaina'ilit&........................................................................................ 12

$.2 Economic %ustaina'ilit&.................................................................................. 13

$.3 Environmental %ustaina'ilit&...........................................................................13

(. ontri'ution and learning...................................................................................13

EWB ontri'utions to me................................................................................... 13

e#erences:........................................................................................................... 15

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1.Introduction

Biomass is the 'asic term that relates to the organic aste that can 'e

used #or the conversion methods to produce energ& sources such as 'iogas

and 'io+#uels hich #urther goes to the energ& suppl& chain. E8amples #or

the 'iomass are the ood aste7 agricultural aste and energ& corps. Biogas

can 'e produced in dierent methods o# approach #rom the organic aste

li;e chemical processing or a thermal processing. The car'on that is captured

#rom the 'iogas is considered as car'on neutral as it is #rom atmosphere < 2

ith a lesser timescale respectivel&.

In the renea'le energ& trends the technologies o# Biogas and 'io+

methane are 'eing the emerging ones hen compared to all other and

#ortunatel& that is predicted as the rapidl& groing energ& source to 2020 #or

the #uture gas suppl&. The main reason 'ehind this is the aorda'ilit& and

the availa'ilit& o# the 'iomass. The challenges 'iogas #ace is #rom the

industries #ood and electricit& #or the 'iomass and so there might 'e a

chance o# incrmentin prices ith the increasing demand

2. EA competencies

/rom the ta'le 3 among all the competencies I #ound the creative7

innovative and proactive approach to the emerging engineering pro'lems is

the most important a& 'ecause7 engineering is a stream here engineering

pro#essionals need to address une8pected pro'lems in da&2 da& situation.

/or these ;inds o# situations the& should 'e prepared ith a creative and

reasoning attitude hich 'rings a solution to the pro'lems. The a& e

applies the creative solution approach ith the in#ormation e are through

a'out and the latest technolog& and data e have or e aare o# ma;es the

dierence. All time learning and 'eing updated is the ne8t ver& important

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thing to get a right and #easi'le latest solution to all the pro'lems. Withall

this stud& and ;noing I m&sel# rate at 4 out o# 5 on the s;ills or the

;noledge having to or; up on ith these competencies

The other competenc& is the pro#essional usage and the management

o# the in#ormation on the products and the techni"ues. In engineering the

ne8t ver& important success #actor is the data7 data o# previous records or

the technologies or the cases solved or the trends to understand #orecast the

#uture estimations. /or that engineers should have the access to the

accurate data all the time ith the right documentation and trac;ing o# the

data henever re"uired to the pro#essional purposes. /rom the

understanding I am con=dent to sa& that I am standing ith the rate o# 4 outo# 5 ith the su>cient ;noledge on the usage and arrangement o# data

3. Technologies There are dierent ;inds o# energ& sources to produce 'io gas li;e 'io

#uels and 'io mass. With the increase in the demand and acceptance o# the

'iogas as the ne8t gen renea'le energ& source the or; on the

innovation o# the process is 'eing increased ith respective to the e8isting

technologies in the production. The 'lend o# technological7 economic and

regulator& #actors in?uences the groth o# the renea'le energ& #rom the

'iomass and the other causes involved in the process o# 'iogas production.

There are dierent methods o# technolog& in the production o# 'iogas #rom

the 'io astes or 'io mass

3.1 Thermal conversion process

In the technolog& o# thermal conversion heat is the important

mechanism in the conversion o# the masses in to gas or to and energ&

source. om'ustion is the procedure o# getting heat #rom the introduction o#

?amma'le particles to 'urn in the attendance o# air or o8&gen hich

produces heat. The produced heat helps in space heating7 ater heating

hich #urther results in the steam production #or the energ& generation.

