BIOACTIVE PACKAGING

Jeff JoseCBPST kochi

Introduction • Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting

products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.• The principal function of packaging is protection and

preservation of food from external contamination. This function involves retardation of deterioration, extension of shelf life, and maintenance of quality and safety of packaged food.

• Biodegradable polymers are the one which fulfill all these functions without causing any threat to the environment

Active packaging• The main objective is to extend the shelf life or to improve the

quality and saftey of the packed food.• It involves uses of Antioxidants , Antimicrobials, and other

naturally/synthetic molecules to achieve this goal.• When anti-microbial systems such as silver based or Triclosan

incorporated into conventional polymers such as PE,PP,PVC is called ACTIVE PACKAGING

Active packaging system

Mechanisms Food application

Oxygen scavengers 1. iron based2. metal/acid3. metal (e.g. platinum) catalyst4. Ascorbate metallic salts5. enzyme based

bread, cakes, cooked rice, biscuits, pizza, pasta, cheese, cured meats and fish, coffee,snack foods, dried foods andBeverages.

Ethylene scavengers 1. potassium permanganate2. activated carbon3. activated clays/zeolites

fruit, vegetables and otherhorticultural products

Examples of active packaging systems

Active packaging system

Mechanisms Food application

Ethanol emitters1. alcohol spray2. encapsulated ethanol

pizza crusts, cakes, bread,biscuits, fish and bakery

Carbon dioxidescavengers/emitters

1. iron oxide/calcium hydroxide2. ferrous carbonate/metal halide3. calcium oxide/activated charcoal

coffee, fresh meats and fish, nuts and other snack food products and sponge cakes

BIO ACTIVE PACKAGING

• When substance such as oils, chitosan,bio flavonoids etc. Known for their microbial, antithrombotic,antioxidant, antiinflamatory,cholestrol lowering and anti cancer properties when incorporated into packaging material constitute BIOACTIVE PACKAGING.

• Suitable bioactive substances for incorporation into package wall include, phenolic compounds, phytoestrogens, cartenoids, organosulphur compounds, plant sterols, sutable dietary fiber, prebiotics, enzymes etc

Methods of incorporation of bioactive substance

1. Incorporation of bioactive substance into a sachet in the package.

2. Direct incorporation of bioactive substance into the package wall

3. Coating the packaging material with a matrix that serves a carrier of bio active substance.

4. Use of inherently bioactive polymers exhibiting film forming properties that can be chemically modified or polymers that can be chemically modified to produce bioactive properties.

5. Use of bioactive edible coatings directly applied into the food.

Anti oxidant application of bio active packaging

• In a study carried out by Gemili etal(2010)• Cellulose acetate film with different morphological

characteristics were prepared with different morphological characteristics were prepared by solution casting containing the natural anti oxidants L-ascorbic acid and L-tyrosins. Pore size and thus diffusion of antioxidants from the CA film were controlled by adjusting the CA content in the casting solution.

• Thus controlled release of antioxidant was achieved

Antimicrobial application of bioactive food packaging

• Chitosan edible films incorporating garlic oil was prepared by pranoto etal (2005) with conventional food preservatives potassium sorbate and bacteriosin nisin as antimicrobial agents aganist E-coli, Listeria monocytogenes, staphyloccus aureus,bacillus cerevus and salmonella thyphimurium.

• Garlic oil composed of sulphur compounds such as allicin, diallyl disulphide, and di-allyl trisulphide which possesses anti microbial activity

Factors to be considered in manufacturing of active/bioactive films

1. Chemical nature of film, process conditions and residual antimicrobial/antioxidant activity

2. Characteristics of anti microbial/antioxidant substance and specific foods.

3. Chemical interaction of additives with film matrix 4. Mass transfer coefficients 5. Physical properties of packaging material6. Environmental conditions such as storage, temperature, and

RH

Functions of Bioactive agents

1. inhibition of micro-organisms : Prevent pathogenic spoilage/microorganism growth using anti microbial agents.

2. Inhibition of oxidation: prevent oxidative deterioration of fat components in food products in responsible for off flavour and rancidity.Addition of antioxidants block the oxidative chain reactions of oxygen with un saturated fatty acids resulting in preservation.

3. oxygen scavenging : presence of oxygen facilitate –a. Growth of aerobic bacteria ,yeast, molds b. Discoloration, loss of nutrient value

4. Other : conversion of sugars, removal of cholesterol, suppression of enzymatic borrowing, juice de-bittering, nutrient etherification, aroma release, insect repellence.

