bio 255: insect diversity. i. insect diversity a. in taxonomic context
TRANSCRIPT
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BIO 255: Insect Diversity
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine)
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
- aquatic/terrestrial (not marine, though some in estuarine environments) - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites
“Little things that run the world”
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
II. Evolution and Phylogeny
A. Arthropod Phylogeny
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
II. Evolution and Phylogeny
A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution
- oldest fossils: Rhyniella praecursor – 400mya Devonian
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I. Insect Diversity
A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context
II. Evolution and Phylogeny
A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution
- oldest fossils: Rhyniognatha hirstialso from Rhynie Chert – 400 mya
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II. Evolution and Phylogeny
A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution
- Carboniferous (359-300 mya) Radiation
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Arthropleura -largest terrestrial arthropod - 2m
II. Evolution and Phylogeny
A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution
- Carboniferous (359-300 mya) Radiation
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- radiation of insects
- evolution of flight
Meganeura monyi - largest insect ever
wingspan of 70 cm
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II. Evolution and Phylogeny
A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution
- Evolution of seed plants in Permian (300-250 mya) and their dominance in Mesozoic led to radiation of herbivorous groups (Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera)
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II. Evolution and Phylogeny
A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution
- Evolution of flowering plants in Cretaceous (late Mesozoic – 144-65 mya) led to radiation of pollinating groups (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera)
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)
- minute, unpigmented, no antennae; use forelegs as sensory apparati. Eyes absent or reducedDetritivorous and fungivorous – in moist soil
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)
- minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and a thoracic knob. May be abundant. Detritivores.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)3. Order Diplura (Diplurans)
- small, with long antennae. Two caudal processes, either long or short and pincer-like. Those with pincers are predators, using them to pinch small arthropods. Others are detritivores.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects
1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails)
- Look like bristletails (thysanura) with three caudal appendages, but a higher, rounded back and contiguous large compound eyes. Feed on algae lichens, mosses. Jump up to a foot, although the largest is only 15mm. Styli on abdominal segments.
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects
1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails)2. Order Thysanura (Bristletails/Silverfish)
- Flattened and larger, with well separated eyes and styli on abdominal segments. Three caudal appendages and scales (like butterflies) on segments. Detritivores.
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back
1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back
1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)2. Order Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies)
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)
(Blattaria and Mantodea)
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)
1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)
1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)
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III. Insect ClassificationB. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)
1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)
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III. Insect ClassificationB. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)
1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)4. Order Blattaria (Roaches)
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III. Insect ClassificationB. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)
1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)4. Order Blattaria (Roaches)5. Order Isoptera (Termites)
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III. Insect ClassificationB. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)
1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)4. Order Blattaria (Roaches)5. Order Isoptera (Termites)6. Order Dermaptera (Earwigs)
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III. Insect ClassificationB. Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)
1. Order Phasmatodea (Walking sticks)2. Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)3. Order Mantodea (Mantids)4. Order Blattaria (Roaches)5. Order Isoptera (Termites)6. Order Dermaptera (Earwigs)7. Order Plectoptera (Stoneflies)
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida (simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in the hind wing)
(Blattaria and Mantodea)
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida- Hemipteroida (simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts, no lobe
in wing)
1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids)
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida- Hemipteroida (simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts, no lobe
in wing)
1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids)2. Order Psocoptera (Booklice)
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida- Hemipteroida (simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts, no lobe
in wing)
1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids)2. Order Psocoptera (Booklice)3. Order Phthiraptera (Lice)
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Pterygota: Winged True Insects
- Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroida- Hemipteroida (simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts, no lobe
in wing)
1. Order Hemiptera (Bugs, Cicadas, planthoppers, aphids)2. Order Psocoptera (Booklice)3. Order Phthiraptera (Lice)4. Order Thysanoptera (Thrips)
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroidea- Hemipteroidea
- Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)
- Neuropteroida
1. Order Neuroptera (Lacewings and kin)2. Order Coleoptera (Beetles)
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-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroidea- Hemipteroidea
- Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)
- Neuropteroida
1. Order Neuroptera (Lacewings and kin)
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroidea- Hemipteroidea
- Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)
- Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida
1. Order Hymenoptera (Sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants)
