bhubaneswar overview

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Bhubaneswarpronunciation(helpinfo)(Oriya:) is the capital and largest city of theIndianstateofOrissa,India. Once the capital of ancientKalinga, the city has a long history and

is today a center for commerce and religious activity. However, the modern city of Bhubaneswarwas designed by the German architectOtto Knigsbergerin 1946. It became the modern capital

of the state of Orissa in 1948, a year after India gained its independence fromBritain. Before

Bhubaneswar,Cuttackwas the capital of Orissa until 1947. Both Bhubaneswar and Cuttack areknown as the "twin cities" of Orissa. With its vast variety of Hindu temples, Bhubaneswar is

often referred to as a Temple City of India.

Bhubaneswar is associated with cluster of magnificent temples, almost constituting a complete

record ofKalingaarchitecture from its nacency to its culmination. Its unique sculptural and

architectural heritage, coupled with sanctity asEkamrakshetra one of the five great religiouscenters of Orissa since early mediaeval days.

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Contents

History

The history of the Bhubaneswar-Khurdaregion goes back 2000 years. The speciality of theculture that grew of here lies in its remarkable continuity and the tenacity with which it survived

through various vicissitudes, Observes, noted archaeologist and historian R. P. Mohapatra.[2]

Its

antiqury remain both that carry us back to the dawn of dated history and bring us down to the last

days of Hindu supremacy in Orissa.[3]

. EmperorKharavelaestablished his capital inSisupalgarhwhich is on the outskirts of the city. TheHathigumpha inscriptionsat theUdayagiri cavesand

Khandagiri cavesare evidence of the region's antiquity. Modern Bhubaneswar was originallymeant to be a well planned city with wide roads and manygardensandparks. The plan wasmade byOtto Knigsberger, a German town planner.

[4]Though part of the city has stayed

faithful to the plan,[5]

it has grown rapidly over the last few decades and has made the planning

process unwieldy.

Having merged its intriguing past so uniquely with its modern aspirations, it forms an integral

link in theGolden Trianglethat incorporates the city of Puri and Konark. The area is attractive to

tourists for its spiritual significance to Hindus. To the east are the famousSun templeofKonark

and theJagannath TempleofPuri. TheLingaraj Templeof old Bhubaneswar, built in the 11thcentury, is another temple noted for its ancient history. The Khandagiri and Udaygiri, situated on

the outskirts of the city, carry monuments of theJainmonks since the times of the great king

Kharavela. Another such monument is the Shantistupa, which was built with Japanese aid, as asymbol of peace at the site where the Kalinga War took place between EmperorAshokaand

Kalinga(the old empire of Orissa).
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Bhubaneswar is situated between 21 15' North Latitude 85 15' Longitude and at an altitude of

45 meters above sea level. Geographically, Bhubaneswar is situated in the eastern coastal plains

of Orissa and south-west of theMahanadi River. The city is subdivided into a number oftownships and housings.

The city has a tropical climate; the average temperatures range between a minimum of around 10C in the winter to a maximum of 40 C to 45 C in summer. However Bhubaneswar is famous

for its cool and refreshing evening breeze. Even on the hottest of summer days, evenings tend to

be nice and pleasant thanks mainly to this evening breeze. Sudden afternoon thunderstorms arecommon in April and May. The south-east monsoons appear in June. The average annual rainfall

is 154 cm, most of which is recorded between June and October.

Economy

Bhubaneswar was meant to house the state's machinery and hence was designed to be a largely

residential city with outlying industrial areas. The city's economy had few major players till the

1990s and was dominated by Public Sector Units, retail and small scale manufacturing.

With theeconomic liberalisationpolicy adopted by theGovernment of Indiain the 90s,Bhubaneswar received large investments in the fields oftelecommunications,ITand higher

education, particularly engineering. The city accounts for almost all of the IT revenue of Orissa

and is one of the fastest growing regions in India in this sector. Higher Technical Education is

also a big market. The city is home to around 40 engineering colleges (as of 2009) and thenumber is growing every year. Around 25,000 engineers graduate with theBachelor of

Technology(B.Tech) degree every year. The city is also home to many tutorials and coaching

institutes who prepare students for various entrance exams. The large density has earned the citythe sobriquet of"Kotaof the East".