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In case o# 'io+mass7 o8idation is the techni"ue that allos the car'on

and h&drogen hich is present in the cellulose7 hemicellulose7 lignin and

other molecules that helps in the #ormation o# car'on dio8ide and ater. In

the case o# solid astes li;e ood pellets and other products7 these materials

are introduced to the process o# com'ustion in a large scale in heav& =ring

plants

This a& o# Thermochemical gasi=cation method slightl& involves

o8idation techni"ue ith hich the car'on compounds are diused in to

small particles o# <7 62 and h&drocar'on elements li;e methane. With the

method o# gasi=cation onl& all the characteristics o# the gas are produced

and its parameters li;e o8idi@er and the temperature. I# it is the lotemperature gasi=cation ,(00oc+1000oc- it ill 'e containing more num'er o#

h&drocar'ons and ith the steam tur'ine the process o# com'ustion is done

I# not and it is a high temperature gasi=cation ,1200oc +1$00oc- then

there occurs the production o# less h&drocar'ons and more particles o#

car'on mono8ide and h&drogen. Thus the s&nthetic gas produced out o# this

process can 'e upgraded to 'io+methane or 'io+diesel

.2 Chemical conversion process

<ther than the thermal conversion there is a Biochemical process o#

conversion hich uses the en@&mes o# 'acteria and other micro+organisms to

diuse the 'iomass. And in this chemical conversion there e8ists the

anaero'ic digestion hich is a process o# converting chemical energ& to

energ& carrier '& using its microorganisms ith high e>cienc& compared to

that o# thermochemical conversion. And the result o# this process is mi8ture

o# methane and car'on dio8ide in e8actl& e"ual proportions

This hole process o# conversion is done in #our steps. And the =rst

one is h&drol&sis here the diusion o# comple8 su'stances to most solu'le

compounds occurs ith the help o# en@&mes7 in such a a& that the solu'le

compounds can 'e ta;en up '& 'acteria. In the %econd step is acidi=cation

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involving the anaero'ic 'acteria hich is considered as acid #ormers and as a

result it produces organic acids as the intermediate resultant. In the 3 rd step

acetate and h&drogen is #ormed. At last a group o# 'acteria hich are

re#erred as methane #ormers7 generates methane #orm acetate or 62.

.3 Liquid io fuels method

To produce li"uid 'io #uels the process that is under usage is

/ermentation technolog&. Those produced !i"uid 'io#uels contain the

elements such as plant oil7 'iodiesel7 and 'ioethanol. Initiall&7 edi'le oil+

producing plants produce the pure plant oil and that oil can 'e utili@ed #or

diesel utili@ers li;e vehicle engines7 generators and other source o# poer

production. %econdl&7 'iodiesel is produced undergoing through chemical

process hich is produced '& standardi@ed ra vegeta'le oil. 9arious ;inds

o# #eedstoc; can 'e utili@ed #or 'io diesel generation such as oil

#eedstoc;7 animal #ats or aste vegeta'le oil.

With respective to the 'io#uel conversion method7 there is a huge

dierence 'eteen the 1st and 2nd generation 'io#uels generation process.

The =rst one is in to #uels that are generated ith the e8isting methods li;e

cold pressinge8traction7 esteri=cation7 h&drol&sis and #ermentation7 and

chemical s&nthesis. The later generation 'io+#uels are generated ith

progressive methods7 comprising h&dro+treatment7 innovative h&drol&sis and

#ermentation.

!. "uppl# and demand

A research on the 'iomass sources has given a result on the potential

#or the energ& o# 50+17500 electric oules. The dierence in the range is the

dierence in the scope ith respect to the ;ind o# 'iomass and the various

other perceptions on the technical7 economic and ecological limits to the

suppl&. In 'eteen the technical and sustaina'le potential there is the

division made. 6all osillo+alle ,1*- predicted and anal&@ed that the

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potential #or sustaina'le use ill 'e at 2(0 E&r. As per to IEA stud&7 B& 2050

the sustaina'le potential ranges 'eteen 200 and 500 E&r.

Figure: Global Biomass demand and supply

$. Advanced biological treatment

Advanced 'iological treatment ,ABT- is the process conversion o#

'iodegrada'le solid aste. ABT has also utili@ation in the =elds li;e irrigation

and also the seage clearance purpose along ith the advantage o# treating

the 'iodegrada'le #raction ph&sicall& separated #rom diversi=ed7 residual

particles at echanical Biological treatment.

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$.1 %rocess

The 'asic purpose o# the ABT technologies is to control and improvise the

natural 'iological processes and the real advantage o# the technolog& is it

can per#orm the action o# processing 'oth the source+segregated particlesand also the mechanicall& segregated materials #rom the mi8ed or clu' o#

aste gathered into a 'iodegrada'le and organicall& high #raction.