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
![Page 53: BIO 255: Insect Diversity. I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050714/56649ce25503460f949ad678/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)
- Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida
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-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroidea- Hemipteroidea
- Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)
- Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida
1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)
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-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota (simple metamorphosis)
- Orthopteroidea- Hemipteroidea
- Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)
- Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida
1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)
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-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)
- Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida
1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)3. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas)
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-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)
- Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida
1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)3. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas)4. Order Mecoptera (Scorpionflies)
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-Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back - Exopterygota - Endopterygota (complete metamophosis – larvae)
- Neuropteroida - Hymenopteroida - Panorpoida
1. Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)2. Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)3. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas)4. Order Mecoptera (Scorpionflies)5. Order Diptera (Flies)
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
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IV. Insect Anatomy
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IV. Insect Anatomy
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IV. Insect Anatomy
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IV. Insect Anatomy
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)
- minute, unpigmented, no antennae; use forelegs as sensory apparati. Eyes absent or reducedDetritivorous and fungivorous – in moist soil
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ORDER: PROTURA
- anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt; most families have 5 molts, one has 6
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ORDER: PROTURA
- anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt - no eyes - some families have no spiracles/trachea
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ORDER: PROTURA
- anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt - no eyes - some families have no spiracles/trachea - first species discovered in 1907 - 500 species in nine families worldwide - 20 species in 3 families in NA
Early woodcut by Berlese (1907)
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ORDER: PROTURA
Eosentomidae (8 species) TracheateAbdominal appendages 2-segmented
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ORDER: PROTURA
Eosentomidae (8 species) Acerentomidae (9 species) Lack trachea and spiracles
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)
- minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and an abdominal knob (“collophore”). May be very abundant. Detritivores and fungivores.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)
- minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and an abdominal knob (“collophore”). May be very abundant. Detritivores and fungivores.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)
Hypogastruridae -- the largest family in the order. These are small, plump hexapods that may lack compound eyes or a springtail (furcula). Includes the snowflea, Hypogastrura nivicola.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)
Isotomidae -- second largest family in the order. These hexapods are elongate and lack scales on the upper surface of the body.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)
Entomobryidae -- common soil-dwellers. The fourth abdominal segment is significantly longer than the others.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)
Sminthuridae -- body globular in shape. The family includes the garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) which occasionally damages plant seedlings.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)3. Order Diplura (Diplurans)
- small, with long antennae. Two caudal processes, either long or short and pincer-like. Those with pincers are predators, using them to pinch small arthropods. Others are detritivores. - ~800 species in 5 families
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)
1. Order Protura (Proturans)2. Order Collembola (springtails)3. Order Diplura (Diplurans)
Campodeidae -- approximately 34 North American species, all of which have long cerci (10-segments). Japygidae -- 28 North American species, all of which have short (unsegmented) cerci in the form of pincers (forceps).
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects
1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails)
- Look like bristletails (thysanura) with three caudal appendages, but a higher, rounded back and contiguous large compound eyes. Feed on algae lichens, mosses. Jump up to a foot, although the largest is only 15mm. Styli on abdominal segments.
Family Machilidae
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects
1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails)2. Order Thysanura (Bristletails/Silverfish)
- Flattened and larger, with well separated eyes and styli on abdominal segments. Three caudal appendages and scales (like butterflies) on segments. Detritivores.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects
1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails)2. Order Thysanura (Bristletails/Silverfish)
Family Lepismatidae
Firebrat – Thermobia domestica
Live in hot areas, near furnaces and such
Firebrats have been known to live more than 6 years -- through 60 instars. It has been suggested that frequent molting is an adaptation that reduced the risk of infection by parasitic fungi.
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III. Insect Classification
A.Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’)B.Ectognatha (Mouthparts visible) - Apterygota: Wingless True Insects
1. Order Microcoryphia (Jumping Bristletails)2. Order Thysanura (Bristletails/Silverfish)
Family Lepismatidae
Silverfish – Lepisma saccharina
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III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
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Pinning and Labeling Insects
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Pinning and Labeling Insects
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Pinning and Labeling Insects
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Pinning and Labeling Insects
384600 E 3893800 N (UTM)USA, South Carolina, Greenville Co.East slope Hogback Mtn. FF# 4233 August 2011 A. Schulz