RetailandReal Estatehave also emerged as big players. Glitzy malls with a wide array ofbranded stores and foodcourts have changed the way the city shops. Moreover a number of

supermarkets especially those of Reliance Retail have sprung up in all corners of the city. Large

corporations likeDLF UniversalandReliance Industrieshave entered the real estate market inthe city.DLF Limited is developing an Infopark spread over an area of 54 acres in the city.

Despite this rapid growth, a large number of the populace live in slums and are below the

poverty line. Migration from rural areas, especially from the northern districts ofAndhraPradesh, has led to the growth of slums which are a major challenge to the city's growth. The

slum dwellers work as autorickshawdrivers or small vendors but this is not true for everyone. A

lot of them are unemployed and are being drawn into crime.

Bhubaneswar has emerged as one of the fastest growing IT hubs of India. The Government has

fostered growth in this sphere by the development of IT Parks,Infocity 1 and the new Infocity 2.

The Info City Bhubaneswar was conceived as a five star park, under the Export PromotionIndustrial Parks (EPIP) Scheme to create high quality infrastructure facilities for setting up

Information Technology related industries.InfosysandSatyam Computer Services Ltd.have

been present in Bhubaneswar since 1996-97.Wipro'ssoftware development centre in the city is

scheduled to be operational by the end of February this year.The first tower unit of theTCS
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centre is ready and has a capacity to accommodate nearly 1,200 professionals but the software

major has only 250 employees at present.This has earned the state capital in eastern India the

unique distinction of having the presence of the big four i.e. Infosys, Satyam, TCS and Wipro.

Other major IT companies includingHexaware Technologies, Ramtech Systems and several

other companies have also finalised plans for starting operations at Bhubaneswar. In additionthere are several hundreds of small scale software and hardware companies offering software

development outsourcing services. While some of these small companies are owned by NRIs,

many are established by native businessmen.

Education

Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswaris a premier business school in India

Bhubaneswar is home to several educational and research institutions of state and national

importance including theUtkal University[1],Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar[2], theInstitute of Physics[3],Indian Institute of Technology(IIT)[4],National Institute of

Science Education and Research(NISER)[5],Institute of Mathematics and Applications(IMA)[6],IIIT, a planned world class central university, IT institute byADAG

[6],Siksha O Anusandhan

University(SOA)[7],IMMT,College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar[8],Orissa

University of Agriculture and Technology(OUAT),KIIT University(KIIT)[9], as well as over

30 other private universities geared towards engineering, biotechnology and management. Thereare a number of institutions offering degrees related to information technology.Vedanta

Universityis being established as one of the world's largest comprehensive universities in a

location very close to Bhubaneswar city.

Demographics

Orissa Secretariat

As of India's 2008census,[8]

Bhubaneswar has a population of 1900000. Males constitute 56% ofthe population and females 44%. In 2001, the city had an average literacy rate of 74%, higher

than the national average of 65.4%. Ten percent of the population is under 6 years of age.

Bhubaneswar has grown to be a melting pot of various cultures. Although Oriyas comprise the

vast majority, there are large groups of Marwaris, Punjabis, Bengalis and SouthIndians(especially Telugus). A good majority are followers of the Jagannath cult as is the casethroughout the state of Orissa.

The main language spoken in the city is Oriya.Other languages spoken in the city are Hindi ,

English, Bengali and Telugu. Hindi and to a fair extent English is understood by most people.