Sources of bioactive agents

Essential oils Flavanoids Animal derived peptides

Plant derived enzymes

•Betel oil•Cinnamon oil•Clove oil

•Catechins•Rutin•quercetin

•Soy protein hydrolysate•Corn protein hydrolysate

•Lactoferrin•Hepcidin•Milk protein hydrolysates•Dermaseptin

•Glucose oxidase and catalase•Alcohol oxidase and catalase•lactase

• Bioactive polymer systems may be classified as migratory bioactive polymers and non-migratory bioactive polymers according to the release mechanism of active agents and the biodegradable polymer system.

• Bioactive agents can be incorporated through immobilization or release allowing techniques, depending on the mechanism of action of the agent.

1. Non-migratory bioactive polymer system (NMBPS)Non-migratory polymers can be defined as polymers with bioactivity without the active components migrating from the polymer to the substrate.

Bio-Active polymer systems

• NMBPS is used as moisture absorber, oxygen scavenging system and ethylene scavenger and it is under investigation in the area of in-package enzymatic processing and non-migratory antimicrobial packaging.

• Generally, NMBPS can be divided into two main groups: 1. Inherently bioactive polymers

e.g. polymers containing free amines have antibacterial activity

2. Polymers with immobilized bioactive compounds. polymer modified with bioactive agents that hold specific properties.

Inherently bioactive polymers

• Polymers that belong to this group are naturally bioactive themselves without any additional compound. At present, various polymers display inherent antimicrobial properties, chitosan and UV-treated polyamide

1. ChitosanChitosan is one of the most common polysaccharide based on chitin and is widespread in nature, e.g. in crab shells, lobsters, shrimps, insects and mushrooms.It is a β-1, 4-linked polymer of 2-acetamido-2 deoxyglucopyranose (GlcNAc) and 2amino-2-deoxy-glucopyranose (GlcN), and is investigated as a non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible material.

• It is more effective against spoilage yeast and some Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhinurium.

• Chitosan is mostly used in antimicrobial films to supply edible protective coating and it can be formed into fibers, films, gels, sponges, beads or nanoparticles.

Migratory bioactive polymeric system

• bioactive agents can release from the polymeric system due to incorporation methods of active agent into polymer matrix

• For example, direct incorporation methods and coating techniques allow migration of bioactive agents. MBPS may be divided into two groups depending on the nature of the bioactive agent

volatile Non volatile

• Non-volatile MBPSNon-volatile active agents are incorporated directly into packaging material or placed between the package and the food.In case of compounds attached to the packaging material, they transfer from the polymer system to the food surface through diffusion which is described in Figure 1b.

Controlled release technology

• A migratory bioactive system can be designed as a controlled release system that plays an important role for the sustained constant concentration of bioactive agent in food and pharmaceutical products without waste of bioactive agent for a long period of time.

• If the migration rate of antimicrobial agent is faster than the growth of microorganisms, added antimicrobial agent will be weakened to less than the effective critical concentration before the expected pe.

• Therefore, the migration rate of active agent from the packaging must be controlled specifically.

• Recently, the biopolymers including poly lactic acid, polyglycolides and polyorthoesters have been important in controlled release.

• In Figure 3, various types of controlled release systems are distinguished according to the release control mechanism

Applications

• Ethylene absorber: sca packaging

The fruit crate “fruit fresh”, made of corrugated cardboard, uses the hollow spaces between the corrugations to apply active materials (Kaolin & Zeolithe), in this case an ethylene absorber

FRESH THINKING STRATEGY: LINPAC PACKAGING

Biomaster Antimicrobial Technology is a silver-based additive that can be introduced into any plastic, paper, textile, paint or coating product.

Treated products have been proven to reduce the growth of Campylobacter on their surface by up to 99.99%.

Conclusion

• Active packaging is an emerging and exciting area of food technology that can confer many preservation benefits on a wide range of food products.

• The objectives of this technology are to maintain sensory quality and extend the shelf life of foods whilst at the same time maintaining nutritional quality and ensuring microbial safety.

• The new advances have mostly focused on delaying oxidation and controlling moisture migration, microbial growth, respiration rates, and volatile flavours and aromas.

• Biopolymers have highly influenced the packaging sector greatly.

Reference

• Bioactive Food Packaging: Strategies, Quality, Safety - Michael Kontominas

• Bioactive polymeric systems for food and medical packaging applications -Onon Otgonzul

• Biopolymers for packaging technologies - Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials

• Preparation and properties of bioactive packaging materials on the starch base - Hana Smítková, Miroslav Marek, Jaroslav Dobiáš

• Active Packaging in Food Industry: A Review by Priyanka Prasad, Anita Kochhar