The initial one hich is %ource segregated gathering gives a cleaner

organic stream7 'ut the stu is on its on to gather the su>cient organic

material to achieve the re"uired level o# Biodegrada'le unicipal Waste

,BW-. Thus in case o# the long run then the additional BW ill 'e re"uired

ith the process o# BT or thermal treatment methods

iversion o# 'iodegrada'le %W going to land=ll i# using ABT ithin an BT

'&:

Be#ore land=lling the dr& ass o# B should 'e reduced

The 'iodegrada'ilit& o# BW also need to 'e reduced

The compost output need to sta'ili@ed to ma;e the potential use on

land

To get a rich calori=c organic #raction as the #uel out o# the 'io mass

the materials need to 'e dried thoroughl&

$.2 Advanced iological Treatment&Choices

Advanced Biological Treatment is alternativel& treated as the utili@ation o#

the ne technologies to puri#& the 'iodegrada'le aste ith the highl&

controlled 'iological methods. %olid astes li;e #ood and other green astes

are most e>cient input materials #or these ;inds o# technologies. <ther ;ind

o# materials li;e card7 paper and ood ;ind o# related astes can 'e

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processed even though the& ta;e much time to degrade and 'asing on that

the inputs are to 'e limited to optimi@e the treatment

All this ;ind o# aste treatment processes are 'eing done '& the living

micro'es hich helps in decomposition o# the astes as the& use these

materials as #ood #or proli#eration and their groth. These micro'es 'eing

speciali@ed en@&mes even digest the comple8 constituents li;e cellulose and

other proteins and #ats and diuse them to simple nutrients hich the&

a'sor'. When these micro'es digest the aste and gro a signi=cant

proportion is converted to heat7 car'on gases and ater there#ore it results

in reduction og the mass during the 'iological treatment

There are to dierent ;inds o# 'iological processes #or the treatment o# 'io+

degrada'le aste as the micro'es live in to dierent conditions and the

processes are

Aero'ic C in the presence o# o8&genD and

1 Anaero'ic C in the a'sence o# o8&gen.

$.3 Composting %rocesses 'Aerobic(

Aero'ic process is the method o# composting here the 'iodegrada'le

materials are decomposed in to car'on dio8ide7 ater and heat as the

micro'ials e8ists andtheir respiration results all the a'ove and all this

process occurs in the presence o# o8&gen '& remaining the sta'ili@ed

residual solid materials composting. I# the source segregated 'iodegrada'le

is treated as the air is present the o8&gen is regularl& supplies through the

mechanical turning.



Figure: Composting Process

Aero'ic method o# composting is the method hose processed

materials are usuall& dr& and mostl& utili@ed #or the high solid material

contents. These materials possess good porous structure so that the& can

allo the air to pass through them. And it mandator& that the 'alance should

'e in right #orm 'eteen car'on and nitrogen

In this method it re"uires a large amount o# o8&gen so that micro'es

respire and produce great amount o# heat and mostl& associated ith the

temperatures o# around $0+(0oc. i# the temperatures are ver& high then it

helps in terminating the pathogenic organisms. A large amount o#

'iologicall& produced heat is created as micro'es respire7 and are associated

ith high processing temperatures o# $0+(0. 6igh temperature has the

advantage o# ;illing the potentiall& pathogenic organisms in the 'io mass

and dries the material

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$.! )inancials

A survey and study by a research institute states that the practical, optimum capacity is

50,000tpa with the usage of transport and process cost model. he advanced technology

will need large initial e!penditure than the windrow composting model. "nitial capital costs

are associated with the buildings, slabs, monitoring e#uipment, process vessels and other

investment involved in the providing of facilities and energy recovery infrastructure

$iological process %ate Fee &'(t)

*indrow composting '+5 &'5-'5)

"n-/essel Composting ' &'+1-'20)

Anaerobic 3igestion ' &'5-'20)

Fees involved for Advances $iological reatment Facilities

.

$.$ *aterials + la# out

Tunnels

Tunnels used in the composting are the 'ig rectangular vessels includingaeration methods. The& are the ph&sical 'odies o# steel and concrete. Thesetunnels can 'e either single or dou'le ended #or the purpose o# 'oth loadingand unloading and the& are =8ed ith the open+a'le roo#s #or the trans#erload

These tunnels are involved in the processing materials in 'atches though #emethods operate as a ?o 'ut not 'atch here the e"uipment li;e moving?oors7 rotating sha#ts and augers are used #or that purpose

Composting To,ers

The processing o# the material in the composting toers is done continuousl&

a#ter its #ed on the top o# the sealed toer. It can either 'e a single

compartment ith multiple vessels or several compartments in a single large

vessel

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The relation 'eteen the movements o# the materials is controlled '& the

removal o# the =nished material #rom the 'ottom o# the vessel. In a single

compartment7 the material is removed #rom the 'ottom o# the vessel once it

reaches the processing time.