Culture
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Bhubaneswar at one point in time is supposed to have had over a thousand temples. Althoughthis number may have diminished somewhat to make way for urban infrastructure, Bhubaneswar

still abounds in temples of various deities. This has earned it the tag of the Temple City. The

most famous ones are Lingaraj Temple, Lakshmanesvara group of temples, Parasuramesvara

Temple, Svarnajalesvra Temple, Muktesvara Temple, Rajarani Temple, Vaital Temple,Brhamesvara temple, Meghesvara temple, Vaskaresvara Temple, Ananta Vasudeva Temple, Sari

Temple, Kapilesvara Temple, Markandesvara temple, Yamesvara temple, Chitrakarini temple,

Sisiresvara Temple.[9]

Apart from the ancient temples few other important temples were built inrecent times that includes Ram Mandir, ISKON etc. The Lingaraj Temple towers above the

cityscape and is visible from far. Careful conservation has helped save many of these symbols of

Oriya culture.

Bhubaneswar seems to be experiencing a cultural reinvention. There seems to be an increased

interest in preserving the ethos of Oriya culture in the form of Classical Odissi dance, hanicrafts,

sand artistry, sculpturing as well as theatre and music. As you drive along the arterial roads thisessence can be felt everywhere. From artistically sculpted stone statues adorning the road side

gardens, to brightly coloured boundary walls depicting the epics and folk art.

The Ekamra Haat is the popular handloom and handicrafts market that was constructed recently

to popularise them. Similarly SRJAN ,the Odissi dance academy founded by Guru Kelucharan

Mohapatra the legendary Odissi dancer is located here. The Rabindra Mandap in the heart of thecity plays host to a number of cultural engagements and it also has a modern amphi theatre to

host dramas and functions.

At Ratnagiri, Lalitgiri and Udaygiri (on the way to Paradip) Buddhist sites of great historical

significance have been excavated. The site at Ratnagiri is the most extensive and the carvings

and sculpture exhibit a high level of proficiency and artistic merit.

Khandagiri & Udayagiri (Jain Heritage)

The twin hills of Khandagiri & Udayagiri, 8 km from Bhubaneswar, served as the site of an

ancientJainmonastery which was carved into cave like chambers in the face of the hill. Dating

back to the 2nd century BC, some of the caves have beautiful carvings. The Rani Gumpha(Queen's Cave), one of the largest and double-storied, is ornately embellished with beautiful

carvings. In the Hati Gumpha (Elephant Cave), King Kharavela has carved out the chronicles of

his reign.

Lingaraaj Temple

Main article:Linga Temple

The 10th- or 11th-centuryLingaraja templeof Bhubaneswar has been described as "the truest

fusion of dream and reality." It is dedicated toShiva. A rare masterpiece, the Lingaraja templehas been rated one of the finest examples of purely Hindu temple in India by Ferguson, the noted
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art critic and historian[citation needed]

. The surface of the 55 m-high Lingaraja temple is covered with

carvings. Sculpture and architecture fused elegantly to create a perfect harmony. Devout

pilgrims, who wish to go to theJagannathtemple atPuri, must first offer worship at theLingaraja temple.

Fairs & Festivals

On the day of Ashokashtami in the month of March, the image of Lingaraja (Lord Shiva) and

other deities are taken in a procession from Lingaraja Temple to the Rameshwara Temple.

Hundreds of devotees participate in pulling thechariotthat carries the deities. The deities remainin the Rameshwara Temple for four days.

At the end of January comes Adivasi Mela, a fair that displays the art, artifacts, tradition, culture,and music of the tribal inhabitants of Orissa.

Durga Pujais also an important festival. Variouspandalsare constructed throughout the city.

The largestpujasare: the Shahid Nagar Durga Puja, the Nayapalli Durga Puja, and the RasulgarhDurga Puja.LaxmiPujaatLaxmisagarnear Jharapada is also very famous.

Politics

Bhubaneswar is divided into three Bidhan Sabha constituencies Bhubaneswar Central,Bhubaneswar North, and Ekamra-bhubaneswar. The MLAs are Bhubaneswar Central- Bijay

Mohanty(BJD), Bhubaneswar North- Bhagirathi Badajena(BJD), and Ekamra-bhubaneswar-

Ashok Chandra Panda(BJD). The MP from Bhubaneswar is Prasamna Kumar Patasani.

An approach to a greener cityBhubaneswar enjoys the credit of being one of the cleanest and greenest cities of India. A viewfrom any tall building in the city presents a dense canopy of green which is soothing andrefreshing. The Government has undertaken various programmes to make Bhubaneswar a role

model for other developing cities of the world. Recently the boundary walls on roadsides have

been artistically painted with the help of local painters depicting the rich and glorious traditionsand culture of Orissa. The government has introduced the concept of special vending zones to

prevent hawkers from operating on the main streets and at the same time not destroying their

source of livelihood. This has drawn high praise from experts who have hailed it as an

innovation in urban development. Moreover large scale tree plantation and beautiful landscaping

has been undertaken alongside all major roads to give bhubaneswar a much desired facelift.Massive tree-plantation is undertaken each year during the monsoons and the role of various

citizen bodies is also noteworthy for eg a citizen body Prerna holds demonstrations in malls andother public places to sensitise the citizens about the need for environmental protection. Large

parks have also been developed which serve not only as green lungs but also as a source of

recreation for the denizens. Indira Park, Biju Pattnayak Park, Ekamra Kanan, M.G Park etclocated within the heart of the city are some of the larger parks that enhance the beauty of

Bhubaneswar manifold. Cleanliness has also been given a lot of attention and Bhubaneswar is
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one of the very few cities in India to have dustbins almost every 200 metres along all stretches of

roads.However large infrastructure projects which are vital for Bhubaneswar to flourish for eg-

flyover over Rajmahal Sqr, road widening initiatives etc have caused certain degree ofenvironmental damage and these need to be compensated with even further stress on tree-

plantation. The railway station of Bhubaneswar has been given a much desired facelift.

[edit] References

1. ^R. P. Mohapatra,Archaeology in Orissa, Vol I, Page 47, B. R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi,1986,ISBN 81-7018-346-4



4. ^Microsoft Word - Concept Paper-07.doc5. ^Kalia, Ravi. "Modernism, modernization and postcolonial India: a reflective essay".Planning

Perspectives, Volume 21, Number 2, Number 2/April 2006 , pp. 133-156(24). Routledge, part ofthe Taylor & Francis Group.

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rppe/2006/00000021/00000002/art00002 .6. ^http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/22/stories/2006072202921800.htm 7. ^http://www.orissalinks.com/orissagrowth/archives/1291 8. ^"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns

(Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived fromthe originalon 2004-06-16.http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved on 2008-11-01.

9. ^R. P. Mohapatra,Archaeology in Orissa, Vol I, Page 47-84, B. R. Publishing Corporation,Delhi, 1986,ISBN 81-7018-346-4

Paper

Growth, development and planning of Bhubaneswar :

A city in eastern India

Jayant Kumar Routray, Krishna Chandra Rath and Narendra Nath Sahoo

Human Settlements Development Programme, School of Environment, Resources andDevelopment, Asian Institute of Technology, GPO Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand

Available online 22 February 1999.
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ikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170183464http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswar#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170183464http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswar#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhubaneswar&action=edit&section=16


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Abstract

The city of Bhubaneswar is well known all over the country as a historical, cultural, religious

cum tourist centreenriched with a large number of ancient temples, distinguished in

indigenous sculpture, art and architecture. In the post independence period (1954), the town wasredesignated as the new capital of Orissa State and made the administrative headquarters of the

state. Since then it has continued its major functions of administrative and service activity, but

after 1980, light industrial and manufacturing activities were added and subsequently

emphasized under the programme of industrial estate development. This paper looks at thedifferent aspects of growth, development and planning of the city with a focus on issues related

to land management, environment and development. The paper also tries to discuss the role of

different organizations in the context of overall growth and development of the city.

Article Outline

bhubaneswar overview

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