-otating rums

Fenerall& the material is #ed in the rotating drum and it mi8ed and aerated

as It passes along the drum. It contains 'aGes and tines in the drum hich

help the material to move along the drum. It is used to split re#use 'ags7

decrease aste materials and dr& aste and can 'e used #or pre+treatment

alteration to shred the aste.

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/oused a#s0 %iles and Etended&beds

There e8ists a large 'uilding #or processing all the aste material is to #ed

in to the 'uildings <rganic material is #ed into a large enclosed 'uilding #or

processing.

To turn the material in the drums ith tines7 augers and elevated+#ace

conve&ors it needs a specialist turning machines. And the turning process is

operated in 'atch process or can 'e trans#erred along the 'a&

io&dr#ing ariations

The dr&ing part in the hole s&stem is considered as the pre+treatment

process here all the composting technologies are used to dr& the aste and

it is also termed as a H'io+dr&ing. The hole concept is to get the air through

the 'iological aste to dr& it "uic;l&. As ;non the dr& aste is more

convenient in mechanical separation and in incrementing the calori=c value

o# the #uel. There#ore the mass o# aste is reduced its content

'iodegrada'le.

. "ustainabilit#

.1 "ocial "ustainabilit#

The social sustainability is also achieved because it improves the health conditions of an entire

population, it improves their ability to breathe cleaner air, and it also provided an economic up-

liftment because the consumption of bio gas with the new cooking stove allowing them savings

and temporary employment in the region managing the plant and manufacturing the stoves

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.2 Economic "ustainabilit#

Scope for employment will arise when the bio gas plant will be installed and

commissioned in order to create a continuous supply of bio gas for the region and the need to

repair the hydroelectric generator will not be a priority but it will be kept as a backup generator in case of any issues with the supply of bio gas fuel Scope of employment will also arise when

the manufacture the fuels efficient stoves and to sell them in the markets by educating the

regions!"ackner,#$%#&

.3 Environmental "ustainabilit#

The global warming will reduce, the pollution in the air will be less and there will be less

carbon emissions causing a polluted blanket in many parts of the atmosphere because of open

cooking flames 'ith a cleaner environment it will be easier to sustain the natural resources and

provide the time essential for the natural resources to replenish it !(raveen, #$%)&

4. Contribution and learning

From the whole study on the biogas production or the bio-mass conversion to the

valuable or the predominant energy sources with respect to the eco-friendly models it was a great

learning to understand the scope of the industry globally The ma*or part being the

implementation of the technology to the e+isting methods which gives a more efficient way of

producing output through its sustainability socially, environmentally and economically The

future of the technology dvanced biological treatment !BT& is the latest technology with

which the diffusion of comple+ compounds also got changed to small compounds which helps in

the biomass conversion to energy all the e.uipment used like the tunnels, heavy building,

rotating drums are the e+ample for the implementation of the technology modernly to improve

the efficiency and also to reduce the effort The process of conversion both the ways in present of

o+ygen and also in the absence of o+ygen showed a broad way of getting results

E5 Contributions to me

'ith all these understandings on the system helped me to know and reali/e the importance of the

energy generation through bio-mass to the possible e+tent

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Got to know the contribution of emerging engineer technologies to the future in creation of

energy with all the wastes going vain in different parts of the world 0nderstood that because of the less awareness on the process and latest techni.ues, these are not

being implemented in many regions of the planet The responsibility on individuals to improve

awareness on this is very appreciable and it takes a lot of contribution to the future generations

with the engineering savvy 1 takes the responsibility too

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-eferences6

MNN (2016) Bio Gas Mother Nature Network 2etrieved on 3ay #4th #$%4

Floris van Foreest !#$%#& Perspectives for Biogas in Europe etrieved on a& 2$th

201$

5epartment for food, environment and rural affairs !#$%6& Advanced Biological Treatment o

Munici!al "olid #aste etrieved on a& 2$th 201$

)eter stuart Advantages And $isadvantages % Anaero&ic $igestion As A 'enewa&le nerg

"ource etrieved on a& 2$th 201$

1$

bio gas project report

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